Journal of  History (Tarikh): 71 (71)

Open Access Article

1 - Transformation of Zandiqeh applications and its Continuity in Iran's Political Culture during the Qajar Era
shahnaz yazdanpanah Reza Dehghani Nemat Ahmadi Nasab

The anti Zandiqeh movement has been a prevalent issue in Iran's political culture throughout history due to the intertwining of religion and politics. However, their applications have varied in each period. During the Qajar era, their applications underwent a trans More

The anti Zandiqeh movement has been a prevalent issue in Iran's political culture throughout history due to the intertwining of religion and politics. However, their applications have varied in each period. During the Qajar era, their applications underwent a transformation due to the clash between tradition and modernity. The question is how did the circumstances of the new era, particularly the influence of European modernity on religious and political reformists, affected the transformation of Zandiqeh? The hypothesis is that in religious-dominated societies like Iran, the applications of Zandiqeh undergo changes in accordance with the requirements of each era. This article seeks to analyze the actions of certain fanatic traditionalists and extremist reformists who, by polarizing society, contributed to the spread of Zandiqeh. Data collection for this article is based on library research and analytical methods. According to the findings, the transformation of Zandiqeh during the Qajar era was influenced not only by religious concerns but also by the cultural and religious conditions of society and personal motives. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The role of the king in the structure of the Achaemenid court
zhamak khademi naser jadidi ahmad kamranifar

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads More

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads of families, eunuchs, a position similar to the great minister - the spy system (known as the corners and eyes of the king) and ... in all political developments of this dynasty Was involved. One of the important issues in examining this structure is the role of the king in this organization. It seems that the Achaemenids in influencing the organization and structure of the court in their Achaemenid Empire were influenced by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, especially Assyria and Babylon. In addition to the Assyrian civilization, the ancient Median and Elamite governments also provided suitable models for the rulers of this dynasty. It was and the power of the Shah was absolute and unlimited and the Shah was a symbol of the full ownership of the Iranian society and the owner of all the property and wealth of the people. What is certain is that the study of this structure will provide valuable information about the role of the Shah in the pyramid of political power of the Achaemenid court to historians. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The role of Ahmad Ghavam in expanding US influence in Iran
zahra amiri reza shabanisamghabadi mohamad kalhor

When Qawam came to power in June 1301 A.H., the policy of entering America as a third force was placed on the agenda of Qawam's government. The result of this policy was Arto Millespo's dominance over Iran's economy. With Reza Shah's accession to the throne, the policy More

When Qawam came to power in June 1301 A.H., the policy of entering America as a third force was placed on the agenda of Qawam's government. The result of this policy was Arto Millespo's dominance over Iran's economy. With Reza Shah's accession to the throne, the policy of expanding American influence began to decline, and in December 1314 A.H., it led to the termination of political relations between Iran and the United States. Although the relations between the two countries were re-established in December 1318 AH, it did not lead to the expansion of American influence. The events caused by Shahrivar 1320 A.H. caused Qavam to appear again in the sphere of politics. Qavam took effective steps in the third (August 1321-1321 AH) and fourth (February 1324-1326 AH) administrations in expanding the political, military and economic influence of America as the third force. The present research, benefiting from the historical research method based on analysis, aims to deal with the role of Qawam governments in the expansion of American influence in Iran, during the years 1301 AH to 1326 AH. A policy that first raised America as the third force in Iran and made it the most influential country in Iran after the coup d'état on August 28, 1332 AH. The basic finding of the current research shows that after Shahrivar 1320 AH/1941 AD, with the aim of preventing the growth of communism, Qawam al-Sultaneh played a major role in the entry of America into the foreign policy scene Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Medicine in The Abbasid Period and Its Impact on Western Civilization
Batool Rabiei Boshra Delrish Elham malekzadeh Koorosh Fathi

One of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the s More

One of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the success of the Abbasid Caliphate to medicine, the use of medical texts in various scientific languages of the time, including the medical heritage of Greece and Rome, led to a significant leap in Islamic medicine in the form of numerous translations.On the other hand, in the efforts of the Islamic Caliphate to expand its sphere of influence, it gradually dominated Islamic medicine in European countries by teaching and translating the works of Muslim scholars such as Razi and Ibn Sina. The present article tries to examine the influence of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period on the western civilization of the earth. By asking the main question, what are the characteristics of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period and how has it exerted its effects on the western civilization of the earth? The research method of the article is based on descriptive and analytical research with a library method. The result of the research also indicates that the period of Islamic Caliphate is not only one of the bright periods of growth of this field of sciences, but also the culmination of the influence and vast scientific realm of the Islamic world in the West. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Historical monuments of Kashan during the Safavid period from the point of view of tourists
rahmatollah zargary keivan loloee asghar mahmodabadi

