List of Articles reluctance

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  1 - Emergency willful murder from the perspective of Fiqh and the law
  Ashraf Abdolmaleki Ahmad Moradkhani
  Emergency means misery, and poverty. Whenever one find himself in pressure and pinch that force him to commit a crime to protect his at risk life or property or those of others, while no one is forcing him to commit the unlawful act, he is considered distressed or in em More

  Emergency means misery, and poverty. Whenever one find himself in pressure and pinch that force him to commit a crime to protect his at risk life or property or those of others, while no one is forcing him to commit the unlawful act, he is considered distressed or in emergency. There are similar concepts to emergency that should be differentiated. The present paper attempted at studying all the issues related to the nature, principles, reasons, and conditions of emergency as well as stating whether the issue of emergency is a right or a warrant. Committing murder in emergency situation is not specifically dealt with among jurists; however, some jurists have discussed this issue beside other legal issues. There is no rule or procedural law in this regard in Iran’s penal code. However, many lawyers do not accept emergency a license for murder as they do not accept reluctance a license for murder. Relying on the principle of "Lataqiyah fedema", most jurists do not accept emergency a license for murder. According to this principle, killing another person is inadmissible, because the reason for the obligation of reservation is preserving lives. Therefore, saving a life is more important than doing an obligatory action or prohibited action. The present study aimed at stating the views of jurists and lawyers with a comparative perspective regarding emergency willful murder; finally, it will come to the conclusion that emergency is not a license to kill someone both from the view point of lawyers and the jurists. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Philosophical Foundations reluctance to fulfill crime
  Somayeh Rahimian Guar Reza fani
  In the scientific study of law, there are two methods, one of which is to examine the basis and the other to analyze its nature and function. In the study of the nature and function of the legal system, knowledge of the general structure is obtained, which is the recogn More

  In the scientific study of law, there are two methods, one of which is to examine the basis and the other to analyze its nature and function. In the study of the nature and function of the legal system, knowledge of the general structure is obtained, which is the recognition of the result and outcome of the historical origins and history of its formation. So that the lack of mastery in the historical root and the formation of a legal meaning of its functional meaning is questioned and its effects can be excluded from its exact form. This procedure is the mission of the philosophical analysis of law, which historically focuses on the roots of the definition of words on legal meanings. The philosophy of law tells us essentially what rules and how to enter the law. The philosophy of reluctance in Iran and other countries has a precedent that acknowledges or rejects the effects of reluctance in realizing the crime as one of the factors justifying criminal responsibility.Accordingto the historical and philosophicalbackground of the legal entity, there is a reluctant direct effect on the realization of the crime, as well as on the punishment and non-punishment of the accused Manuscript profile
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  3 - Reduction of Torque Ripples and Radial Force in Segmental SRM Using Current Profiling Method
  Milad Allaei Milad Dowlatshahi Sayed Morteza Saghaian-Nejad
  10.30486/teeges.2022.1959202.1015
  The torque of the reluctance switch motors is created from the sum of its discrete values, the purpose of which is to create a continuous torque on the motor shaft, causing a phenomenon called torque ripple in the commutation regions. In this paper, in order to reduce t More

  The torque of the reluctance switch motors is created from the sum of its discrete values, the purpose of which is to create a continuous torque on the motor shaft, causing a phenomenon called torque ripple in the commutation regions. In this paper, in order to reduce the radial force and stabilize the torque, the design of a reluctance switch motor with a discrete rotor structure is simulated using Magnet software. For this purpose, first by examining the radial force acting on the rotor in different currents and situations from the area unaligned to aligned, a function called radial force function is introduced. Then, using the introduced function and the torque-current relationship, the phase reference torque is introduced so that the sum of the torque moments is equal to the reference torque of the motor. For experimental purposes, using Matlab software, the motor circuit and its drive are simulated, and by applying the torque function introduced as the reference torque, the results are compared with the results of the linear torque common function. And the simultaneous representation of the figure of the two radial forces obtained shows that the motor torque ripple is reduced and is almost the same as the torque in the linear common state. This is in a situation where the radial force decreases relative to the radial force of the linear joint torque. Manuscript profile
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  4 - The impact of cultural diversity on a reluctance to buy foreign goods
  Ahmad Rahchamani Zeinab Goodarzi
  Today consumption has become one of the most basic concepts of modern society, so that it can be regarded as social phenomena that meet the multiple needs of individuals. Organizations will not be able to take appropriate action to meet the consumer's needs and needs wi More

