List of Articles lettuce

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  1 - Evaluation of cadmium accumulation and absorption of micronutrient elements in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under cadmium chloride stress
  R. Heydari E. Mohajel Kazemi H. Nosrati M. Kolahi A. Movafeghi
  10.30495/jftn.2023.75567.11282
  Introduction: The high mobility and solubility of cadmium pose a serious threat to the health of humans and other organisms. There are no signs of toxicity when cadmium metal accumulates in the tissues of plants and enters the human food chain. Cadmium transfer rates fr More

  Introduction: The high mobility and solubility of cadmium pose a serious threat to the health of humans and other organisms. There are no signs of toxicity when cadmium metal accumulates in the tissues of plants and enters the human food chain. Cadmium transfer rates from vegetables to the human diet depend on their accumulation. Thus, inorder to investigate heavy metal absorption by lettuce, this research evaluated the levels of cadmium accumulating in various lettuce organs. Materials and Methods: The seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa Linn) were cultivated in autoclaved pots containing perlite and cocopeat (with a ratio of 2 to 1). The pots were kept under greenhouse conditions of 25±1 (day temperature) and 20±1 (night temperature) and light/dark conditions were placed. About three weeks after the plants reached the three-leaf stage, the seedlings were treated with cadmium chloride in 3 replicates. Four concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 μg/g perlite) were used every 3 days. After 5 stages of treatment and 28 days after cultivation, the third leaf of the plants was used for the studies. Results: Cadmium increased lettuce's phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant content significantly as compared to the control sample. Furthermore, by increasing the concentrations of cadmium, lettuce showed an increase in total protein, soluble sugar, free amino acids, proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide as compared to the control sample. Due to the increasing amount of cadmium applied to lettuce plants, an increase in the amount of cadmium in the roots was greater than in the aerial parts. Conclusion: In general, the results of this research indicated that lettuce is a cadmium accumulating plant with the ability to accumulate heavy metals in its roots and aerial parts. Contaminated with heavy metals, it seems necessary to protect the health of consumers. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Extract from Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Wastes and Evaluation of the Antioxidative Activity
  N. Ahmadi Kamazani A. H. Elhamirad M. Ghavami M. Moridi Farimani M. Armin
  Introduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant ext More

  Introduction: In spite of the high antioxidant activity in lettuce wastes, there is not any reports on the application of the antioxidant extract from lettuce wastes to stabilize the edible oils. The aims of this study were to investigate the recovery of antioxidant extract from outer leaves of lettuce as the wastes via ultrasonic extraction and evaluate the antioxidative effect of the extract. Materials and Methods: The powdered lettuce sample was extracted with ethanol/H2O (70:30, V/V) using ultrasonic extraction at the temperature of 50˚C and time of 30 minutes with the frequency of 40 KHZ and solid to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) in an ultrasound water bath. The extractive yield, total phenolic compound (TPC) and IC50 were determined. The yielded extract was added to tallow olein in order to study its stabilizing effect. The protective effects of the extracts at different concentrations were evaluated by monitoring the peroxide, p-anisidine, totox values and oxidative stability index levels under accelerated oxidation. The antioxidant activities of the extract of the lettuce wastes at different concentrations to stabilise tallow olein were compared to BHA and BHT at 200 ppm concentration. Results: The extractive yield, TPC and IC50 were 30.45 ± 1.20 (%), 600.15 ± 6.29 (mg GAE /100g DW) and 174.05 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the extract at 2000 ppm have a good activity as compared to BHT at 200 ppm. Conclusion: The antioxidant extract of the lettuce wastes might used as a natural antioxidant in retarding the oxidation rate of edible oils. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Evaluation of Health Hazards of Cadmium and Arsenic in Lettuce and Cabbage Cultivated in Khuzestan Province
  Z. Moavi Kh. Payandeh M. Tadayoni
  Introduction: Cadmium and arsenic have toxicity and can accumulate in food and causepoisoning and disease in the human body. In this research, the amount of contamination ofheavy metals, particularly arsenic and cadmium in lettuce and common cabbage and soil inthree cit More

  Introduction: Cadmium and arsenic have toxicity and can accumulate in food and causepoisoning and disease in the human body. In this research, the amount of contamination ofheavy metals, particularly arsenic and cadmium in lettuce and common cabbage and soil inthree cities of Hamidieh, Dezful and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province were investigated.Materials and Methods: In order to implement the research, 15 samples of lettuce andcabbage cultivars were cultured and 15 soil samples were collected from cities of Hamidieh,Dezful and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province. The ecological risk of cadmium and arsenicwas studied using pollution indices.Results: The lowest amounts of contaminations in both cabbage and lettuce vegetablesconcerned with arsenic were found in Dezful at the concentrations of 1.39 and 0.85 ppmwhile the highest concentrations were observed in Ramhormoz at the levels of 2.44 and 1.49ppm respectively. Ramhormoz soil indicated the highest concentrations at arsenic (2.24 ppm)while Dezful soil showed the highest amount of cadmium (0.25 ppm). The results showed thatheavy metals of arsenic and cadmium in the studied cities had low ecological risk (Er<40) andlow risk (IR) risk index (RI<150). The highest risk index is in Hamidieh (32.4) and the lowestrisk index is Ramhormoz (11.66).Conclusion: The results of Health Hazard Index (HI) in lettuce and cabbage were less than 1,indicating that the concentration of these elements in the soil would be hazardous and wouldhave adverse health effects for the consumer. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni) in two types of lettuce marketed in city of Hamedan
  Soheil Sobhan Ardakani Seyed Milad Jafari
  Background and Objective: Considering the importance of food security and adverse effects of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on human health, the present study was conducted to assess the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in two types of lettuce (Romaine lettuce and Icebe More

