ارائه و آزمون الگویی برای تبیین تقاضای القایی پزشک در ایران
محورهای موضوعی : -مدارک پزشکیابوالقاسم گل خندان 1 , الهام فتح اللهی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اداری، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اداری، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران
کلید واژه: مدل رگرسیون انتقال ملایم لاجستیک (LSTR), مخارج سلامت, پزشک, تقاضای القایی,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: بر اساس فرضیه تقاضای القایی پزشک، تقاضای مراقبتهای بهداشتی ممکن است بهدلیل اطلاعات نامتقارن در بازار سلامت، تحت تأثیر رفتارهای عرضهکنندگان سلامت قرار گیرد. این مطالعه فرض میکند که ابتدا با افزایش تعداد پزشک، بهدلیل افزایش عرضه سلامت، مخارج سلامت کاهش مییابد. اما، با رسیدن تعداد پزشک به یک سطح مشخص به نام سطح آستانه، بهدلیل برقراری فرضیه تقاضای القایی پزشک، رقابت بین پزشکان، منجر به افزایش مخارج سلامت میشود. لذا، هدف اصلی این مطالعه بررسی فرضیه U شکل بین تعداد پزشک و مخارج سلامت در ایران است. روش پژوهش: این مطالعه با استفاده از دادههای سری زمانی 1392-1350، به بررسی رابطهی غیرخطی محتمل بین سرانهی مخارج سلامت (متغیر وابسته)، سرانهی پزشک (متغیر مستقل) و نرخ مرگ و میر (متغیر کنترل) پرداخته است. به این منظور از مدل رگرسیون انتقال ملایم لاجستیک (LSTR) استفاده شده است. همچنین، تحلیل دادهها به کمک نرمافزارهای، EXCEL، EVIEWS و JMALTI انجام شده است. یافتهها: نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل LSTR، ضمن تأیید تأثیر غیرخطی سرانهی پزشک بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت، نشان داده که سرانهی پزشک بهازای هر 10000 نفر جمعیت، در قالب یک ساختار دو رژیمی با مقدار آستانهای 24/12، بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت در ایران اثر گذاشته است. بهگونهای که سرانهی پزشک در رژیم اول، تأثیر منفی بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت داشته است. اما در رژیم دوم این اثرگذاری مثبت میباشد. لذا فرضیه اثرگذاری U شکل سرانهی پزشک بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت در ایران رد نمیشود. نتیجهگیری: با توجه به اینکه در حال حاضر در ایران سرانهی پزشک به ازای هر 10000 نفر جمعیت، بیشتر از مقدار آستانهای است، کشور در رژیم دوم قرار گرفته است. بر این اساس، اتخاذ سیاستهای مناسب به منظور جلوگیری از القای تقاضا توسط پزشکان، ضروری به نظر میرسد. مقدمه: این مطالعه فرض میکند که ابتدا با افزایش تعداد پزشک، بهدلیل افزایش عرضه سلامت، مخارج سلامت کاهش مییابد. اما، با رسیدن تعداد پزشک به یک سطح مشخص به نام سطح آستانه، بهدلیل برقراری فرضیه تقاضای القایی پزشک، رقابت بین پزشکان، منجر به افزایش مخارج سلامت میشود. لذا، هدف اصلی این مطالعه بررسی فرضیه U شکل بین تعداد پزشک و مخارج سلامت در ایران است.روش پژوهش: این مطالعه با استفاده از دادههای سری زمانی 1392-1350، به بررسی رابطهی غیرخطی محتمل بین سرانهی مخارج سلامت (متغیر وابسته)، سرانهی پزشک (متغیر مستقل) و نرخ مرگومیر (متغیر کنترل) پرداخته است. به این منظور از مدل رگرسیون انتقال ملایم لاجستیک (LSTR) استفاده شده است. همچنین، تحلیل دادهها به کمک نرمافزارهای، EXCEL، EVIEWS و JMALTI انجام شده است.یافتهها: نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل LSTR، ضمن تأیید تأثیر غیرخطی سرانهی پزشک بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت، نشان داده که سرانهی پزشک بهازای هر 10000 نفر جمعیت، در قالب یک ساختار دو رژیمی با مقدار آستانهای 24/12، بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت در ایران اثر گذاشته است. بهگونهای که سرانهی پزشک در رژیم اول، تأثیر منفی بر سرانهی مخارج سلامت داشته است (عدم تأیید فرضیه تقاضای القایی)؛ اما در رژیم دوم این اثرگذاری مثبت میباشد (تأیید فرضیه تقاضای القایی). نتیجهگیری: با توجه به اینکه در حال حاضر در ایران سرانهی پزشک بهازای هر 10000 نفر جمعیت، بیشتر از مقدار آستانهای است، کشور در رژیم دوم قرار گرفته است. بر این اساس، اتخاذ سیاستهای مناسب بهمنظور جلوگیری از القای تقاضا توسط پزشکان، ضروری بهنظر میرسد.