Kashan is one of the cities of Isfahan province and after Isfahan city, it is the largest city in this province. Kashan city also has many historical and cultural monuments due to its old age. Kashan, which is seven thousand years old, is the birthplace of one of the ol More

Kashan is one of the cities of Isfahan province and after Isfahan city, it is the largest city in this province. Kashan city also has many historical and cultural monuments due to its old age. Kashan, which is seven thousand years old, is the birthplace of one of the oldest human civilizations called Silk. The people of this civilization were the first to settle together. Kashan was introduced as a communication and commercial city because it is located in the center of Iran, and in all periods of history, this city has seen many ups and downs. But the turning point for this city can be called the Safavid period. During this period, Kashan was considered the residence of the Safavid kings, and because this city was located on the way to the capital of Iran, Isfahan, many tourists visited this city.Keywords: Safavid, tourists, mosques, Bagh FinKeywords: Safavid, tourists, mosques, Bagh FinKeywords: Safavid, tourists, mosques, Bagh Fin Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Examining the rituals of marriage and the characteristics of family structure in epic historical texts after the Shahnameh
mehrnaz Firouzmand Jahandost SabzAlipur Ahmad Reza Nazari Cherudeh Shahriar Hassanzadeh

Research in their epic texts shows Iranians have paid special attention to issues of marriage and family formation and raising children since long ago,. they worked hard to preserve and maintain health of family foundation. It is obvious that ancient literary texts a More

Research in their epic texts shows Iranians have paid special attention to issues of marriage and family formation and raising children since long ago,. they worked hard to preserve and maintain health of family foundation. It is obvious that ancient literary texts are the important and reliable sources for obtaining Iranian views and customs regarding family issues. Certainly, the ancient epic texts written after the Shahnameh, including Banugashspnameh, Barzonameh, Jahangirnameh, Bahmannameh, Shahyarnameh, Faramraznameh, Garshasbnameh, Samnameh and Kushnameh, which are sources of present research, from These are important and influential works. studied ancient epic texts, regardless of their poetic merits and advantages and theological and rhetorical aspects, are precious treasures that have political, social, and historical awareness, as well as documents according to the study. It has been done, research and examination of the originality and compatibility of daughter and son, obtaining permission from parents, giving a sign from son to adhere to future wife and child, honoring the position of the wife making big promises, swearing loyalty , suitors participating in tests with difficult and dangerous conditions to measure strength and power, courting, yes and no, bride's adornment by Mashata, marriage planners, giving shabash to the bride and groom, bridesmaids or groom's companions on the wedding night, giving a dress to the girl From the father of the girl, giving a gift as an unveiling of the bride by the groom is one of the rituals of the marriage celebration in culture of Iran, most of them are still current. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Actions of Mohammad Bager Pirnia during the governorship period in Mashhad
Hamzeh Kavosi Monirh kazemirashed Seyyed Hossein Raeis al-Sadat Sharzad Sasanpur

Mashhad city between 1346 and 1350. And during the governorship period of Mohammad Baqer, Pirnia underwent major changes. The main question of this research is what role Pirnia's construction measures played in the physical development of Mashhad. The physical deve More

Mashhad city between 1346 and 1350. And during the governorship period of Mohammad Baqer, Pirnia underwent major changes. The main question of this research is what role Pirnia's construction measures played in the physical development of Mashhad. The physical development of the city is a continuous process during which the physical boundaries of the city and its physical spaces expand in longitudinal and transverse directions in terms of quantity and quality. The physical expansion of cities and villages towards each other causes the annexation and integration of villages into cities and as a result the physical development of cities. The components of the development of Mashhad are: 1- How to spread new civilizational institutions in the city, 2- The arrival of new thoughts and ideas in relation to urban planning, 3- The existence of Razavi Shrine in order to accept immigrants and pilgrims and to settle it. in Mashhad. In this article, the examples of the physical development of Mashhad city and its surrounding issues are described and analyzed, and therefore, based on the nature of the subject, this research is presented in a descriptive and analytical method and based on library and documentary sources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Comparative Study of the Dimensions of Refugee Property Rights in International Historical Documents and Iranian Law
Fatemeh Darvishi Mohammad Sadeghi Seyed Bagher Mirabbasi