  Background and Objective: Considering the importance of food security and adverse effects of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on human health, the present study was conducted to assess the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in two types of lettuce (Romaine lettuce and Iceberg lettuce) marketed in city of Hamedan in 2013. Material and Methodology: In this descriptive study, a total of 15 samples of each type of lettuce were purchased. After acid digestion of samples in the laboratory, the Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni contents were determined using anodic stripping voltammetry. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. Findings: The results showed that the average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in leaves and stems of Romaine lettuce were 19.3 and 40.6; 103 and 233; 8.00 and 22.8; and 30.2 and 171 mg/kg, respectively, while, the average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni (mg/kg) in leaves and stems of Iceberg lettuce were found to be 9.07 and 20.8; 35.4 and 118; 12.9 and 37.8; 215 and 279, respectively. Also, based on the results obtained, except for Ni in Romaine lettuce, the mean contents of all the analyzed elements were significantly higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) established by FAO/WHO. Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, due to studied lettuces were not suitable for consume by human, therefore, regular monitoring of foodstuffs should be noticed in order to maintenance the consumer's health.   Manuscript profile
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  5 - An investigation on effectiveness of iron phosphate against Deroceras agreste in lettuce fields of Mazandaran and Tehran provinces Abstract
  Elham Ahmadi
  Deroceras agreste (L.)  is a pest of lettuce in different regions of Iran and world. Their damage is feeding from leaves, stems, roots and seeds.The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of iron phosphate in comparison with registered molluscicides a More

  Deroceras agreste (L.)  is a pest of lettuce in different regions of Iran and world. Their damage is feeding from leaves, stems, roots and seeds.The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of iron phosphate in comparison with registered molluscicides against D.agreste in lettuce fields of Mazandaran and Tehran provinces during 2007-2008. The field studies were conducted according on randomized complete block design method with four treatments and four replications. Treatments were iron phosphate baits (pellets 1%) at dose 5 gr/m², metaldehyde bait (2.5 gr/ m²), carbaryl bait (3 gr/ m²) and control. The percent of slug mortalities in all treatments were found significant at α=5% (p<0.05). iron phosphate applied (5 gr/ m²) caused 65.40 % mortality and that of metaldehyde (2.5 gr./ m²)  and carbaryl (3 gr./ m²)  were 74.93% and 71.61% respectively. In Sari, Mortality percentage of iron phosphate (5gr/m²) was singnificantly higher. control (71.26%) as compared with  metaldehyde (70.42%) and carbaryl (68.06%) treatments. Application of 5gr/m² Iron phosphate and 2.5gr/ m² metaldehyde and 3gr/ m² carbaryl were placed in group of A, B and C respectively, by Duncan test. It was proved that mortality of slugs increased as time passed regardless of doses (Iron phosphate) and was found max. in day 14 of sampling. Percent mean of slug mortality in Sari region was higher (69.91%) compared with that of observed Varamin (71.38%) regions. In total, results of present study indicated that, Iron phosphate 5 gr/m², due to possessing the least environmental pollution, among the registered molluscicides and because of its higher efficacy in wet condition can be recommended against D. agreste in lettuce fields of Iran.   Manuscript profile
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  6 - اثر رژیم‌های کم آبیاری و نانوذرات سیلیکا بر عملکرد و شاخص‌ بهره‌وری آب در گیاه کاهو (Baby lettuce Vivian)
  شکور طافی عبدالرحیم هوشمند ناصر عالم زاده انصاری
  رشد جمعیت و افزایش مشکلات زیست محیطی، تقاضای آب آبیاری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان را افزایش داده است. فناوری نانو تاثیرات زیادی در تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی داشته و می‎تواند خطرات زیست محیطی را کاهش داده و فرصت‎هایی برای تولید محصولات جدید فراهم کند. این تحقیق ب More

