Journal of  History (Tarikh): 55 (55)

Open Access Article

1 - Explaining how to establish security and security in the silk trade during the Shah Abbas I era (With an emphasis on the convergence and divergence of external relations)
mohammad azagh

Business security has always played a significant role in the economy of the state. Silk trade in history was one of the key indicators in Iranian trade. The Safavid period of the sixteenth century coincided with the Renaissance in Europe and the simultaneous attention More

Business security has always played a significant role in the economy of the state. Silk trade in history was one of the key indicators in Iranian trade. The Safavid period of the sixteenth century coincided with the Renaissance in Europe and the simultaneous attention of the European countries to Iran, especially in the field of trade. Shah Abbas I Safavid (1006-1038 AH) found that the key to the happiness and abundance of Iranian economy lies in silk, thus, with such actions as the defeat of Uzbeks and Ottomans and the acquisition of silk states of Iran and the rule of security on the border states, as well The introduction of Armenians, which, due to Christianity, could be more easily communicated with the Europeans, would make Iran's business more fresh. He also created a climate of peace with the establishment of security and safety in roads and inn and expansion of communications. In addition, Shah Abbas with other European countries, including Britain, Portugal and Spain, ... established massive commercial and political ties, and through dispatching ambassadors, he provided export silk to European countries. Manuscript profile

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2 - Moralism and deep –thoughts in the Pre Islamic Periods And The First Centuries After The Islam
زهرا خسروی ومکانی

There is the Moralism literature near the ancient nations example: Persian, Indian, Arabs, Greeks …, because they have the rich culture and wise words in their literature, particularly in their poem and prose . We have discussed the Moralism literature and deep-t More

There is the Moralism literature near the ancient nations example: Persian, Indian, Arabs, Greeks …, because they have the rich culture and wise words in their literature, particularly in their poem and prose . We have discussed the Moralism literature and deep-thoughts near the Arabs and Iranian. There is very wise words and moral speeches in the Arabic literature in the pre-Islamic period: for example : in the poems which composed by Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Labid bin Rabia , Adi bin Zayd and etc…. and in the proses which were said by Qus bin Saadah and Aktham bin Sayfi; and in the Islamic period , we see that very spiritual poems there are in the poems which were versified by Abu Al Atahiyah, Mutanabbi, Bashshar, Salih bin Abd al quddus, so we see that in this period the Iranian moral literature and wish speeches which have remained from the pre-Islamic period, from the Sasanian kings and the wisemen was translated by Moslems authors. There was the moral literature between the ancient Iranian , especially near the Sasanian period. These books were named "Andarz nameh", "Pand nameh", "Khoday nameh" and in the Islamic period, appeared the great poets and writers who paid attention to spiritual literature and composed this kind of poem and prose, example: Ferdowsi, Sanayi, Attar, Mowlavi, Nizami, Nizam al Mulk, Aunsur al maali and etc… Manuscript profile

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3 - Location of the Kufa Mosque in Islamic Civilization
Abbas Ali farahati Mahboubeh sater

Comprehensive mosques of some cities, since the early days of Islam and beyond, have been very active not only in the field of worship but in all aspects of educational, cultural, political, social and economic dimensions. All these dimensions and functions led to the e More

Comprehensive mosques of some cities, since the early days of Islam and beyond, have been very active not only in the field of worship but in all aspects of educational, cultural, political, social and economic dimensions. All these dimensions and functions led to the emergence of Islamic civilization in Muslim mosques, and mosques, especially comprehensive mosques, were the first base for the growth and development of this universal civilization. The most important function of the mosque is its scientific and educational function as the most important pillar of the birth and uplift of a genuine civilization, and this article deals with it more than other functions. The mosque is the most elementary and most important center for the dissemination of various sciences and has played an important role in the formation of Islamic civilization. Meanwhile, the Grand Mosque of Kufa is also due to its scientific comprehensiveness and the perception of the presence of such professorsAmir al-Mu'minin Imam Ali-Uq, Imam Baqer-e-Um and Imam Sadeq-u and their followers and students of these Imams Hemam, the center for the dissemination of science and education, have played an unquestionable role in the flourishing of the sciences and the flourishing of Islamic civilization. And its significance, it's enough to bring the city of Kufa, after Mecca and Medina, to the third scientific-Islamic centerThe present study seeks to prove the position of the Kufa mosque and its key role in Islamic civilization Manuscript profile

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4 - The Role of Iran's Political Geography in Two World Wars of the Twentieth Century
MOHAMMAD GARSHASBI Mahmood Seyyed

One of the most pressing challenges of the ancient world and the modern age has been to compete over the resources of far and near lands. The competition that led to outright wars overwhelmed the conqueror of war over all political geographical components of a climate, More

