The effect of plyometric training plus arginine supplementation on injury prevention related to physical fitness level of beach soccer players
Azadeh Doroodgar
1
(Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mobarakeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh, Isfahan, Iran)
Pedram Esmaeilian Dehaghani
2
(Islamic Azad University, Mobarakeh Branch, Mobarakeh, Isfahan, Iran)
کلید واژه: Plyometric training, Arginine Supplement, Sports Injury Prevention, Physical Fitness, Beach Soccer,
چکیده مقاله :
Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of plyometric exercises with arginine supplementation on some physical fitness factors of beach soccer players for the purpose of injury prevention. Method: Based on the research entry criteria, 20 beach soccer players were selected and were randomly assigned to two groups of plyometric exercises (n=10) and plyometrics with arginine supplement (n=10). Then, age, height, weight, and physical fitness factors including aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscle strength and endurance, and fat percentage of subjects were evaluated. The first training group received plyometric exercises with arginine supplement. In the second group, plyometric exercises were applied along with placebo. After 8 weeks of training, physical fitness factors were re-evaluated. The correlated T test was used to determine the intra-group changes and the ANCOVA test was used to compare between the groups. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: The findings showed that both plyometric training programs with and without arginine supplementation had a significant effect on improving aerobic power (P=0.002, P=0.001), anaerobic power (P≥0.01), muscle strength. (P=0.001), muscle endurance (P=0.004) and fat percentage (P=0.001). Also, the results of comparing the effects of two training programs show that there is a significant difference between the two training programs in the variables of aerobic power (P=0.01), anaerobic power (P≥0.05) and fat percentage (P=0.02). Conclusions: According to the results and previous studies, using two types of plyometric exercises, with and without using Arginine supplementation especially with arginine supplementation could be useful to prevent sports related injuries specially ankle and knee sprains and groin strain which are prevalent among soccer players of all types specially beach soccer players. It is explained by different mechanisms including affecting aerobic and anaerobic powers, muscle strength and endurance, and body fat.
چکیده انگلیسی :
Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of plyometric exercises with arginine supplementation on some physical fitness factors of beach soccer players for the purpose of injury prevention. Method: Based on the research entry criteria, 20 beach soccer players were selected and were randomly assigned to two groups of plyometric exercises (n=10) and plyometrics with arginine supplement (n=10). Then, age, height, weight, and physical fitness factors including aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscle strength and endurance, and fat percentage of subjects were evaluated. The first training group received plyometric exercises with arginine supplement. In the second group, plyometric exercises were applied along with placebo. After 8 weeks of training, physical fitness factors were re-evaluated. The correlated T test was used to determine the intra-group changes and the ANCOVA test was used to compare between the groups. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: The findings showed that both plyometric training programs with and without arginine supplementation had a significant effect on improving aerobic power (P=0.002, P=0.001), anaerobic power (P≥0.01), muscle strength. (P=0.001), muscle endurance (P=0.004) and fat percentage (P=0.001). Also, the results of comparing the effects of two training programs show that there is a significant difference between the two training programs in the variables of aerobic power (P=0.01), anaerobic power (P≥0.05) and fat percentage (P=0.02). Conclusions: According to the results and previous studies, using two types of plyometric exercises, with and without using Arginine supplementation especially with arginine supplementation could be useful to prevent sports related injuries specially ankle and knee sprains and groin strain which are prevalent among soccer players of all types specially beach soccer players. It is explained by different mechanisms including affecting aerobic and anaerobic powers, muscle strength and endurance, and body fat.
1- Chan KM, Fu F, Leung L. Sports injuries survey on university students in Hong Kong. British journal of sports medicine. 1984 Sep 1;18(3):195-202.
2- Sharifatpour R, Abbasi H, Ebadi Asl H. The prevalence and mechanisms of injuries in male professional beach soccer players in Yazd province. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research| Oct-Dec. 2018 Oct;8(S2).
3- Barbero-Alvarez JC, Soto VM, Barbero-Alvarez V, Granda-Vera J. Match analysis and heart rate of futsal players during competition. Journal of sports sciences. 2008 Jan 1;26(1):63-73.
