Agricultural Marketing and Commercialization Journal: 15 (1)

Open Access Article

1 - Analysis of effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province
solieman rasouliazar Arman Kaykhosravi Loghman Rashiedpour

The present research was conducted in order to analyze and identify effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province. The nature of this applied research was done by survey method. The research tool was a questionnaire More

The present research was conducted in order to analyze and identify effective mechanisms on the development of entrepreneurship among rural women in Kurdistan province. The nature of this applied research was done by survey method. The research tool was a questionnaire made by the researcher, whose reliability was obtained by using the pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the research was 27,560 rural women of Kurdistan province, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was determined to be 204. The sample people were selected by stratified random method. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the individual-psychological, economic, socio-cultural, educational, infrastructural and marketing structure with the advantages of entrepreneurship development among the rural women of Kurdistan province. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict changes in the dependent variable, i.e., the advantages of entrepreneurship development among rural women in Kurdistan province, by independent variables, i.e., managerial, social, cultural, educational, economic, infrastructural, individual, psychological, and marketing structures. The multiple correlation coefficients in this research is equal to 0.781. According to the calculated coefficient of determination, the aforementioned constructs were able to determine 61% of changes in the dependent variable, i.e., the advantages of entrepreneurship development among rural women in Kurdistan province. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Investigating the Relationship between Company Diversification and Systematic Risk by Studying the Cash flow of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Zahra Houshmand Negabi Fatemeh Pirhayati

The main objective of this study is to investigate how cash flow and systematic risk can affect corporate diversification. When it comes to investment decisions and financial considerations in companies, diversification plays a crucial role. Studies indicated that corpo More

The main objective of this study is to investigate how cash flow and systematic risk can affect corporate diversification. When it comes to investment decisions and financial considerations in companies, diversification plays a crucial role. Studies indicated that corporate diversification influences employees’ productivity, cash retention, investment costs and overall company value. Diversification helps companies reduce risks when they encounter economic or market conditions. In other words, it assists companies in anticipating and preventing market changes and disruptions, thereby minimizing the impact of systematic risks. This research follows a descriptive and ex-post facto approach, categorized as cause and effect. The analysis of variables has been performed using multiple linear regression. Data from 118 companies between 2018 to 2022 were collected for research purposes. In order to analyze the data and test the hypotheses, Excel and EVIEWS software have been employed. The findings of this study indicate a relationship between systematic risk and corporate diversification. However, cash flow of companies and corporate diversification exhibited no significant correlation. Additionally, the results suggest that cash flow acts as a moderating variable that significantly influences the relationship between corporate diversification and systematic risk. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The relationship between energy production and consumption with greenhouse gas emissions, a case study: Arab countries of OPEC in the Persian Gulf region (the UAE, Iraq, Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar)
Allahbakhsh Kavoosi Arian Kavoosi

The Middle East region accounts for the largest quota of the world's energy reserves, which is the reason for the interdependence between the world's largest industrial countries and the governments of this region. Given the known oil reserves of the Arab coun More

The Middle East region accounts for the largest quota of the world's energy reserves, which is the reason for the interdependence between the world's largest industrial countries and the governments of this region. Given the known oil reserves of the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region, the effect of energy consumption with a sample of five Arab countries as members of OPEC and oil producers of the Persian Gulf region on greenhouse gas emissions during 40 years (1980-2020) was investigated in this research. The energy production and consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the target countries were studied to identify their contribution to energy production and consumption in the world. It was determined that these countries account for a significant share of climate change and global greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that approximately 34% of the global oil reserves and 22% of carbon dioxide (CO2) production belong to the five Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region. The largest and the lowest shares in CO2 production belong to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait among the five countries of the Persian Gulf region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Investigation of Probiotic’s Effect on Efficacy of Biofloc in Shrimp Farming
elahe ali asgari

Due to the limited natural resources, applied in the aquaculture industry, less dependent methods have been used. The comprehensive system of bacteria plays an important role as a water purifier from organic matter and toxic nitrogen compounds and waste into food. The More