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative study of the dimensions of refugee property rights in Iranian law and international documents, which has been done by the library method. Refugees, like other human beings, undoubtedly enjoy all the fundamental rights a More

The purpose of this paper is to make a comparative study of the dimensions of refugee property rights in Iranian law and international documents, which has been done by the library method. Refugees, like other human beings, undoubtedly enjoy all the fundamental rights and freedoms recognized in the human rights system. However, given the special situation and circumstances in which refugees find themselves, the enjoyment of only certain rights is of particular importance and they have special duties in accordance with those conditions. The findings of the study indicate that: The right to property is one of the issues that is emphasized in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the right to acquire movable and immovable property. Article 13 of the Convention stipulates that the Contracting States shall treat refugees in relation to the acquisition of movable and immovable property and other related rights, as well as in the case of lease or other contracts relating to the ownership of movable and immovable property, to the extent possible. Foreign nationals in Iran According to the Aliens Acquisition Regulations adopted in 1327, if they want to acquire property in Iran for their residence, industry or place of business, they must submit the declarations of the registry office of the location of the property to be sent to the General Registry Office for permission. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Investigating the Impact of US-Saudi Political-Military Relations and Its Role on Iran's Foreign Policy; Historical Siri
Ali Latifinia Hossein Karimi Fard Fereidun Akbarzadeh

The present study was conducted with the aim of influencing the US-Saudi political-military relationship on the security order in the Middle East. In this research, the method and tool of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The Middle East is important in terms of More

The present study was conducted with the aim of influencing the US-Saudi political-military relationship on the security order in the Middle East. In this research, the method and tool of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The Middle East is important in terms of political geography, strategic geography and economic geography, and the existence of such components has made the Middle East order and security always on the US agenda in the post-World War II era. Saudi-US relations will have a major impact on the security order in the region. With the power vacuum and the expansion of the anarchic situation in the Middle East, each of the influential actors in the region, including Iran and Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel, are developing their military capabilities. Turkey has already sought to increase its political and economic position in the Persian Gulf, South Asia, the Middle East, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Central Asia and the Caucasus. The new US-Saudi alliance was formed between 2017 and 2020 with the aim of establishing a new order in the Middle East. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Studying and investigating the effects of Iqta in the Seljuk period with a special look at military Iqta
Nosratollah Taherklani Koorosh Fathi Boshra delrish Ali Zakeri

During the Seljuq period, there were various types of tribal EQTA, civil EQTA, military EQTA, civil and courtier EQTA, and personal EQTA. In the civil EQTA, although the clans could achieve a lot of economic power, but due to many reasons, including limited land allocat More

During the Seljuq period, there were various types of tribal EQTA, civil EQTA, military EQTA, civil and courtier EQTA, and personal EQTA. In the civil EQTA, although the clans could achieve a lot of economic power, but due to many reasons, including limited land allocation, lack of settlement Constantly in EQTA, the inability to produce structures similar and parallel to the central government, they could not directly confront the government, but the granting of military EQTA, although at the beginning of this period and during the era of sultans such as Aleb Arslan and Malik Shah, led to the success of the Seljuks and the maintenance of its loyalties. became the central government, but it gradually caused the economic and political power of the emirs of the period and after that the desire to increase and develop political power in them and caused the military and political weakness of the central government. The emirs of the period went to the point where they started to rebel and disobey the authority of the sultanate. In the wars of succession between the Seljuk kingdoms, on the surface, they used their military power to support the kingdoms claiming the monarchy, but in secret, in order to dominate the structure of the monarchy and guide and lead the affairs related to the monarchy, they not only dethroned the desired kingdoms and deposed the other. They even went as far as killing the sultans and caused the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Investigating the influencing factors on the closeness of Qavam and Mossadegh policies
hojat alah karami mehdi khoshkhati malek zolghadr

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the factors influencing the closeness of the policies of Qavam and Mossadegh. The method of research was library research and we analyzed them by extracting the available information. It was about maintaining the exi More

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the factors influencing the closeness of the policies of Qavam and Mossadegh. The method of research was library research and we analyzed them by extracting the available information. It was about maintaining the existing political order along with political reforms and conditioning the institution of the monarchy. In the field of foreign policy, they had the same goals but different methods. Both of them were trained in the Iranian balance school and attached to the balance between the two powers with the goal of independence and national authority. If for the consistency of the balancing presence of the two powers, it could justify the compromise and sometimes deal with the embassies, but Mossadegh had a more ambitious reception. The country's independence and clearing its lap from foreign influence had a value and quasi-religious aspect for him, his passionate and uncompromising nationalism was not the same as Qawam's pragmatic balancing act. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Al-Boyu and the flourishing of the intellectual sciences of the Islamic world(By relying on the function of the Imams and the ministers of the Bowhi)
Elham Aghajari Mohsen Rahmati Jahanbakhsh Savagheb