4- Haghighi M, Zamanian F and Zameni L. Incidence and Mechanisms of Injuries in Female Beach Soccer Players. Annals of Biological Research. 2012; 3(7): 3508-3512
5- Shimakawa T, Shimakawa Y, Kawasoe Y, Yoshimura K, Chinen Y, Eimon K, Chibana W, Shirota S, Kadekawa K, Bahr R, Uezato T. Beach soccer injuries during the Japanese national championships. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine. 2016 Jan 29;4(1):2325967115625636.
6- Angoorani H, Haratian Z, Mazaherinezhad A, Younespour S. Injuries in Iran futsal national teams: a comparative study of incidence and characteristics. Asian journal of sports medicine. 2014 Sep;5(3).
7- Pangrazio O, Forriol F. Epidemiology of soccer players traumatic injuries during the 2015 America Cup. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal. 2016 Jan;6(1):124.
8- Lima Y, Bayraktar B. Injuries in elite level male beach soccer players: a prospective three-year study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2022 May 4;50(3):251-6.
9- Emery CA, Meeuwisse WH. Risk factors for injury in indoor compared with outdoor adolescent soccer. The American journal of sports medicine. 2006 Oct;34(10):1636-42.
10- Ruas CV, Minozzo F, Pinto MD, Brown LE, Pinto RS. Lower-extremity strength ratios of professional soccer players according to field position. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015 May 1;29(5):1220-6.
11- Olsen L, Scanlan A, MacKay M, Babul S, Reid D, Clark M, Raina P. Strategies for prevention of soccer related injuries: a systematic review. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Feb 1;38(1):89-94.
12- Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Hölmich P. Preventive effect of eccentric training on acute hamstring injuries in men’s soccer: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. The American journal of sports medicine. 2011 Nov;39(11):2296-303.
13- Wang YC, Zhang N. Effects of plyometric training on soccer players. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2016 Aug 1;12(2):550-4.
14- Wertheimer V, Antekolovic L, Matkovic BR. Muscle damage indicators after land and aquatic plyometric training programmes. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018 Mar 1;7(1):13-9.
15- Bangsbo J, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player. Journal of sports sciences. 2006 Jul 1;24(07):665-74.
16- Váczi M, Tollár J, Meszler B, Juhász I, Karsai I. Short-term high intensity plyometric training program improves strength, power and agility in male soccer players. Journal of human kinetics. 2013 Mar 28;36(1):17-26.
17- Ramírez-Campillo R, Vergara-Pedreros M, Henríquez-Olguín C, Martínez-Salazar C, Alvarez C, Nakamura FY, De La Fuente CI, Caniuqueo A, Alonso-Martinez AM, Izquierdo M. Effects of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in male and female soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2016 Apr 17;34(8):687-93.
18- Grieco, C.R., Cortes, N., Greska, E.K., Lucci, S. and Onate, J.A., 2012. Effects of a combined resistance-plyometric training program on muscular strength, running economy, and V [combining dot above] O2peak in division I female soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), pp.2570-2576.
19- Michailidis Y, Tabouris A, Metaxas T. Effects of plyometric and directional training on physical fitness parameters in youth soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2019 Feb 14;14(3):392-8.
20- Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisløff U, Hoff JA. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001 Nov 1;33(11):1925-31.
21- Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. Journal of sports sciences. 2003 Jan 1;21(7):519-28.
22- Hemmatinafer M, Kordi MR, Choopani W, Choobineh s, Gharari Arefi R. The effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin resistance and sensitivity in inactive young men. Scientific Research Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 21(84): 1-12
23- LeBrasseur NK, Schelhorn TM, Bernardo BL, Cosgrove PG, Loria PM, Brown TA. Myostatin inhibition enhances the effects of exercise on performance and metabolic outcomes in aged mice. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2009 Sep 1;64(9):940-8.
24- Burgomaster KA, Heigenhauser GJ, Gibala MJ. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. Journal of applied physiology. 2006 Jun;100(6):2041-7.
25- Blanco Ochoa P. Comparison of body composition, neuromuscular characteristics and anaerobic endurance between novice, semi-professional and professional ballet dancers. Master’s thesis, School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University. 2016.
26- Ronnestad BR, Kvamme NH, Sunde A, Raastad T. Short-term effects of strength and plyometric training on sprint and jump performance in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008 May 1;22(3):773-80.