  Today consumption has become one of the most basic concepts of modern society, so that it can be regarded as social phenomena that meet the multiple needs of individuals. Organizations will not be able to take appropriate action to meet the consumer's needs and needs without knowing how consumers behave and understanding them correctly. Consumers and consumers have come to know about economics and today legal language reforms are considered. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of cultural diversity on reluctance to buy foreign products. Due to the nature of the research and the subject matter in the present research and according to the research objectives, the statistical society in this research includes all experts, professors and students from universities in Iran and abroad. Based on the sample size formula, the sample size is 384 people. Of these, 1200 questionnaires were sent internally and 1200 questionnaires were sent to professors and students from overseas universities by email. Out of 1200 internal questionnaires, 392 questionnaires were returned and 1200 out of 1200 questionnaires were returned to 390 questionnaires. The response rate is equal to the ratio of the number of questionnaires distributed to the number of returned questionnaires, which is 392 for internal questionnaires and 390 for external questionnaires.After analyzing the data using the PLS software, it was concluded that cultural diversity has a significant effect on reluctance to buy foreign products. Keywords: cultural diversity, reluctance to buy, foreign products. Manuscript profile
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  5 - The Legal Jurisprudential Position of Reluctance in Crimes against Physical Integrity in the Criminal Law of Iran and France
  Seyyed Ebrahim Ghodsi Abdollah Parastesh
  10.22034/ijrj.2021.680389
  In Iranian jurisprudence and law, the issue of reluctance to commit crimes against physical integrity is different from French law. In Iranian law, reluctance to kill is not permissible for murder in the opinion of most jurists, but reluctance in a crime affects the mem More

  In Iranian jurisprudence and law, the issue of reluctance to commit crimes against physical integrity is different from French law. In Iranian law, reluctance to kill is not permissible for murder in the opinion of most jurists, but reluctance in a crime affects the member and retribution is directed at the reluctant. In reluctance to commit a crime on a member, the fact is that the person threatened by the soul and the subject of the crime is a member has been effective, but if the person threatened by the soul and the subject of the crime is also a member, it has been silenced in jurisprudence and law. We conclude that the threat to the soul or limb must be higher than the subject of the crime in order for reluctance to be effective. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that what is not a license for murder is the order to kill, not reluctance to kill, and in the case of murder, the person in charge has the intention, will and full authority to carry out the order. The French Penal Code, enacted in 1992 (effective 1994), legislates reluctance to commit murder in the context of generalities and Article 2-122; The article considers reluctance as a general rule in all current crimes and states that the perpetrator has no criminal responsibility. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Rotor Design and Analysis of 4/2 SRMs to Produce Continuous Torque using Finite Element Method
  Davood Karamalian Behrooz Majidi Mohammad Reza Yousefi
  Abstract:Electrical and mechanical benefits, simple manufacturing and maintenance of switched reluctance motor make it suitable in industrial and home applications, but the most important drawbacks of switched reluctance motor are discontinuous torque and no self-starti More

  Abstract:Electrical and mechanical benefits, simple manufacturing and maintenance of switched reluctance motor make it suitable in industrial and home applications, but the most important drawbacks of switched reluctance motor are discontinuous torque and no self-starting in some rotor positions. In this paper a novel rotor structure is presented and optimized in order to increase positive torque region and eliminate dead-zone in high loads. The torque produced in this proposed SRM is divided in two regions and overlapped in two phases periodically. In order to find the best output character and optimal design, two factors, position and angle of cut edge are optimized. To verify the proposed rotor, torque characteristic, flux path and torque ripple has been analyzed by finite element method and compared with conventional 4/2 switched reluctance motor. The proposed motor has a continuous torque characteristic.Index Terms: Switched reluctance motor; Continuous torque; Finite element method; Dead-zone region. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Design of Induction Switched Reluctance Motor for Propulsion Electric Bus
  Ali Madanimohammadi Mohammadali Abbasian Majid Delshad Hadi Saghafi
  In recent years, metropolises around the world have seen a declining trend in the air quality index. Much of this pollution is related to public transportation. Upgrading public transportation can be a way out of this impasse. Due to environmental concerns, it is recomm More

  In recent years, metropolises around the world have seen a declining trend in the air quality index. Much of this pollution is related to public transportation. Upgrading public transportation can be a way out of this impasse. Due to environmental concerns, it is recommended to switch from conventional diesel buses to electric buses, which have several benefits in terms of reducing pollution, noise and fuel. In this paper, a high power induction switched reluctance motor used in a city electric bus is studied. The stator and rotor structure of this electric car is non-segmental. The structure is such that a short magnetic flux path is created in the rotor and stator core. As a result, high torque is produced with low losses. Since the electric motor has a very high power, it therefore requires a large amount of permanent magnets, so it is desirable that the electric motor in the electric bus does not have a permanent magnet. Here is a three-phase induction switched reluctance motor with a power of 220 kW, with 6 stator poles and 4 rotor poles. A two-dimensional finite element model is designed and its magnetic analysis is performed. The flux path, torque and efficiency of the induction switched reluctance motor are calculated and the results are presented. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Comparison of a double stator switched reluctance machine and an induction switched reluctance machine
  Mohammad Joodi Mohammadali Abbasian Majid Delshad
  Design and optimization of high-power electric machines for the use of electric vehicles is one of the important issues today for the development of green technologies. Engines required for electric vehicles must have a power of more than 50 kW and must also produce tor More