One of the most pressing challenges of the ancient world and the modern age has been to compete over the resources of far and near lands. The competition that led to outright wars overwhelmed the conqueror of war over all political geographical components of a climate, including space, , and human resources. So the climates have and will have a significant role in the wars. An examination of this issue from the angle of history and geopolitics and its adaptation to what took place on Iranian soil between 1914 and 1945 is a benchmark for comparing and targeting the geopolitical features of Iran with the onset of two major world wars in the half century. Twentieth confronts the researcher. As geopolitical science is a relatively new concept, in the context of the sciences of history, geography and politics, it has become more consolidated after the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, as well as concepts such as Hartland and Remland. The origins of many history wars, especially those of the 19th and 20th centuries, can be traced. Geopolitics Although it studies all the climates of the world, climates such as Iran, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, the Iberian peninsula, the Balkan peninsula, etc. are always more important because of the greater human opposition to them. It has happend. This study examines the geopolitical features of Iran's climate that have fueled many wars and the causes of the outbreak of the First and Second World Wars. Manuscript profile

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5 - Social Ethics and Urban Management of Qazvin in Qajar Period
Zahra Chegini Hossein Abadian manijeh sadri Masomeh Garadagi

This paper examines the process the urban management of Qazvin during the Qajar period. The study, based on the main sources of this period, has shown how the modern urban management was rebuilt, based on the order inherited from the past, but failed to achieve signific More

This paper examines the process the urban management of Qazvin during the Qajar period. The study, based on the main sources of this period, has shown how the modern urban management was rebuilt, based on the order inherited from the past, but failed to achieve significant success because of the lack of social morals between the people. From the Constitutional Revolution to the time of the coup of 1921, there was not any significant achievement too. From the coup to the extinction of the Qajar dynasty, efforts were made to create a new order in Qazvin's social and urban management, which seemed remarkable in comparison to the past. The purpose of the article is to show that modern urban management is a topic that is meaningful in relation to social ethics and other new civilization institutions. The main question of the article is why, with the description of the efforts of the Qazvin city managers, the achievements of this issue were not significant? Manuscript profile

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6 - Ale-ziyar dynasty ,s education and academic institutions and its reflections qabusnameh
Abolfazl Fazli mohammad sepehri

Iranian history and civilization has strong cultural and scientific foundations and infrastructures. In this regard, education and academic centers always had a very lofty position and were considered as one of important cultural civilized achievements. The goal of the More

Iranian history and civilization has strong cultural and scientific foundations and infrastructures. In this regard, education and academic centers always had a very lofty position and were considered as one of important cultural civilized achievements. The goal of the present research was to study education and educational institutions in Ale-Ziyar dynasty and how this educations are reflected in Eonsor-Almaeli’s Qabushnameh. Methodologically, the study is a descriptive-analytical study and data were collected in a library method. Mosques, schools, and scientists’ houses were the most important academic and educational centers in that period. In the Ale-Ziyar territories, education has been the focus of much attention by the rulers. The position of scholars in the court of the rulers of Al-Ziyari has been well respected and Qabushnameh was a good platform for developing ideas and strategies for education in the society. Eonsor-Almaeli has used some tools such as story, allegory, anecdote and various educational methods for compiling Qabushnameh. Manuscript profile

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7 - Mohammad Reza Shah's relations during the Cold War
Farshid Rahi Masomeh garadagi Mohammed Yousefi Joybari nazli Eskandarinejad

Iran enjoys an extremely strategic position in the Middle East, and its size is unique after Saudi Arabia, and it has long borders with the central regions. One of the most important straits in the world has complete dominance, and the orientation of its heights has cre More

Iran enjoys an extremely strategic position in the Middle East, and its size is unique after Saudi Arabia, and it has long borders with the central regions. One of the most important straits in the world has complete dominance, and the orientation of its heights has created a suitable defensive position. Iran's foreign policy model became a model of "neutrality" in the post-constitutional era. This pattern refers to the neutralization pattern of the de-stressing pattern. It was about the rivalry of the great powers and the use of their rivalry to ensure Iran's security and territorial integrity. This pattern continued until 1332 AH. After the coup d'état of 28 August 1332 and the establishment of the Shah's position as the sole helmsman of Iran's foreign policy, the neutrality model was replaced by the adaptation model. During this period, which coincided with the escalation of the Cold War between the two powers, Iran's foreign policy was formed under the auspices of the United Arab Emirates. Mohammad Reza Shah's foreign policy during this period was close to that of the United States. Manuscript profile

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8 - The Law of Qajar Periodism and its Impact on Political and Social Situation in Iran(Constitutional Revolution)
ghorbanali najafi andarvar amirteymour rafiei mohammadkarim yosef jamali

Abstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to More

Abstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to power must be seen as a kind of shift in power within Iran's provincial structure. The basic basis of the political power of the Qajar government, as in other periods of Iranian history, was based on tribal structure and the tribes and tribes possessed the real power of the state. In such a structure, the king of God was the shadow of God on earth and the center of political decisions. This status and characteristic of the king's extraterrestrial power led to the concentration of power, law-abiding, despotism, and authoritarianism, resulting in political underdevelopment. The conditional revolution took place in response to the king's extraterrestrial and heavenly power, but failed with the emergence of minor tyranny. In this research, we are trying to study the Qajar method, how to build the inheritance power and the absence of legal institutions in the Qajar era and its role on the political and social situation of Iran until the Constitutional era. The purpose is practical and, in the nature of research, descriptive and analytical, the data and findings are. The method of gathering data is viewing and reading through a library and archive of documents as well as searching the Internet and virtual networks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and its agents
zahra gholikhani Javad Sakha reza shabani samghabadi Sina Foruzesh