27- Cronin J, McNAIR PE, Marshall R. The effects of bungy weight training on muscle function and functional performance. Journal of sports sciences. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):59-71.
28- Hoff J, Helgerud J. Endurance and strength training for soccer players: physiological considerations. Sports medicine. 2004 Mar; 34:165-80.
29- Wong PL, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Dellal A, Wisloff U. Effect of preseason concurrent muscular strength and high-intensity interval training in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010 Mar 1;24(3):653-60.
30- Østerås H, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Maximal strength-training effects on force-velocity and force-power relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in humans. European journal of applied physiology. 2002 Dec; 88:255-63.
31- Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisløff U. Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports medicine. 2005 Jun; 35:501-36.
32- Croisier JL, Ganteaume S, Binet J, Genty M, Ferret JM. Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: a prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine. 2008 Aug;36(8):1469-75.
33- Withrow TJ, Huston LJ, Wojtys EM, Ashton-Miller JA. Effect of varying hamstring tension on anterior cruciate ligament strain during in vitro impulsive knee flexion and compression loading. JBJS. 2008 Apr 1;90(4):815-23.
34- Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C, Cugat R. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: Mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy. 2009 Jul; 17:705-29.
35- Mjølsnes R, Arnason A, Østhagen T, Raastad T, Bahr R. A 10‐week randomized trial comparing eccentric vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well‐trained soccer players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2004 Oct;14(5):311-7.
36- Nissen SL, Sharp RL. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 Feb 1.
37- Beaudart, C., Buckinx, F., Rabenda, V., Gillain, S., Cavalier, E., Slomian, J., Petermans, J., Reginster, J.Y. and Bruyère, O., 2014. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(11), pp.4336-4345.
38- Stone MH, Hornsby WG, Haff GG, Fry AC, Suarez DG, Liu J, Gonzalez-Rave JM, Pierce KC. Periodization and block periodization in sports: emphasis on strength-power training—a provocative and challenging narrative. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2021 Aug 1;35(8):2351-71.
39- Hagood RT. Comparison of circumference-based equation and air displacement plethysmography to assess body fat percentage and evaluation of intervention for Army ROTC cadets to meet body composition standards (Doctoral dissertation). 2015.
40- Cowan DN, Bedno SA, Urban N, Yi B, Niebuhr DW. Musculoskeletal injuries among overweight army trainees: incidence and health care utilization. Occupational medicine. 2011 Jun 1;61(4):247-52.
41- Crawford K, Fleishman K, Abt JP, Sell TC, Lovalekar M, Nagai T, Deluzio J, Rowe RS, McGrail MA, Lephart SM. Less body fat improves physical and physiological performance in army soldiers. Military medicine. 2011 Jan 1;176(1):35-43.
42- Zakeri A. The frequency of infertility following anabolic steroid in bodybuilders in Tehran in 2010. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012 Apr 20;15(2):29-34.
43- Antonio J, Sanders MS, Ehler LA, Uelmen J, Raether JB, Stout JR. Effects of exercise training and amino-acid supplementation on body composition and physical performance in untrained women. Nutrition. 2000 Nov 1;16(11-12):1043-6.
44- Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Zebrowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J. Arginine and ornithine supplementation increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels after heavy-resistance exercise in strength-trained athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010 Apr 1;24(4):1082-90.
45- Wax B, Kavazis AN, Webb HE, Brown SP. Acute L-arginine alpha ketoglutarate supplementation fails to improve muscular performance in resistance trained and untrained men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2012 Dec; 9:1-6.
46- Alvares TS, Meirelles CM, Bhambhani YN, Paschoalin VM, Gomes PS. L-Arginine as a potential ergogenic aidin healthy subjects. Sports Medicine. 2011 Mar; 41:233-48.
47- Preli RB, Klein KP, Herrington DM. Vascular effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation. Atherosclerosis. 2002 May 1;162(1):1-5.
48- Wilcock IM, Cronin JB, Hing WA. Physiological response to water immersion: a method for sport recovery. Sports medicine. 2006 Sep; 36:747-65.
49- Paddon-Jones D, Børsheim E, Wolfe RR. Potential ergogenic effects of arginine and creatine supplementation. The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 Oct 1;134(10):2888S-94S.