Due to the limited natural resources, applied in the aquaculture industry, less dependent methods have been used. The comprehensive system of bacteria plays an important role as a water purifier from organic matter and toxic nitrogen compounds and waste into food. The method is fieldwork and taking notes of the results. In the form of four treatments (350 liters) with three repetitions in each treatment in the form of 1. Native probiotics 2. Commercial probiotics 3. Native and commercial probiotics 4. Control with specified concentration. Preparation of western white shrimp larvae and preparation of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis in two forms of traders and natives (from the digestion of juvenile huso) and study of shrimp hemolymph (glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, protein) and weight, length, length of carapace and SGR. During the test, the nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is kept constant at around 15.5. Significant changes occurred following the use of both native and commercial probiotics in the studied indices, including the most significant increase in total protein from 5.39 g to 9.32 g and shrimp weight from 10 g to 13.26 and a decrease in coefficient Food conversion up to 40%, while increasing the fertility of shrimp, followed by an increase in uric acid to 1.52 grams. Native probiotics improved indices such as immunoglobulin up to 120 mg with a significant difference compared to other treatments, improved feed length, and conversion ratio, and total weight and total protein. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Conceptualization and Design of a Digital Content Marketing Model Using Structural Equation Approach
Kamran Feizi Hormoz Mehrani Hossein Vazifehdust Ehsan Sadeh

Conceptualization and Design of a Digital Content Marketing Model Using Structural Equation Approach Abstract Content marketing refers to the importance of valuable and relevant content in the marketing process. On the other hand, the growth and development of media More

Conceptualization and Design of a Digital Content Marketing Model Using Structural Equation Approach Abstract Content marketing refers to the importance of valuable and relevant content in the marketing process. On the other hand, the growth and development of media and digital tools and the growing trend of their use have doubled the importance of paying attention to digital marketing tools and caused the emergence of a new topic called digital content marketing. The research presented the fit of the digital content marketing model to the economic, social, political, and cultural conditions of Iran. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and the researcher has used a quantitative method. The sampling method was a simple random method, according to Cochran's formula. The sample included 384 users of Digikala's Instagram page, which initially defined hypotheses and collected the necessary information through a 5-point Likert questionnaire. To measure the results of the research, the method of measuring structural validity and the method of modeling structural equations were used to test the hypotheses of the research, and with the help of SmartPLS.3 software, factor analysis of the dimensions of the research was also performed. After conducting the necessary analysis, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the variables discovered in the digital content marketing model, and the existing assumptions were confirmed. This result shows that the obtained model can be used in digital content marketing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A review of cucumber damping-off disease management in Iran
Laleh Naraghi

Damping-off is actually a general term for several diseases with similar symptoms that attack new plant seedlings and are caused by several pathogenic soil fungi, including Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia. In Iran, the damping-off disease of summer crop More

Damping-off is actually a general term for several diseases with similar symptoms that attack new plant seedlings and are caused by several pathogenic soil fungi, including Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia. In Iran, the damping-off disease of summer crops is known by the local names of dry green, scorching, and water-affected, and is a major disease of cucumbers, melons, watermelons, and pumpkins. This disease has been prevalent in all cultivation areas of these plants, including Khuzestan, Isfahan, Fars, Kerman, Jiroft, Tehran, Varamin, Saveh, Kashan, Lorestan, Qazvin, Hamadan, Khorasan, Bandar Abbas, Azerbaijan, and Mazandaran. Agricultural, chemical, and biological control methods are applied in the management of cucumber damping off. In general, a review of the research showed that the use of chemical and biological pesticides is a very suitable solution to control plant rot, because if it is not controlled in time, it can destroy the entire crop and cause irreparable damage to the greenhouse or farm owner. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Investigating the effect of corporate diversification on cash retention in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Mahdis Alemzadeh

This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of corporate diversification on cash retention. Diversification is a risk management method that combines different types of investments. Diversification is a model for developing a company by offering diverse products More