This study examines the Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and its factors. The question of the status of religious minorities in the Sassanid era is one of the topics that has received little attention. The main question raised in this regard is h More

This study examines the Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and its factors. The question of the status of religious minorities in the Sassanid era is one of the topics that has received little attention. The main question raised in this regard is how were the Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and what were the factors that influenced the determination of these policies? The present study is descriptive and analytical and Using the library method, the question is addressed. The results of the research indicate that during the Sasanian period various religious minorities such as Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Manoites, and Mazdians Who were each oppressed during a period of Sassanid rule and persecuted by their followers. In fact, although at certain times during the reign of some Sasanian kings such as Shapur I and Nersi, religious minorities enjoyed freedom. But religious minorities were generally suppressed during the Sasanian period. Under the influence of the Zoroastrian religion in the Sassanid era, religious clerics gained great power. This, along with the struggle of the Sassanids with the Roman Empire, played an important role in determining the religious policies of the Sassanian kings against the religious minorities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Art of Herat School Bookbinding in Timurid Era
sakineh taherkhani Mehrnaz Behroozi

Timor's reign began with the revival of art and culture. The Timurid era can be considered one of the most prosperous periods of science, and the cause must be to support and praise the Timurid rulers for the master of knowledge. In the Timurid era the decorations withi More

Timor's reign began with the revival of art and culture. The Timurid era can be considered one of the most prosperous periods of science, and the cause must be to support and praise the Timurid rulers for the master of knowledge. In the Timurid era the decorations within the book reached its full potential, an obvious example of the glory of the Herat school in this period. The art of book-making and book-making in Persia reached its height in the ninth century AH by Herat bookstores and binders. The main theme of the present study is to examine the art of Herat school book art in the Timurid period. Using a historical-descriptive-analytical approach, the author examines existing sources and information and, as far as possible, attempts to compare research sources and research with original sources and to review and critique them if any. Therefore, in this paper, using the first and foremost sources, this paper attempts to study the art process of Herat School of Book Design in the Timurid era. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Role of Tribes in not Shaping the Civil Society in Qajar Era
Bahman Abdollahi ozan sofla Masomeh garadagi Sharzad Sasanpur Davod Esfahanian

Abstract The tribes and nomads have always composed major part of the population in Iran and directly or indirectly have had roles in politics and government as the Iran society was a traditional, tribal one and this became more remarkable and important as the Qajars st More

Abstract The tribes and nomads have always composed major part of the population in Iran and directly or indirectly have had roles in politics and government as the Iran society was a traditional, tribal one and this became more remarkable and important as the Qajars stepped onto the power and one of these fields is the issue of civil society, Therefore the current article which is to study the role of the tribes in not shaping the civil society in Qajar era will study the two issue of tribes and nomads and their roles in the field of civil society after developing the conceptual atmosphere of the subject of the research. According to the topical documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptional - analytical and the the data gathering method was a library one. The findings of the research indicates that first, the changes in Iranian society and the movement to a civil society like what happened in West needed the frame-works. The radical traditionalism has decreased the speed of these changes. The constitutionalism revolution speeded these changes which was not compatible with Iranian Society, for this reason was ended in failour and only a formal structure was resulted out of what was expected. Second. Qajarid was a tribal ruling and each state was governed by a prince and and there was no solidarity in the state and the tribal ruling was one of the reason for not shaping the civil society in Iran. Manuscript profile

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12 - Investigating and Analyzing the Place of the Ghulam in the Political and Social Structure of the Safavid Government.
َAlireza Moslemi Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh Sholouhsadat Arabi hashemi

The position of the Safavid government in the development of architecture, art, military affairs, and security is not hidden from anyone. The important point in these developments is to what extent the slaves contributed to these developments. Slaves in this study are t More

The position of the Safavid government in the development of architecture, art, military affairs, and security is not hidden from anyone. The important point in these developments is to what extent the slaves contributed to these developments. Slaves in this study are the special slaves of the government in the Safavid period through which the Safavids consolidated their power. They were slaves who in Safavid historiography were usually referred to as neo-Muslim Christians who were called Shah Doost. The master-slave model, which began during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I, became the most effective tool during the reign of Shah Abbas I to maintain the power of the monarchy against the style of tribal rule. Shah Abbas supported the slaves in order to create a rift in the tribal structure and in return demanded unconditional loyalty from them. The question of the research is what role did slaves play in the structure of Safavid sectarianism, society, architecture, art, and trade, and the hypothesis is that given that the power of slaves was due to the Safavids' sincerity to the Safavid king always in the work of security and They worked hard to spread architecture, art, and trade. This article examines the role of slaves in the Safavid rule according to the available sources in the form of a library. Manuscript profile

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