50- Gambardella J, Fiordelisi A, Spigno L, Boldrini L, Lungonelli G, Di Vaia E, Santulli G, Sorriento D, Cerasuolo FA, Trimarco V, Iaccarino G. Effects of chronic supplementation of L-arginine on physical fitness in water polo players. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2021 Mar 15;2021.
51- Ghanbari Niaki, A, Mohammadi Sh. The effect of 4 weeks of RAST anaerobic training (RAST) on hematological changes in male kickboxers. (translated from Persian). Applied sports physiology research paper. 1388: 5(10): 75-87
52- Cooke WH, Carter JR. Strength training does not affect vagal–cardiac control or cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in young healthy subjects. European journal of applied physiology. 2005 Mar; 93:719-25.
53- Yousefian J, Nazem F, Farahpur, N, Khari L. Investigating the relationship between AHPHERD sit ups and Ahangin tests in measuring the endurance of abdominal muscles. (translated from Persian). Harekat journal. 1983; 22. 137-148
54- Tofighi A, ghaffari Y, afsarbegi N. The effects of a selected aerobic exercise along with a controlled diet on weight loss in obese men. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2014; 9 (2) :85-94
55- Viribay A, Burgos J, Fernández-Landa J, Seco-Calvo J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Effects of arginine supplementation on athletic performance based on energy metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020 May 2;12(5):1300.
56- Biswas R, Ghosh SS. Effect of plyometric training in land surface aquatic medium & aquatic medium with a weighted vest on the aerobic capacity of athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022 Apr 1;22(4):930-40.
57- Mor A, Atan T, Agaoglu SA, Ayyildiz M. Effect of arginine supplementation on footballers’ anaerobic performance and recovery. Prog. Nutr. 2018 Mar 1; 20:104-12.
58- Wibisono H. Effect of Plyometric and Sprint Training on VO2Max in Amateur Football Player. InInternational Conference of Health Development. Covid-19 and the Role of Healthcare Workers in the Industrial Era (ICHD 2020) 2020 Nov 25 (pp. 129-131). Atlantis Press.
59- Andrade DC, Beltrán AR, Labarca-Valenzuela C, Manzo-Botarelli O, Otero-Farias P, Álvarez C, Garcia-Hermoso A, Del Rio R, Silva-Urra J, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance at sea level and at high altitude. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018 Oct 9;9:336928.
60- Daniels J, Bradley P, Scardina N, Van Handel P, Troup J. Aerobic responses to submax and max treadmill and track running at sea level and altitude. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1985 Apr 1;17(2):187.
61- Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. European journal of applied physiology. 2003 Mar;89:1-7.
62- Knapik JJ, Sharp MA, Canham-Chervak M, Hauret KE, Patton JF, Jones BH. Risk factors for training-related injuries among men and women in basic combat training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2001 Jun 1;33(6):946-54.
63- Jones BH, Bovee MW, Harris III JM, Cowan DN. Intrinsic risk factors for exercise-related injuries among male and female army trainees. The American journal of sports medicine. 1993 Sep;21(5):705-10.
64- Windt J, Gabbett TJ. How do training and competition workloads relate to injury? The workload—injury aetiology model. British journal of sports medicine. 2017 Mar 1;51(5):428-35.
65- Mashiko T, Umeda T, Nakaji S, Sugawara K. Position related analysis of the appearance of and relationship between post-match physical and mental fatigue in university rugby football players. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Oct 1;38(5):617-21.
66- Moazami M, Taghizadeh V, Ketabdar A, Dehbashi M, Jalilpour R. Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation for a week, on changes in respiratory gases and blood lactate in female handballists. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2015; 9(4): 45-52.
67- Melik Z, Zaletel P, Virtic T, Cankar K. L-arginine as dietary supplement for improving microvascular function. Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation. 2017 Jan 1;65(3):205-17.
68- Lomonosova YN, Shenkman BS, Kalamkarov GR, Kostrominova TY, Nemirovskaya TL. L-arginine supplementation protects exercise performance and structural integrity of muscle fibers after a single bout of eccentric exercise in rats. PloS one. 2014 Apr 15;9(4):e94448.
69- Ramírez-Campillo R, Vergara-Pedreros M, Henríquez-Olguín C, Martínez-Salazar C, Alvarez C, Nakamura FY, De La Fuente CI, Caniuqueo A, Alonso-Martinez AM, Izquierdo M. Effects of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in male and female soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2016 Apr 17;34(8):687-93.