The rulers of the Buyid the ruling dynasty of Iran Having overcome Baghdad, large sections From the realm of the Islamic world During the fourth and fifth centuries Hijri under the command. In the territory under the command of Bozhiayan, And with the support of the e More

The rulers of the Buyid the ruling dynasty of Iran Having overcome Baghdad, large sections From the realm of the Islamic world During the fourth and fifth centuries Hijri under the command. In the territory under the command of Bozhiayan, And with the support of the emirs and the ministers of this dynasty, the intellectual sciences, which include all kinds of wisdom, Principles and foreshadows of each of the four divine, natural, mathematical, Ethics and science of the word, he flourished and flourished. Other contemporary Shiite governments with al-Buwayh did not succeed as much as they did. This research is a descriptive-analytic method, while explaining the role Buyids in the growth of rational sciences, on how the emirs behaved and the ministers in this regard. The research findings indicate In the light of the Amirs, along with their ministers, used Greek and Syriac translations to attract scholars from the scientific achievements of Muslim scholars and scholarly scholars of Jews and Christians. Also, creating educational and research centers that have led to the emergence of talents, they have taken great strides in the development of intellectual sciences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Impact of the Amasya Peace on the Treaties between Ottoman Iran, from Istanbul I to Zahab Peace(Relying on subscription funds)
hamideh taghizadehsis mohammad taghi emami khoei mohammad kalhor

The establishment of the Safavid dynasty and the recognition of the Shiite religion by them created a deep rift between Iran and the Ottomans, which led to endless wars between the two sides with the aim of eliminating the rival. These conflicts continued with the Battl More

The establishment of the Safavid dynasty and the recognition of the Shiite religion by them created a deep rift between Iran and the Ottomans, which led to endless wars between the two sides with the aim of eliminating the rival. These conflicts continued with the Battle of Chaldoran (920 AH / 1514 AD), which began with the invasions of Suleiman, which led to the conclusion of the peace of Amasya (962 AH / 1555 AD). This peace, while reducing political and religious differences, to some extent defined the borders of Iran with the Ottomans, and confirmed the political and geographical existence of the Safavids by the Ottomans. This study aims to answer the important question that what effect did the peace of Amasya have on the agreements between the two countries in the Safavid period until peace and what are the common provisions of these agreements? It is assumed that there are many common points in the treaties concluded between Iran and the Ottoman Safavid era with Amasya. If the findings of the present article prove the correctness of this hypothesis. In compiling and writing this dissertation, using historical research method based on the method of describing and analyzing documents, library resources are examined and finally the research findings are presented Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Western border provinces in the Qajar period
Bahram Afrasiaby zin abad Monirh kazemirashed Manouchehr samadivand Masomeh Garadagi

Qajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity More

Qajar Iran was far from the scene of European politics. The western regions of Iran in the Qajar period witnessed complex conflicts and Fath Ali Shah was sensitive to the administration of the province of Azerbaijan and was important in various ways, including proximity to Russia and therefore became the residence of the Crown Prince. Azerbaijan was the border between the Tsarist and Ottoman governments of Russia. Findings show that due to its strategic position, Iran has become a hotbed of competition for powerful states and important parts of Iran were separated from the country as a result of treaties and economic and trade privileges were transferred to these states that maintained their trade and commercial interests. Land disputes are one of the most important differences between neighboring governments and the limitation of productivity of existing facilities and the lack of a series of registered and trusted laws between states and their non-binding to tactical and exclusive promises in specific time conditions as well as ease of integration. Ethnic and linguistic differences between neighboring and border areas have always led to years of conflict between states. The extent to which governments are able to manage their internal affairs in an integrated manner was one of the factors that encouraged some countries ready to start tensions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Historical sociology of the Jews of Mecca and Medina and their treatment of the Prophet
esmat abdolahi fatemeh khalili

When the Prophet entered Medina, many Jews lived in that city who had close relations with the Arabs living in Medina. Thus, after entering the city, the Prophet (PBUH) made a pact of alliance with the Jews, and because they were the People of the Book, he tried to pers More