Introduction: According to the physician induced demand hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, the major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran. Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares. Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, in the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). So, U-shaped impact hypothesis of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure in Iran, is not rejected. Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, the country is located in the second regime. Accordingly, adopt more suitable policies to prevent from the induction of demand by physicians, is necessary. Introduction: This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, The major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran.Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares.Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, In the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, The country is located in the second regime.
1- Magazzino C, Mele M. The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Italian Regions. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2012; 4(3): 61-72.
2- Pauly MV. Doctors and Their Workshops: Economic Models of Physician Behavior. University of Chicago Press: University of Chicago Press; 2009.
3- Sekimoto MD, Masako L. Supplier-Induced Demand for Chronic Disease Care in Japan: Multilevel Analysis of the Association between Physician Density and Physician-Patient Encounter Frequency. Journal of the Value in Health Regional Issues, 2015; 6: 103-110.
4- Khorasani E, Keyvanara M, Karimi S, Jafarian Jazi M. The Role of Patients in Induced Demand from Experts’ Perception: A Qualitative Study. Journal of qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 2014; 2(4): 336-345. [Persian]
5- Shain M, Roemer MI. Hospital Costs Relate to the Supply of Beds. Modern Hospital, 1959; 92: 71-73.
6- Roemer MI. Bed Supply and Hospital Utilization: A National Experiment. Hospitals. J.A.H.A, 1961; 35: 988-993.
7- Panahi H, Salmani B, Nasibparast S. Inductive Effect of Physicians Number and Hospital Bed on Health Expenditures in Iran. Journal of Applied Theories of Economics, 2015; 2: 25-42. [Persian]
8- Yuda M. Medical fee reforms, changes in medical supply densities, and supplier-induced demand: Empirical evidence from Japan. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 2013; 54(1): 79-93.
9- Nassiri A, Rochaix L. Revisiting Physicians’ Financial Incentives in Quebec: A Panel system Approach. Health Economics, 2006; 15: 49-64.
10- Hosoya, K. Determinants of Health Expenditures: Stylized Facts and a New Signal, Modern Economy, 2014; 5: 1171-1180.
11- Khani M. Evaluation of the Physicians Induced Demand: Case Study of Cesarean in Iran, Master's thesis, Faculty of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology; 2012. [Persian]
12- Filippini M, Masiero G, Moschetti K. Socioeconomic Determinants of Regional Differences in Outpatient Antibiotic Consumption: Evidence from Switzerland. Health Policy, 2006; 78(1): 77-92.
13- Crivellei L, Filippini M, Mosca I. Federalism and Regional Health Care Expenditures: An Empirical Analysis for the Swiss Cantons. Health Economics, 2006; 15(5): 535-541.
14- Varharami V. Evaluation of the Physician Induced Demand. Journal of Healthcare Management, 2010; 2: 3742. [Persian]
15- Van Dijk D. Smooth Transition Models: Extensions and Outlier Robust Inference, PhD Thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam; 1999.
16- Terasvirta T. Smooth Transition Regression Modeling, in H. L¨utkepohl and M. Kratzig (Eds). Applied Time Series Econometrics 2004; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 17.
17- Rossiter LF, Wilensky GR. A Reexamination of the Use of Physician Services: The role of Physician Induced Demand. Inquiry, 1983; 20(2): 162-172.
18- Wilensky GR, Rossiter L. Relative Importance of Physician Induced Demand on the Demand for the Medical Care. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 1983; 61(2): 252-277.
19- Escare JJ. Would Eliminating Differences in Physician Practice Style Reduce Geographic Variation in Cataract Surgery Rates? Medical Care, 1993; 12: 1106-1118.
20- Sen A. Is Health Care a Luxury? New Evidence from OECD Data. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 2005; 5(2): 147-164.