70- Abass AO. Correlational effects of plyometric training on leg muscle strength, endurance and power characteristics of Nigerian University Undergraduates. International Journal of African & African-American Studies. 2009 Feb 3;4(1).
71- Sabillah MI, Nasrulloh A, Yuniana R. The effect of plyometric exercise and leg muscle strength on the power limb of wrestling athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022 Jun 1;22(6):1403-11.
72- McKinlay, B.J., Wallace, P., Dotan, R., Long, D., Tokuno, C., Gabriel, D.A. and Falk, B., 2018. Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(11), pp.3039-3050.
73- Patel NN. Plyometric training: a review article. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 2014 Aug 1;6(15):33.
74- Kubo K, Ishigaki T, Ikebukuro T. Effects of plyometric and isometric training on muscle and tendon stiffness in vivo. Physiological reports. 2017 Aug;5(15):e13374.
75- Lyttle AD, Wilson GJ, Ostrowski KJ. Enhancing performance: maximal power versus combined weights and plyometrics training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1996 Aug 1;10(3):173-9.
76- De Villarreal ES, Requena B, Newton RU. Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2010 Sep 1;13(5):513-22.
77- Álvares TS, Conte Jr CA, Paschoalin VM, Silva JT, Meirelles CD, Bhambhani YN, Gomes PS. Acute l-arginine supplementation increases muscle blood volume but not strength performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2012 Feb;37(1):115-26.
78- Greer BK, Jones BT. Acute arginine supplementation fails to improve muscle endurance or affect blood pressure responses to resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011 Jul 1;25(7):1789-94.
79- Myer GD, Ford KR, Foss KD, Liu C, Nick TG, Hewett TE. The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Clinical journal of sport medicine. 2009 Jan 1;19(1):3-8.
80- Van Tiggelen D, Witvrouw E, Coorevits P, Croisier JL, Roget P. Analysis of isokinetic parameters in the development of anterior knee pain syndrome: a prospective study in a military setting. Isokinetics and exercise science. 2004 Jan 1;12(4):223-8.
81- Wilkerson GB, Colston MA. A refined prediction model for core and lower extremity sprains and strains among collegiate football players. Journal of athletic training. 2015 Jun 1;50(6):643-50.
82- Zazulak BT, Hewett TE, Reeves NP, Goldberg B, Cholewicki J. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. The American journal of sports medicine. 2007 Jul;35(7):1123-30.
83- Pahlavani N, Entezari MH, Nasiri M, Miri A, Rezaie M, Bagheri-Bidakhavidi M, Sadeghi O. The effect of l-arginine supplementation on body composition and performance in male athletes: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2017 Apr;71(4):544-8.
84- Karimian J, Entezari M, Pahlavani N, Papi B, Rasad H, Chaboksavar F. Evaluation the effects of L-arginine supplementation on exercise performance, body composition and serum sodium and potassium in healthy male athletes. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2016 Jan 4;18(6):1186-97.
85- Carvalho A, Mourão P, Abade E. Effects of strength training combined with specific plyometric exercises on body composition, vertical jump height and lower limb strength development in elite male handball players: a case study. Journal of human kinetics. 2014 Jul 8;41(1):125-32.
86- CANLI U, BAYRU M. The Effect of Lower and Upper Extremity Plyometric Exercise Program on Maximal Strength and Body Fat Ratio of Young Basketball Players. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020 Oct 12;14(3):374-90.
87- Daneshjoo A, Raeisi S. Effect of eight weeks plyometric training on some kinematic parameters, horizontal jumping power, agility, and body composition in elite Parkour athletes. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2020 Jun 10;6(1):54-65.
88- Ingle L, Sleap M, Tolfrey K. The effect of a complex training and detraining programme on selected strength and power variables in early pubertal boys. Journal of sports sciences. 2006 Sep 1;24(9):987-97.
89- Acosta R. Body Composition Predictors of Lower Extremity Injury in Collegiate Dancers (Doctoral dissertation, Southeast Missouri State University). March 2023.
90- Rinaldo N, Gualdi-Russo E, Zaccagni L. Influence of size and maturity on injury in young elite soccer players. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021 Mar 18;18(6):3120.