This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of corporate diversification on cash retention. Diversification is a risk management method that combines different types of investments. Diversification is a model for developing a company by offering diverse products and services. This study is experimental and fundamental in terms of its purpose and correlational in terms of its nature. The study data were extracted from the observed values of eighty-nine stock companies during ten years from 2002 to 2021. The collected information is company-year and the purpose of the study is to test the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable to investigate the effect of corporate diversification on cash retention in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the collected information and using the combined model of regression analysis, three models were fitted and three hypotheses were tested. The results obtained from the investigated models support the inverse effect of corporate diversification indices including commercial diversification index, commercial diversification dummy variable, and geographical diversification dummy variable on cash retention. A dummy variable is referred to as an indicator of technological changes at a certain point in time. However, the results did not support the effect of the geographic diversification index on cash retention. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Investigating the Impact of Natural Resource Rent and Political Stability on the Environmental Degradation Index in Selected Developing Countries Using a Combined Data Approach
Fatemeh Ramezani Somayeh Shokravi Akbar Bagheri

Environmental degradation has become a significant topic in the realm of economic development in recent years. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to examine the influence of natural resource rent and political stability on the environmental degrada More

Environmental degradation has become a significant topic in the realm of economic development in recent years. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to examine the influence of natural resource rent and political stability on the environmental degradation index in selected developing countries between the years 2006 and 2020. This study aims to achieve practical objectives and adopts an analytical-inferential approach methodologically. The research methodology is of a correlational nature based on its essence and content. The statistical population includes all developing countries. In this study, a random sampling method is employed to determine the sample size, and it involves a case study spanning the years from 2006 to 2020, with a sample of 20 developing countries. Data collection is facilitated through the utilization of databases. For data analysis and result derivation, Eviews 9 and Excel 2010 software have been utilized. The findings of the current research indicate a significant relationship between the impact of natural resource rent and political stability on the environmental degradation index in the selected developing countries using a combined data approach. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that natural resource rent, energy intensity, and urban population have a positive and meaningful impact on the environmental degradation index in the developing countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Modeling criteria for determining and commercializing the optimal portfolio of agricultural stocks in Tehran Stock Exchange
Sina Shirtavani Mahdi Homayounfar Keyhan Azadi Amir Daneshvar

Investing in financial markets and using investment opportunities in the capital market is clearly one of the most important issues in achieving sustainable economic growth and development, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is important that the criteria More

Investing in financial markets and using investment opportunities in the capital market is clearly one of the most important issues in achieving sustainable economic growth and development, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is important that the criteria for determining the optimal stock portfolio in the Tehran Stock Exchange market are specified and researchers use a standard index to determine the optimal stock portfolio so that commercialization patterns of agricultural stocks can be modeled and determined. Based on this, the present study was designed with the aim of answering the question of what are the effective criteria in measuring the risk and return of the portfolio of agricultural stocks in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The method of conducting the current research was a field survey using a survey of 30 managers of companies active in the field of agriculture in the Tehran Stock Exchange market. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data analysis tool was Spss version 23, Topsys Fazi and Lisrel version 5.8. The results of the data analysis showed that the most important appropriate criteria in determining the optimal stock portfolio are profitability, growth, risk, liquidity and market criteria in the order of first, second, third, fourth and fifth priority. Also, the appropriate model for determining the optimal portfolio risk of agricultural stocks included: financial and systematic risk, commercial risk, and market price, as well as the appropriate model for determining the optimal portfolio return of agricultural stocks included: profitability, growth, and... liquidity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Preparation of Talaromyces flavus liquid and microcapsule formulations and their application in commercial tomato greenhouses to increase yield
Laleh Naraghi Seyed Reza Fani Sadegh Jalali Maryam Negahban Shahram Naeimi

With the recent advances in the application of biotechnology in various sciences, the preparation of liquid bio-formulations and microcapsule suspension/powder from the important antagonistic fungal agent Talaromyces flavus has been investigated in recent years. In the More

