روند نمایان شدن کاستی های ابعاد حقوقی کنوانسیون منع سلاح های بیولوژیک(2011 تا 2023)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللیرباب رمضان پور 1 , مریم مرادی 2 , محسن دیانت 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، واحد قشم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قشم ایران
2 - استادیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بین الملل قشم
3 - دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: سلاح بیولوژیکی, کنوانسیون, بیوتروریسم, امنیت. نظام بین‌الملل,
چکیده مقاله :
در دو قرن اخیر موضوع تهدید سلاح‌های بیولوژیک اهمیت فراوانی پیدا کرده است. کنوانسیون ۱۹۷۲ سلاح‌های بیولوژیک که نتیجه استمرار و تکمیل مفاد پروتکل ۱۹۲۵ ژنو در مورد منع کاربرد گازهای خفه کننده و سمی و روش‌های جنگ بیولوژیک است، نخستین فرایند خلع سلاح بین المللی نامحدود را عینیت بخشید. اما این کنوانسیون تا به امروز میزان قابل توجهی از قدرت اعمال خود را از دست داده و کشورها و حتی برخی از نیروهای غیر دولتی استفاده بی رویه¬ای از سلاح¬های بیولوژیک که نقض آشکار این تعهد و قرارداد بین‌‌المللی است، داشته¬اند. این پژوهش به روش تحلیلی-توصیفی در صدد با هدف بررسی کاستی¬های کنوانسیون یاد شده انجام گرفته و اطلاعات لازم را از کتب، مقالات جمع-آوری کرده است. لذا سوال بدینگونه مطرح می¬شود که، مهم¬ترین کاستی¬های حقوقی کنوانسیون منع سلاح¬های بیولوژیکی چیست؟ فرضیه کار که با بررسی بیوتروریسم نوین انجام شده بیان می¬دارد که، مهم¬ترین کاستی این کنوانسیون عدم راست آزمایی، عدم قدرت مقابله با قدرت‌های جهانی نظیر آمریکا، تعریف سیاسی تروریسم و ترور بیولوژیکی، عدم قدرت الزام آور، و کهنه بودن اساسنامه آن می¬باشد.
In the last two centuries, the issue of the threat of biological weapons has become very important.The 1972 Convention on Biological Weapons,which is the result of the continuation and completion of the provisions of the 1925 Geneva Protocol on the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating and Poisonous Gases and Biological Warfare Methods,objectified the first unlimited international disarmament process.However,this convention has lost a significant amount of its power until today,and countries and even some non-governmental forces have used biological weapons indiscriminately, which is a clear violation of this obligation and international agreement.are This research was carried out by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of investigating the shortcomings of the mentioned convention and collected the necessary information from books and articles.Therefore, the question arises as follows:What are the most important legal shortcomings of the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons? The hypothesis of the work carried out by investigating modern bioterrorism states that the most important shortcoming of this convention is the lack of verification,the lack of power to confront world powers such as the United States,the political definition of terrorism and biological terror,the lack of binding powerand the oldness of the statute it is
• مقالات
• Ali, Nihat. (2018). “Is Terrorism Becoming an Effective Strategy to Achieve Political Aims?”. All Azimuth V7, N2, 2018, 93-100. TOBB University of Economics and Technology.
• Briefing Daily Noon. (2023). “United Nations Unaware of Any Biological Weapons Programmes in Ukraine, Top Disarmament Official Affirms, as Security Council Considers New Claims by Russian Federation”. Available in: https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14890.doc.htm.
• Bernstein Paul& et al. (2020). “8. Weapons of Mass Destruction, Strategic Deterrence, and Great Power Competition”. National Defense University PressThe premier professional military and academic publishing house”. Available in: https://thebulletin.org/2022/03/dont-let-finger-pointing-doom-this-key-treaty-against-bioweapons.
• 4- Bentley , Michelle. (2019). “The US has a history of testing biological weapons on the public – were infected ticks used too?”. Available in: https://theconversation.com/the-us-has-a-history-of-testing-biological-weapons-on-the-public-were-infected-ticks-used-too-120638.
• Briefing Daily Noon. (2023). “Russian Federation Attacks on Ukrainian Ports Risk Far-Reaching Impacts for Food in Developing Countries, Under-Secretary-General Tells Security Council”. Available in: https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15362.doc.htm.
