بازخوانی سیر تحول فضایی و کالبدی کاربری‌های بهداشتی با تاکید بر حمامها در شهرهای اسلامی ایران از صفویه تا قاجار (نمونه موردی: شهر اردبیل)

محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری

امین قهرمانی تولا بی ¹ (دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد کرمانشاه)
سیدعلی نوری ² (دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد کرمانشاه)

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/10/12 تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/12/02 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/09/01

کلید واژه: شهر اردبیل, حمام تاریخی, معماری اسلامی – ایرانی, تحول فضایی و کالبدی, صفویه و قاجار,

چکیده مقاله :

معماری اسلامی دارای اصول و مفاهیم ارزشمندی است که در بناهای دوره اسلامی و ایرانی بکار رفته است. یکی از این بناها حمام‌ها (فضاهای بهداشتی) می‌باشد. حمام‌های عمومی در طول دوران اسلامی از جمله عناصر مهم در شکل‌دهی و گسترش محلات و نمادی از آبادانی شهرها و روستاها و توان اقتصادی و پایگاه اجتماعی بانیان و نیز موقعیت آنها از وسعت و نفاست متفاوتی برخوردار بوده‌اند. شهر مذهبی و تاریخی اردبیل با قدمتی طولانی دارای گرمابه‌های تاریخی ارزشمند بوده که اصول معماری اسلامی در طراحی آن نمود پیدا کرده است. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش بررسی تحول فضایی و کالبدی حمام در معماری اسلامی ایران از صفویه تا قاجار در شهر اردبیل می‌باشد. روش تحقیق در این مقاله روشی تاریخی - تحلیلی است و روش گردآوری داده‌ها به صورت کتابخانه‌ای (متون تاریخی، اسناد، گزارش‌ها، آثار مکتوب و...) و میدانی می‌باشد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تحولات و تغییرات کالبد و فضای حمام‌های تاریخی تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلفی بوده‌اند؛ از جمله عوامل اقتصادی، عوامل حکومتی، عوامل زیبایی‌شناسی، شرایط جغرافیایی و محیطی و... . بعنوان مثال در حمام‌های عصر صفویه ساخت دهلیز و اهمیت به آن رایج نبوده، اما با گذشت زمان و در دوران قاجار ساخت دهلیز رایج بوده است که همین عامل باعث تغییرات در معماری حمام‌ها شده است. همچنین مساحت حمام‌ها در دوران صفویه نسبت به دوران قاجار بیشتر بوده به طوری که حمام ابراهیم آباد با مساحت (105126 مترمربع) بزرگترین حمام عصر صفویه و دوران‌های بعد از خود می‌باشد. معماری و تزئینات در حمام‌ها در دوران صفویه از رونق چشمگیری برخوردار بوده است؛ این مهم در حمام‌های آقانقی و ابراهیم آباد مشهود است. در شهر اردبیل (بخصوص در دوران قاجار) حمام‌های عمومی این فضای مهم کارکردی در جامعه، نه فقط محلی برای استحمام، بلکه مکانی برای استمرار روابط اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی بوده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Islamic architecture has valuable principles and concepts that have been used in the buildings of the Islamic and Iranian periods. One of these buildings is the bathrooms (sanitary spaces). Public baths during the Islamic era, including important elements in the formation and expansion of neighborhoods and a symbol of the development of cities and villages and the economic power and social base of the founders, as well as their position have had a different breadth and breadth. The religious and historical city of Ardabil has a long history with valuable historical baths that the principles of Islamic architecture have been reflected in its design. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and physical evolution of the bath in Islamic architecture of Iran from Safavieh to Qajar in Ardabil. The research method in this article is historical-analytical and the method of data collection is library (historical texts, documents, reports, written works, etc.) and field. The results of this study showed that changes in the body and space of historic baths have been influenced by various factors; including economic factors, government factors, aesthetic factors, geographical and environmental conditions, etc. For example, in the baths of the Safavieh era, the construction of the vestibule and its importance was not common, but over time and during the Qajar period, the construction of the vestibule was common, which has caused changes in the architecture of the baths. Also, the area of baths in the Safavieh period was more than the Qajar period, so that Ibrahimabad bath with an area (105,126 square meters) is the largest bath in the Safavieh era and later periods. Architecture and decorations in baths flourished during the Safavieh period; this is evident in the baths of Aghanaghi and Ebrahimabad. In the city of Ardabil (especially during the Qajar period) public baths this important functional space in society has been not only a place for bathing, but also a place for the continuation of economic, cultural and social relations.

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