  Design and optimization of high-power electric machines for the use of electric vehicles is one of the important issues today for the development of green technologies. Engines required for electric vehicles must have a power of more than 50 kW and must also produce torques of more than 200 Nm. The motors currently most commonly used in electric vehicle propulsion are permanent magnet synchronous machines. Due to the many problems of using permanent magnets in electric machines, the use of non-magnet electric machines such as switched reluctance machines have received much attention. Double stator switched reluctance machine is one of the newest types of these machines. Recently, another new type of electric machine called induction switched reluctance machine has been introduced for the use of electric vehicles. In this machine, the rotor conductors act like a magnetic shield by deflecting the magnetic flux, preventing magnetic field lines from passing through the rotor body. In this paper, a double-stator switched reluctance machine and an induction switched reluctance machine are considered and their properties are extracted by finite element method. The simulation results including torque profile, torque density and efficiency are presented and compared. Finally, the best topology for electric propulsion is proposed. Manuscript profile
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  9 - Modeling of Pulsed Transformer with Nanocrystalline Cores
  Amir Baktash Abolfazl Vahedi
  Recently tape wound cores, due to their excellent properties, are widely used in transformers for pulsed or high frequency applications. The spiral structure of these cores affects the flux distribution inside the core and causes complication of the magnetic analysis an More

  Recently tape wound cores, due to their excellent properties, are widely used in transformers for pulsed or high frequency applications. The spiral structure of these cores affects the flux distribution inside the core and causes complication of the magnetic analysis and consequently the circuit analysis. In this paper, a model based on reluctance networks method is used to analyze the magnetic flux in toroidal wound cores and losses calculation. A Preisach based hysteresis model is included in the model to consider the nonlinear characteristic of the core. Magnetic losses are calculated by having the flux density in different points of the core and using the hysteresis model. A transformer for using in a series resonant converter is modeled and implemented. The modeling results are compared with experimental measurements and FEM results to evaluate the validity of the model. Comparisons show the accuracy of the model besides its simplicity and fast convergence. Manuscript profile
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  10 - Turn-on Angle Control Using Modified Torque Sharing Function for Torque Ripple Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motors
  Mehrdad Daryanush Milad Dowlatshahi Javad Pourabadeh
  In the recent years, the use of switched reluctance motors (SRM) in industrial applications has been increased. In this regard, a large amount of research studies have been conducted on controlling the speed and torque of the aforementioned motors. These motors not only More

  In the recent years, the use of switched reluctance motors (SRM) in industrial applications has been increased. In this regard, a large amount of research studies have been conducted on controlling the speed and torque of the aforementioned motors. These motors not only have a simple and stable structure, but also production cost is low. In addition, these motors take advantage of great power, the ability to work in high speeds and inadequate environments (hot and dusty), reliability, control-ability, and high efficiency. However, discrete torque production of SRM along with enormous magnetic saturation in their cores reduces the variety of their industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based method is proposed which employs the technique of controlling torque sharing function. Moreover, the optimized turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an analytical solution. Simulation results on a four-phase switched reluctance motor and a comparison with the conventional methods indicates validity and effectiveness of the proposed modified method. Manuscript profile
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  11 - Fuzzy Second Order Sliding Mode Speed Observer for a Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Predictive Control
  Sara Saberian Borojeni
  In this paper, the torque error signal and the amplitude of the stator flux reference vector are delivered to a PI predictive controller. The predictive controller also uses information on the amplitude and position of the actual stator flux vector and measured stator c More

