سطح‌بندی محلات شهری در برخورداری از شاخص قابلیت پیاده‌روی (نمونه مطالعاتی: محلات منطقه یک کلانشهر رشت)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
مهین نسترن
1
(دانشیار گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران)
شادیه محمدی
2
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران)
کلید واژه: شهر رشت, فرم شهر, قابلیت پیاده‌روی, رفتار سفر,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از چالش‌هایی که در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه برنامه‌ریزان و طراحان شهری و محققان علوم پزشکی بوده است، سلامت عمومی جامعه می‌باشد. تشدید روزافزون اهمیت معضل سلامتی در جامعه شهری، موجب گردید تا در محافل علمی، بر نقش طراحی جنبه‌های کالبدی محیط، بر میزان قابلیت پیاده‌روی محیط و فعالیت بدنی شهروندان تأکید گردد. در این ارتباط، توافق محققان علوم شهری بر این است که ساختار کالبدی توسعه پراکنده، با تشویق بیشتر به استفاده از اتومبیل، مانع پیاده‌روی و دیگر فعالیت‌های بدنی می شود. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و در آن گردآوری داده‌ها در رویکرد عینی با استفاده نرم‌افزارهای GIS، Auto cadوDepth map صورت گرفته‌است. در این راستا با مروری بر پژوهش‌های صورت‌گرفته در زمینه ارتباط فرم شهر و تحرک‌پذیری، به شناخت شاخص‌های تاثیرگذار فرم شهر در ارتقا قابلیت پیاده‌روی محیط محله‌ای، پرداخته شد و هفت شاخص تراکم مسکونی، تنوع، اتصال، مجاورت، متوسط سطح بلوک، برخورداری خیابان‌ها از پیاده‌رو و تراکم تجاری (سطح اشغال خرده‌فروشی‌ها) ؛ به عنوان شاخص‌های کالبدی- محیطی موثر در ارتقا قابلیت پیاده‌روی مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل عینی شاخص‌های اولیه قابلیت پیاده‌روی، هدف اصلی پژوهش یعنی سطح بندی محلات منطقه یک شهر رشت را از نظر برخورداری از این شاخص کلی بدست داد. مطابق نتایج با فاصله از مرکز شهر به سمت نواحی مرزی، قابلیت پیاده‌روی محلات کاهش می‌یابد و این شاخص در محلات روستا-شهری حومه‌ای شهر، در پایین ترین سطح قرار دارد. همچنین با توجه به فرم شهری، محلات دارای طراحی اولیه و بافت منظم، نسبت به محلات با بافت ارگانیک سنتی و ارگانیک روستایی در سطوح بالاتر این شاخص قرار دارند.
One of the major challenges in recent years attracted the attention of urban planners and urban designers and researchers in medical science, is the public health community. The increasing importance of intensifying health problem in urban areas, led to scientific circles, on role of designing of physical aspects of the environment is provided, on the walkability and physical activity. In this case, the scientists agreed that the physical structure of urban sprawl, encouraging more car use, walking and other physical. In this regard, a review of previous studies on the relationship between urban form and mobility, factors influencing urban form in the context of walking, were studied and seven indexes, household density, diversity, connectivity, proximity, block size, sidewalk, Retail Floor Area Ratio (FAR), using Geographic information system (GIS) and software space syntax analysis (Depth map) were measured. Results of Initial analysis of objective walkability indicators, main goal of this study, ranking of neighborhoods, in 1th region's of Rasht city, in terms of the overall index were obtained. According to the results, ability to walk of neighborhoods reduced by distance from the city center to the border areas, and this index is at the lowest level in rural-urban neighborhoods of suburban. Also according to the urban form, neighborhoods with initial design and texture orderly, are at the higher levels of the index Compare to traditional organic and rural organic neighborhoods.
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Ewing, R., Handy, S., Brownson, R., Clemente, O., & Winston, E. (2006). Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(1), 223-240.
Frank, L., Sallis, J.F., Conway, T., Chapman, J., Saelens, B., & Bachman, W. (2006). Multiple Pathways from Land Use to Health: Walkability Associations with Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality. Journal of the American Planning Association 1, 75-87.
Frumkin, H., Frank, L., & Jackson, R. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities. Island Press, vol:368.
Ferdowsi, B. (2005). The feasibility and application of decision support systems in the physical development of the city, case study: Sanandaj. Master thesis. Tehran: Tehran University. (In Persian).
Gill, T.P., Antipatis, V.J., & James, W. (1999). The global epidemic of obesity. Asia Pacific J Clin Nut, 8, 75-81.
Giles-Corti, P.B., Hooper, P., Foster, S., Koohsari, M.J, & Francis, J. (2014). Low density development: Impacts on physical activity and associated health outcomes. The National Heart Foundation of Australia, 1-53.
Handy, S.L., Boarnet, G., & Killingsworth, E. (2002). How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity Views from Urban Planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2), 64-73.
Kaya, S., & Curran, P.J. (2006). Monitoring urban growth on the European side of the Istanbul metropolitan area. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 8(1), 18-25.