21- Seshamani M, Gray AM. A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Age and Time to Death on Hospital Costs. Journal of health economics, 2004; 23(2): 217-235.
22- Zweifel P, Felder S, Meiers M. Ageing of Population and Health Care Expenditure: A Red Herring? Health Economic, 1999; 8(6): 485-496.
23- Abdoli G, Varharami V. The Role of Asymmetric Information in Induced Demands: A Case Study of Medical Services. Journal of Health Administration, 2011; 14. [Persian]
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1- Magazzino C, Mele M. The Determinants of Health Expenditure in Italian Regions. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2012; 4(3): 61-72.
2- Pauly MV. Doctors and Their Workshops: Economic Models of Physician Behavior. University of Chicago Press: University of Chicago Press; 2009.
3- Sekimoto MD, Masako L. Supplier-Induced Demand for Chronic Disease Care in Japan: Multilevel Analysis of the Association between Physician Density and Physician-Patient Encounter Frequency. Journal of the Value in Health Regional Issues, 2015; 6: 103-110.
4- Khorasani E, Keyvanara M, Karimi S, Jafarian Jazi M. The Role of Patients in Induced Demand from Experts’ Perception: A Qualitative Study. Journal of qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 2014; 2(4): 336-345. [Persian]
5- Shain M, Roemer MI. Hospital Costs Relate to the Supply of Beds. Modern Hospital, 1959; 92: 71-73.
6- Roemer MI. Bed Supply and Hospital Utilization: A National Experiment. Hospitals. J.A.H.A, 1961; 35: 988-993.
7- Panahi H, Salmani B, Nasibparast S. Inductive Effect of Physicians Number and Hospital Bed on Health Expenditures in Iran. Journal of Applied Theories of Economics, 2015; 2: 25-42. [Persian]
8- Yuda M. Medical fee reforms, changes in medical supply densities, and supplier-induced demand: Empirical evidence from Japan. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 2013; 54(1): 79-93.
9- Nassiri A, Rochaix L. Revisiting Physicians’ Financial Incentives in Quebec: A Panel system Approach. Health Economics, 2006; 15: 49-64.
10- Hosoya, K. Determinants of Health Expenditures: Stylized Facts and a New Signal, Modern Economy, 2014; 5: 1171-1180.
11- Khani M. Evaluation of the Physicians Induced Demand: Case Study of Cesarean in Iran, Master's thesis, Faculty of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology; 2012. [Persian]
12- Filippini M, Masiero G, Moschetti K. Socioeconomic Determinants of Regional Differences in Outpatient Antibiotic Consumption: Evidence from Switzerland. Health Policy, 2006; 78(1): 77-92.
13- Crivellei L, Filippini M, Mosca I. Federalism and Regional Health Care Expenditures: An Empirical Analysis for the Swiss Cantons. Health Economics, 2006; 15(5): 535-541.
14- Varharami V. Evaluation of the Physician Induced Demand. Journal of Healthcare Management, 2010; 2: 3742. [Persian]
15- Van Dijk D. Smooth Transition Models: Extensions and Outlier Robust Inference, PhD Thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam; 1999.
16- Terasvirta T. Smooth Transition Regression Modeling, in H. L¨utkepohl and M. Kratzig (Eds). Applied Time Series Econometrics 2004; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 17.
17- Rossiter LF, Wilensky GR. A Reexamination of the Use of Physician Services: The role of Physician Induced Demand. Inquiry, 1983; 20(2): 162-172.
18- Wilensky GR, Rossiter L. Relative Importance of Physician Induced Demand on the Demand for the Medical Care. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 1983; 61(2): 252-277.
19- Escare JJ. Would Eliminating Differences in Physician Practice Style Reduce Geographic Variation in Cataract Surgery Rates? Medical Care, 1993; 12: 1106-1118.
20- Sen A. Is Health Care a Luxury? New Evidence from OECD Data. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 2005; 5(2): 147-164.
21- Seshamani M, Gray AM. A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Age and Time to Death on Hospital Costs. Journal of health economics, 2004; 23(2): 217-235.
22- Zweifel P, Felder S, Meiers M. Ageing of Population and Health Care Expenditure: A Red Herring? Health Economic, 1999; 8(6): 485-496.
23- Abdoli G, Varharami V. The Role of Asymmetric Information in Induced Demands: A Case Study of Medical Services. Journal of Health Administration, 2011; 14. [Persian]