  In this paper, the torque error signal and the amplitude of the stator flux reference vector are delivered to a PI predictive controller. The predictive controller also uses information on the amplitude and position of the actual stator flux vector and measured stator currents to determine the voltage command vector for space vector modulation inverter, a conventional PI speed controller is used to generate the torque reference signal. A second order sliding mode observer issued to perform accurate tracking of the motor speed. Soft computing technique, Fuzzy logic, is applied in this paper for the estimation of the observer parameters. Simulation results show the effectivness of the proposed control method. Manuscript profile
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  12 - Study of Reduce Harmonic and Increasing Positioning Determination in Variable Reluctance Resolver with Area Couplings
  Roya Shmsali Hamid Lesani
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  13 - Analyzing different jurisprudential and legal opinions on reluctance in murder with an emphasis on Islamic criminal jurisprudence
  mostafa katebi mohamadreza elmisola hosein naseri moqadam
  10.30495/alr.2022.1950832.2273
  Background and purpose: Regarding reluctance in murder, the closest opinion to the consensus of Shia jurists is that the one who is reluctant will be punished and the one who is reluctant will be sentenced to life imprisonment. Of course, Ayatollah Khoei believes that t More

  Background and purpose: Regarding reluctance in murder, the closest opinion to the consensus of Shia jurists is that the one who is reluctant will be punished and the one who is reluctant will be sentenced to life imprisonment. Of course, Ayatollah Khoei believes that the reluctant person can commit murder, in which case he will be sentenced to pay the ransom, and the reluctant person will be sentenced to life imprisonment. His documentary is that in such a case, two incommensurable duties have arisen for the reluctant person; On the one hand, it is forbidden to kill another person, and on the other hand, self-preservation is obligatory, and since he cannot comply with both duties, he has the authority to do either of them, which means that this case is one of the cases of conflict in compliance with non-combinable duties. Of course, although retribution is not fixed on the steward due to the lack of title, but the payment is fixed on him in any case; Because the blood of a Muslim is not wasted and the one who refuses will be sentenced to life imprisonment.Method: The present research was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method.Findings and results: Although his opinion is not accepted in the Islamic Penal Code, but this opinion is sometimes more consistent with external reality and people commit murder in such a situation. In these cases, Manuscript profile
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  14 - Guarantee the implementation of the abuse of the emergency rule in Iranian and French law
  Majid Bahari Ghazani Akbar Zare
  10.30495/alr.2022.1954517.2314
  Field and Aims: The concept of abuse of urgency in its general sense includes both emergency transactions resulting from reluctance and includes emergency transactions that, in the specific sense of the word, abuse the state of emergency. Since Article 206 of the Civil More

  Field and Aims: The concept of abuse of urgency in its general sense includes both emergency transactions resulting from reluctance and includes emergency transactions that, in the specific sense of the word, abuse the state of emergency. Since Article 206 of the Civil Code considers emergency transactions to be valid, many traders, aware of the state of emergency and special distressing circumstances, take advantage of this situation and enter into a transaction with distressed persons. So, the question that comes to mind here is what is the guarantee of such transactions in Iranian and French law?      Method: This is a qualitative and applied research in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting information by documentary method and studying international documents, sources related to the subject and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptively-analytically. Findings and conclusion: In the law of most civilized countries, such as France, contracts based on the abuse of urgency are distinguished from emergency transactions and are subject to separate provisions. In our country's law, Article 179 of the law, which is adapted from the law of France, deals with this issue and in such cases, for the distressed, the right to amend the contract is considered. Accordingly, various opinions have been expressed about distressed transactions in case of abuse of urgency, which can be summarized in five comments: 1- The validity of the transaction 2- The validity of the transaction with the right of termination for the distressed 3- No influence of the transaction 4- Transaction; It seems that considering the realization of the spiritual element of reluctance, the non-influence of the transaction in this case is more compatible with legal logic. Manuscript profile
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  15 - A Novel Approach to Design the Dual Rotor Switched Reluctance Motor Based Electric Vehicles
  Majid Aryanezhad Elahe Ostadaghaee
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  16 - Jurisprudential-legal study of Arsh al-Bakareh and Mehr al-Mathl
  Hojat Arab Sheybani Abdolazim khoroshi
  Arsh al-Bakareh and Mehr al-Mathl as compensation for the removal of virginity are among the concepts that are discussed in the two areas of criminal law and civil law. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and by considering various regulations in the More

  Arsh al-Bakareh and Mehr al-Mathl as compensation for the removal of virginity are among the concepts that are discussed in the two areas of criminal law and civil law. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and by considering various regulations in the mentioned fields and also by considering the jurisprudential teachings, we have reached the conclusion that the basis for paying the dowry is intimacy and the basis for paying the throne of virginity is the removal of virginity. In addition, although the proverb in the words of the jurists and the appearance of the narrations does not indicate the compensation of moral damages and is paid to a virgin or a woman due to the benefit of the woman in adultery by rape or reluctance, but from the point of view of civil liability law Some cases are compatible with moral damages. In addition, there is no conflict between Articles 658 and 231 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392, and in accordance with the rules of civil liability, if the removal of virginity is done with sexual intercourse or non-sexual intercourse and with consent, there is no guarantee. Manuscript profile