  رشد جمعیت و افزایش مشکلات زیست محیطی، تقاضای آب آبیاری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان را افزایش داده است. فناوری نانو تاثیرات زیادی در تولید پایدار محصولات کشاورزی داشته و می‎تواند خطرات زیست محیطی را کاهش داده و فرصت‎هایی برای تولید محصولات جدید فراهم کند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی عملکرد و بهره­وری مصرف آب تحت شرایط رژیم­های کم­آبیاری و نانوذره سیلیکا انجام شد. مطالعه حاضر بر روی گیاه کاهو رقم baby lettuce Vivian در سه سطح ­آبیاری 75، 85 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه، سه سطح کاربرد نانوذره شامل: 0، 50 و 100 میلی­گرم بر لیتر به صورت تغذیه ریشه­ای در سه تکرار انجام شد. این طرح در قالب کرت­های خرد شده نواری و با طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی تحلیل شد. براساس نتایج، بیش­ترین میزان پارامتر عملکرد کل به ترتیب در تیمار  I100F100برابر 88/87 گرم بر بوته و کم­ترین میزان در تیمار  I85F50با 47 گرم بر بوته به ثبت رسید. هم­چنین بالاترین عملکرد زیست­توده در تیمار I100F50 ثبت شد که برابر 33/61 گرم بر بوته بود و پایین­ترین عملکرد زیست­توده نیز در تیمار I75F100 گزارش گردید که برابر 26 گرم بر بوته بود. تیمار I100F50 با 53/20 کیوگرم بر مترمکعب بیش‎ترین بهره­وری مصرف آب را داشت. بالاترین و پایین­ترین شاخص برداشت در این پژوهش، به­ترتیب برابر 68/74 و 61/52 درصد بود. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Allelopathic effects of paraxanthine on some phytochemical parameters of Lettuce
  Nastaran Asadi سید مهدی رضوی خسروشاهی
  Paraxanthine is classified as secondary metabolites derived from purine nucleotides with molecular formula of C7H8N4O2. It occur in green tea, coffee, cocoa and a number of other plant. In this article, the effect of different concentration of paraxanthine was studied o More

  Paraxanthine is classified as secondary metabolites derived from purine nucleotides with molecular formula of C7H8N4O2. It occur in green tea, coffee, cocoa and a number of other plant. In this article, the effect of different concentration of paraxanthine was studied on lettuce plant (Lactuca Sativa cv. Siahoo ) as a model plant. In order to show the effect paraxanthine on amount of free amino acids, content sugar, anthocyanines, flavonoides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic compounds some experiments were performed in a completely randomized design. The lettuce seedlings were cultured in pots containing peat and were irrigated with hoagland nutrient solution containing paraxanthine (with the concentration of 10, 50 and 100µg/ml). three replicated were maintained for each treatment and also for control groups. After of twenty eight days of applying the treatments, the plants were harvested for performing the experiments. Amount of anthosyanines, flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds in treated plants were increased compared to the control. the content sugar and total free amino in treated plants were increased compared to the control group. It could be concluded that paraxanthine found in dregs of tea, coffee and cocoa, can be used as a food supplement in the culture of lettuce. Therefore, it increases effective compounds and medicinal benefits of this plant. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Influence of Different Colored Plastic Mulch on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
  Edmar N. Franquera
  Mulches bring several benefits to lettuce cultivation.A study on the lettuce ‘Red Rapids’ has been conducted to determine the influence of the different colored plastic mulch on its growth. The experiment consisted of five color treatments as follows; treatm More

  Mulches bring several benefits to lettuce cultivation.A study on the lettuce ‘Red Rapids’ has been conducted to determine the influence of the different colored plastic mulch on its growth. The experiment consisted of five color treatments as follows; treatment 1- metallic silver (control), treatment 2- red, treatment 3- orange, treatment 4- yellow and treatment 5-green. Results showed that the colored mulch treatments had significant influenced on the different parameters including: root length at harvest, average leaf length, leaf diameter, plant height, plant weight, number of leaves at harvest and percentage survival. Lettuce grown in red mulch had significantly outperformed the other colored treatments. Manuscript profile
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  9 - The Study of In Vitro Growth Stages of Artemia urmiana, Using Beer Yeast, Extract of Lettuce and Vitamin C
  یاسمن خامه چین امید ملکی بالاجو سید رسول صادقی شهرام شرفی قنبر لایی رضا نظام زاده
  Considering the economic importance of Artemia in sturgeons fed and use as different business foods with the aim of breeding of this aquatic organism as well as definition the role of appropriate nutrition of this animal increase its nutritional value, how to extract be More

  Considering the economic importance of Artemia in sturgeons fed and use as different business foods with the aim of breeding of this aquatic organism as well as definition the role of appropriate nutrition of this animal increase its nutritional value, how to extract beer yeast as lettuce and two types of common foods in the rearing business, the rate of growth was studied. To achieve this goal, the amount of 0.5 grams of Artemia eggs were decapsulate urmiana Artemia which is native species of Iran were cultivated atzok Incubation with one liter volume. Salt levels and temperature during rearing, 35 grams per liter and 28anddeg;C temperature were constant. The measurement and investigate breeding stages with stage fed directly from the environment using brewerand#39;s yeast and, lettuce extracts were fed.Results of measuring the frequency and distribution of samples in studied stages, using SAS software, showed a significant difference in feeding period between these two nutrients.There wasnand#39;t any significant difference in feeding period between two used nutrients. The growth variations in both studied groups were similar. Manuscript profile