When the Prophet entered Medina, many Jews lived in that city who had close relations with the Arabs living in Medina. Thus, after entering the city, the Prophet (PBUH) made a pact of alliance with the Jews, and because they were the People of the Book, he tried to persuade them to convert to Islam with the enlightening verses of the Qur'an. The present study tries to answer the question, what was the evolution of the Prophet's discourse in relation to the Jews of Medina (according to the verses of the Qur'an)? According to the verses of the Qur'an, he tried to establish peaceful relations with the Jews; He first tried to present the verses of the Qur'an to them and thus warn them and invite the Jews to Islam by warning and establishing peaceful interaction with them. But because the Jews resisted and argued with the enlightening messages of Islam, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) turned away from them based on the verses of the Qur'an and warned them of the consequences of the method they had taken; Finally, receiving the Jizyah from them and fighting them as the last divine command was revealed to the Prophet against those of the People of the Book who were stubborn and hostile to the Muslims. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Pathology of the policymaking process of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Cyberspace in historical transition
Ahad hozorgiglo Hassan Eyvazzadeh Malek zolghadr seyed farshid jafar paybandi

In this research, an attempt has been made to first systematically review previous studies in the field of cyber space policy (studies published from 2010 to 2019). Studies related to the topic of cyber space policy in Persian language were searched in reliable database More

In this research, an attempt has been made to first systematically review previous studies in the field of cyber space policy (studies published from 2010 to 2019). Studies related to the topic of cyber space policy in Persian language were searched in reliable databases in Persian language and after review and writing, they were categorized according to the topic. In the second stage, it was implemented using a qualitative approach and its data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 experts in the field of cyber space laws and regulations who had at least five years of experience in this field. Research findings It has been shown that by using the method of analyzing the content of the interviews, the harms of the policy making process in cyberspace were identified and placed in five general categories. The findings showed that the identified harms, which were categorized into five categories, are: causal conditions (spirituality of virtual space, network society and self-motivated collective communication of the development of virtual social networks), background factors (lack of trust, technical aspect and lack of rationality, hindrance to civilization), intervening conditions (easy access of people to communication tools, weak supervision, lack of necessary platforms), strategies (creating a national information network, specifying policy requirements and requirements, promoting policy knowledge, coordination and cooperation devices and the use of experts) and consequences (ability to move, specialization, competition with other social media, native-based services) were discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Investigating the role of Ahmad Shah's political personality in the fall of the Qajar dynasty
hamzeh hoseini

The political psychology of Ahmad Shah Qajar, in whose time the Qajar dynasty was extinct and a new period began in Iran with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, is very useful for understanding the political developments of this period. This article tries to a More

The political psychology of Ahmad Shah Qajar, in whose time the Qajar dynasty was extinct and a new period began in Iran with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, is very useful for understanding the political developments of this period. This article tries to answer the question of what role did the political personality of Ahmad Shah play in the fall of the Qajar government with the descriptive-analytical method and with the help of Karen Horne's theory? The findings of this study show that Ahmad Shah Qajar was a character mixed with fear and despair, which manifested itself in fear of the history of his father and ancestors, fear of foreign powers, fear of internal opponents, and fear of rumors and propaganda. This fear, which was formed in his personality since his childhood due to internal and external sad factors, caused him fear and despair towards his leadership and was also given to him so that he could not take decisive measures with courage and resourcefulness to deal with Sardar Sepe and other domestic and foreign opponents, and finally, by leaving Keshu and not returning, he contributed to the downfall of Qajar. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Analyzing the effect of Islamic teachings on strengthening the family system
fatemeh okhravi

The foundation of the family should be strengthened by using Islamic teachings to protect it from the invasion of deviant cultures and the challenges of the western society in different eras of history. The family as an environment for the proper education of people aff More

The foundation of the family should be strengthened by using Islamic teachings to protect it from the invasion of deviant cultures and the challenges of the western society in different eras of history. The family as an environment for the proper education of people affects different dimensions of the individual's growth. Despite the role of the family in the field of education, this role faces problems. The purpose of the research is to investigate whether Islam, which is the guardian of education, believes in the continuation of the educational role of the family system in various fields of education. In this research, it has been tried to analyze the contents using analytical-descriptive method. Investigations in the field of Islamic teachings in the historical course indicate that Islam has considered the continuation of the educational role of the family in the family system as necessary. Also, in the context of examining this issue, the correct and accurate relationship between spouses and children depends on the consistency and consolidation of the family. Manuscript profile

XML

List of Articles