• 6-Bramlet,t Natalie. (2022). “CONFLICT-INDUCED HUNGER: LINKING THE WAR IN UKRAINE TO THE GLOBAL FOOD INSECURITY CRISIS”. Available in: https://www.interaction.org/blog/conflict-induced-hunger-linking-the-war-in-ukraine-to-the-global-food-insecurity-crisis.
• 7- Charlet, Katherine. (2022). “The New Killer Pathogens: Countering the Coming Bioweapons Threat”. Available in: The New Killer Pathogens: Countering the Coming Bioweapons Threa
• 8- Crouch, David. (2023). “Have Chemical Weapons been Used in Ukraine?”. Available in: https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/have-chemical-weapons-been-used-ukraine.
• 9-Edwards Brett & et al. (2022). “Meeting the Challenges of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Strengthening the Chemical and Biological Disarmament and Non-proliferation Regimes”. Availablein: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.805426/full.
• 10-Griffin, Riley. (2022). “No End In Sight for Deadlock On Biological Weapons Ban”. Available in: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-12-14/no-end-in-sight-for-deadlock-on-biological-weapons-ban.
• 11- Hart, John. (2011). “The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention—approaching a mid-life crisis?”. Available in: https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/wed-11-23-2011-13-00/biological-and-toxin-weapons-convention-approaching-a-mid-life-crisis.
• 12- Jyothi Kora Aruna & et al. (2004). “Pitting corrosion of titanium by a freshwater strain of sulphate reducing bacteria T.S. Rao a”. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology.versión On-line ISSN 07173458.Electron.J.Biotechnol. v.2 n.3 Valparaíso dic. 1999http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-34581999000300001.
• 13- Lentzos, Filippa & Littlewood, Jez. (2022). “Don’t let finger-pointing doom this key treaty against bioweapons”. Available in: https://thebulletin.org/2022/03/dont-let-finger-pointing-doom-this-key-treaty-against-bioweapons.
• 14- Latimore, Jasmine. (2022). “Would Russia use bioweapons in Ukraine?”. Available in: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/would-russia-use-bioweapons-in-ukraine.
• 15- PoliL, udovica. (2022). “ International Law and Chemical, Biological, Radio-Nuclear (CBRN) Events”. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004507999_024. Pages: 396–416.
• 16- Trakimavičius, Lukas. (2018). “Is Russia Violating the Biological Weapons Convention?”. Available in: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/is-russia-violating-the-biological-weapons-convention.
• 17- Wakefield, Benjamin. (2022). “Ukraine: Is a chemical or biological attack likely?”. Available in: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/03/ukraine-chemical-or-biological-attack-likely.
• 18 -Wheelis, Mark & et al. (2002). “Biological Attack on Agriculture: Low-Tech, High-Impact Bioterrorism: Because bioterrorist attack requires relatively little specialized expertise and technology, it is a serious threat to US agriculture and can have very large economic repercussions”. BioScience, Volume 52, Issue 7, July 2002, Pages 569576, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0569:BAOALT]2.0.CO;2.
• کتب
• 1- Huigang, Liang & et al. (2022). “Development of and prospects for the biological weapons convention”. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2022, Pages 50-53.
• 2- Jansen, H.J. & et al. (2014). “Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime”. Clinical Microbiology and InfectionVolume 20, Issue 6, June 2014, Pages 488-496.
• 3- Knight, Dacre. (2022). “COVID-19 Pandemic Origins: Bioweapons and the History of Laboratory Leaks”. South Med J. 2021 Aug; 114(8): 465–467.Published online 2021 Aug 3. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001283.
• Mieir, oliver. (2002). “Verification of the Biological Weapons Convention: What is Needed?”. Vol. 18, No. 2 (April-June 2002), pp. 175-193 (19 pages). Published By: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
• Roffey, R. (2002). “Biological warfare in a historical perspective”. VOLUME 8, ISSUE 8, P450-454, AUGUST 2002.
• 6- Radosavljevic, Vladan. (2019). “Environmental Health and Bioterrorism”. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. 2019 : 450–457.Published online 2019 Sep 12. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11435-6.
• Tin, Derrick & et al. (2022). “Bioterrorism: An analysis of biological agents used in terrorist events”. Available in: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.056. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Volume 54, April 2022, Pages 117-121