With the recent advances in the application of biotechnology in various sciences, the preparation of liquid bio-formulations and microcapsule suspension/powder from the important antagonistic fungal agent Talaromyces flavus has been investigated in recent years. In the first year of this research, a type of liquid bioformulation, a type of microcapsule suspension, and a type of microcapsule powder were prepared for use in tomato greenhouses. During one year, commercial greenhouses were investigated in tomato greenhouses in two regions of Yazd and Isfahan with a history of Fusarium wilt disease. The treatments in each study of the commercial greenhouse were 1-3) each of the liquid formulations, microcapsule suspension, and microcapsule powder by soil application, 4-6) each of the liquid formulations, microcapsule suspension, and microcapsule powder with the tomato seedling root dip, 7) Talaromin fungicide by soil application, and 8) a control (without any formulation and fungicide application). The results indicated that all three formulations in both application methods (soil application or seedling root dip and seed impregnation for tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively) significantly increased the yield of tomatoes compared to the control. Altogether, microcapsule powder with seed impregnation and liquid formulation with soil application were the most effective treatments with approximately 50% and 60% increases in yield compared to the control, respectively, for the management of tomato Fusarium wilt disease. According to the obtained results, the production method of these formulations is considered technical knowledge, and it is possible to carry out their commercialization steps. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Presenting a Model for Sustainable Banking: A Qualitative Study
Reza Mazrae Farahani Maryam Ooshak Saraei Gholamreza Mahfoozi Mohammad Taleghani

Sustainable development is necessary for banks to achieve their financial development goals. The present study aims to present a sustainable banking model based on strategic options development and analysis. This qualitative study was conducted on the experts of Iran's More

Sustainable development is necessary for banks to achieve their financial development goals. The present study aims to present a sustainable banking model based on strategic options development and analysis. This qualitative study was conducted on the experts of Iran's banking industry. Accordingly, 15 samples were selected by purposeful sampling. In the qualitative section, the components of sustainable banking were identified by the SODA method. Finally, 10 primary components and 140 secondary components were obtained from the analysis of the interviews. The primary components included environmental factors, social factors, economic factors, new and green technologies, clean energy, human resources, bank customers and bank management, macro and government factors, and the implications of sustainable banking. Several key elements were identified based on the results obtained from the SODA method. They include human capital, economic factors, environmental and social factors, and the measures taken in this area are mostly related to production management (sustainable production). Finally, the goals of sustainable banking are sustainable growth and development, bank research and development, and organizational transformation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Can digital currency technology help reduce transaction costs and improve access to financial services for underbanked populations?
Bouayed Sarra

Research on the impact of digital currency technology on exchange costs is progressing, with studies highlighting various aspects. Blockchain technology is seen as a mechanism that can reduce transaction costs by enforcing contract execution through encryption, bringing More

Research on the impact of digital currency technology on exchange costs is progressing, with studies highlighting various aspects. Blockchain technology is seen as a mechanism that can reduce transaction costs by enforcing contract execution through encryption, bringing transactions closer to the conditions of a perfectly competitive market. Additionally, digital currency issuance can influence currency circulation speed and money multiplier, affecting financial system risk and supervision. While the influence of Bitcoin on exchange rates is noted to be negligible, the importance of embracing decentralization and digital money for cost reduction and transparency in enterprises is emphasized. Furthermore, the introduction of central bank-issued digital currencies (CBDCs) is being explored, with different design options impacting transaction costs for various stakeholders. Research on the impact of digital currency technology on exchange costs is progressing, with studies highlighting various aspects. Blockchain technology is seen as a mechanism that can reduce transaction costs by enforcing contract execution through encryption, bringing transactions closer to the conditions of a perfectly competitive market. Additionally, digital currency issuance can influence currency circulation speed and money multiplier, affecting financial system risk and supervision. While the influence of Bitcoin on exchange rates is noted to be negligible, the importance of embracing decentralization and digital money for cost reduction and transparency in enterprises is emphasized. Furthermore, the introduction of central bank-issued digital currencies (CBDCs) is being explored, with different design options impacting transaction costs for various stakeholders. Manuscript profile

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