Effects of Two Cooking Methods on the Concentrations of Some Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, Nickel and Cobalt) in Some Rice Brands Available in Iranian Market

محورهای موضوعی :

Mahmood Naseri ¹ , Zahedeh Rahmanikhah ² , Vahid Beiygloo ³ , Somayeh Ranjbar ⁴

1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -

تاریخ دریافت : 1393/03/24 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1397/08/07

کلید واژه: Iran, Heavy metals, Rice, Shiraz, Cooking methods, Weekly intake,

چکیده مقاله :

Dietary intake is the most important route of exposure to heavy metals for most people. Rice is a staple food for Iranians that, if polluted, threatens public health. Cooking process may affect heavy metals content of rice. In this study, concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) were measured in 3 brands of imported rice available in Shiraz-Iran market. Two methods of cooking (Kateh and Pilaw) were applied for all brands. The heavy metals were detected in raw and cooked rice grains. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co were 0.33, 1.75, 0.38, 0.89 and 0.20 µg/g in raw rice samples respectively, 0.10, 1, 0.29, 0.19, and 0.03 µg/g in Kateh rice samples and 0.10, 0.98, 0.28, 0.18 and 0.03 µg/g in Pilaw rice samples. Cooking rice grains reduced the content of heavy metals. Minimum cooking efficiency was for Cr. The effect of cooking methods was not significantly different in this study. The obtained concentrations were compared with the permitted values, published by Institute of Standards of Iran, for heavy metal contents in rice. Moreover, weekly intakes of the metals through rice were estimated and compared with the PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) amounts determined by FAO/WHO.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Khair M.H., 2009. Toxicity and accumulation of copper in Nannochloropsisoculata (Eustigmatophycea, Heterokonta).World Applied Sciences. 6(3): 376-384.
2. Oliver M.A., 1997. Soil and human health: a review. European Journal of Soil Science. 48, 573-592.
3. Sanchez-Castillo C.P., Dewey P.J.S., Aguirre A., Lara J.S., Vaca R. de la Barra P.L., 1998. The mineral content of Mexican fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 11, 340-356.
4. Järup L., 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin. 68, 167-182.
5. WHO, World Health Organization. Methyl mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 101. WHO, Geneva. 1990.
6. Tripathi R.M., Raghunath R., Krishnamoorthy T.M., 1997. Dietary intake of heavy metals in Bombay City, India. Science of the Total Environment. 208, 149-159.
7. Zhuang P., McBride B.B., Xia H.P., Li N.Y., Li Z.A., 2009. Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, south China. Science of the Total Environment. 407, 1551-1561.
8. Duran A., Tuzen M., Soylak M., 2007. Trace element levels in some dried fruit samples from Turkey. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 59, 581-589.
9. Radwan M.A. Salama A.K., 2006. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44, 1273-1278.
10. Tuzen M., Soylak M., 2007. Evaluation of trace element contents in canned foods marketed from Turkey. Food Chemistry. 102, 1089-1095.
11. Jorhem L., Astrand C., Sundström B., Baxter M., Stokes P., Lewis J., Grawé K.P., 2007. Elements in rice on the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead andarsenic (total and inorganic). Food Additives and Contaminants. 25(3): 284-294.
12. Bakhtiarian A., Gholipour M., Ghazi-Khansari M., 2001. Lead and cadmium content of Korbal rice in northern Iran. Iranian journal of public health. 30(3-4): 129-132.
13. Batista B.L., Nacano L.R., Freitas R.D., Oliverira-Souza V.C.D., Barbosa F., 2012. Determination of Essential (Ca, Fe, I, K, Mo) and Toxic Elements (Hg, Pb) in Brazilian Rice Grains and Estimation of Reference Daily Intake. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 3, 129-134.
14. Cao H., Chen J., Zhang J., Zhang H., Qiao L., Men Y., 2010. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. Journal of environmental sciences. 22(11): 1792-1799.
15. Jung M.C., Yun S.T., Lee J.S., Lee J.U., 2005. Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice from South Korea. Environmental geochemistry and health. 27, 455-464.
16. Lin H.T., Wong S.S., Li G.C., 2004. Heavy metal content of rice and shellfish in Taiwan. Journal of food and drug analysis. 12(2): 167-174.
17. JahedKhaniki G.R., Zazoli M.A., 2005. Cadmium and Lead Contents in Rice (Oryza sativa) in the North of Iran. International journal of agriculture and biology. 7(6): 1026-1029.
18. ASTM. Water and Environmental technology. Standard Guide for preparation of Biological samples for inorganic chemical Analysis, Annual Book of ASTM standards, 11.01, D 4638-95a (Reapproved, 1999). 2000.
19. Zazouli M.A., MohseniBandpei A., Ebrahimi M., Izanloo H., 2010. Investigation of cadmium and lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol region. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 22(2): 1369-1376.
20. Solidum J., Dykimching E., Agaceta C., Cayco A., 2012. In: Assessment and identification of heavy metals in different types of cooked rice available in the Philippine market, 2nd International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering, Singapore, IPCBEE.37.
21. ISIRI, Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Food and Feed-Maximum limit of heavy metals. National standard NO. 12968. 2010.
22. Lee H.S., Cho Y.H., Park S.O., Kye S.H., Kim B.H., Hahm T.H., Kim M., Lee J.O., Kim C.I., 2006.Dietary exposure of the Korean population to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. Journal of food and composition and analysis.19, S31-S37.
23. JECFA, Summary and Conclusions of the Sixty-first Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Rome, 10-19 June 2003.
24. EVM. Review of cobalt. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals Secretariat revised August, EVM/00/07. 2002.
25. CAC, Codex Alimentarius Commission. Working document for information and use in discussions related to contaminants and toxins in the GSCTFF (prepared by Japan and the Netherlands). Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods, fifth session, The Hague, The Netherlands. 2011.
26. Oforka N.C., Osuji L.C., Onwuachu U.I., 2012. Estimation of dietary intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, zinc and nickel due to consumption of chicken meat by inhabitants of Port-Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Scholars Research Library, Archives of Applied Science Research. 4(1): 675-684.