Keall M, Chapman R, Howden-Chapman P. (2009). Changes in New Zealand transport mode choices over time by size of city. Presentation delivered at University of Otago, Wellington. Vol 107, 13-21.
Lehrer, E.L. (2004). Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United State. University of Illinois at Chicago, IZA: Institute for the Study of Labor, (No 1390).
Lotfi, S. (2012). The Role of synthetic agents in increasing citizens walking in the city. Case Study: Tehran. Journal of Urban Studies, 5(4), 27-34. (In Persian).
Masnavi, M.R. (2003). Sustainable development and New Paradigms of urban development: the compact city and the sprawl city. Journal of Ecology, 29(31), 104-89. (In Persian).
Tarh VA Kavosh Consulting Engineers in partnership with Parsumash. (2007). comprehensive plan of Rsht (1-9). Guilan province Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian).
Naqsh-e jahan pars Consulting. (2008). Detailed plan of Rsht. Guilan province Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian).
Naushad, S., Qorbani, R. (2008). Smart growth strategy in urban development: principles and guidelines. Journal of Geography and Development. 6(12), 163-180. (In Persian).
Ozbil, A., & Peponis, J. (2012). The effects of urban form on walking to transit. Proceedings Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium, 1-15.
PHAC. (2008). Review on International Evidence Linking Health and the Urban Built Environment. Wellington: Public Health Advisory Committee, 1-410.
Pakzad, J. (2005). Urban Design Guidelines in Iran spaces. Tehran: Design and Sima message publishing company (2). (In Persian).
_||_Asadi, I. (2000). Compact city, sustainble urban form. Journal of Municipalities, 4, 112-113. (In Persian).
Burnett, K., Holt, E., Fisman, I., & chang, G. (2010). Research on Factors Relating to Density and Climate Change. Prepared BTG- for National Association of Home Builders, 1-156.
BTG. (2012). Using Local Land Use Laws to Facilitate Physical Activity. Bridigin the gap, University of Illinois at Chicago’s Institute: Health Research and Policy,1-5 available at: www.bridgingthegapresearch.org,
Dora, C., & Phillips, M. (2000). Transport, Environment and Health. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, 89, 1-86.
Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killings worth, R., Zlot, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 47-57.
Ewing, R., Handy, S., Brownson, R., Clemente, O., & Winston, E. (2006). Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(1), 223-240.
Frank, L., Sallis, J.F., Conway, T., Chapman, J., Saelens, B., & Bachman, W. (2006). Multiple Pathways from Land Use to Health: Walkability Associations with Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality. Journal of the American Planning Association 1, 75-87.
Frumkin, H., Frank, L., & Jackson, R. (2004). Urban sprawl and public health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities. Island Press, vol:368.
Ferdowsi, B. (2005). The feasibility and application of decision support systems in the physical development of the city, case study: Sanandaj. Master thesis. Tehran: Tehran University. (In Persian).
Gill, T.P., Antipatis, V.J., & James, W. (1999). The global epidemic of obesity. Asia Pacific J Clin Nut, 8, 75-81.
Giles-Corti, P.B., Hooper, P., Foster, S., Koohsari, M.J, & Francis, J. (2014). Low density development: Impacts on physical activity and associated health outcomes. The National Heart Foundation of Australia, 1-53.
Handy, S.L., Boarnet, G., & Killingsworth, E. (2002). How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity Views from Urban Planning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2), 64-73.
Kaya, S., & Curran, P.J. (2006). Monitoring urban growth on the European side of the Istanbul metropolitan area. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 8(1), 18-25.
Keall M, Chapman R, Howden-Chapman P. (2009). Changes in New Zealand transport mode choices over time by size of city. Presentation delivered at University of Otago, Wellington. Vol 107, 13-21.
Lehrer, E.L. (2004). Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United State. University of Illinois at Chicago, IZA: Institute for the Study of Labor, (No 1390).
Lotfi, S. (2012). The Role of synthetic agents in increasing citizens walking in the city. Case Study: Tehran. Journal of Urban Studies, 5(4), 27-34. (In Persian).
Masnavi, M.R. (2003). Sustainable development and New Paradigms of urban development: the compact city and the sprawl city. Journal of Ecology, 29(31), 104-89. (In Persian).
Tarh VA Kavosh Consulting Engineers in partnership with Parsumash. (2007). comprehensive plan of Rsht (1-9). Guilan province Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian).
Naqsh-e jahan pars Consulting. (2008). Detailed plan of Rsht. Guilan province Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian).
Naushad, S., Qorbani, R. (2008). Smart growth strategy in urban development: principles and guidelines. Journal of Geography and Development. 6(12), 163-180. (In Persian).
Ozbil, A., & Peponis, J. (2012). The effects of urban form on walking to transit. Proceedings Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium, 1-15.
PHAC. (2008). Review on International Evidence Linking Health and the Urban Built Environment. Wellington: Public Health Advisory Committee, 1-410.
Pakzad, J. (2005). Urban Design Guidelines in Iran spaces. Tehran: Design and Sima message publishing company (2). (In Persian).
