Evaluation of Health Hazards of Cadmium and Arsenic in Lettuce and Cabbage Cultivated in Khuzestan Province
Subject Areas : MicrobiologyZ. Moavi 1 , Kh. Payandeh 2 , M. Tadayoni 3
1 - M. Sc. of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz,
Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor of the Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 - Assistant Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Keywords: Arsenic, Cabbage, Cadmium, Health, Lettuce, toxicity,
Abstract :
Introduction: Cadmium and arsenic have toxicity and can accumulate in food and causepoisoning and disease in the human body. In this research, the amount of contamination ofheavy metals, particularly arsenic and cadmium in lettuce and common cabbage and soil inthree cities of Hamidieh, Dezful and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province were investigated.Materials and Methods: In order to implement the research, 15 samples of lettuce andcabbage cultivars were cultured and 15 soil samples were collected from cities of Hamidieh,Dezful and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province. The ecological risk of cadmium and arsenicwas studied using pollution indices.Results: The lowest amounts of contaminations in both cabbage and lettuce vegetablesconcerned with arsenic were found in Dezful at the concentrations of 1.39 and 0.85 ppmwhile the highest concentrations were observed in Ramhormoz at the levels of 2.44 and 1.49ppm respectively. Ramhormoz soil indicated the highest concentrations at arsenic (2.24 ppm)while Dezful soil showed the highest amount of cadmium (0.25 ppm). The results showed thatheavy metals of arsenic and cadmium in the studied cities had low ecological risk (Er<40) andlow risk (IR) risk index (RI<150). The highest risk index is in Hamidieh (32.4) and the lowestrisk index is Ramhormoz (11.66).Conclusion: The results of Health Hazard Index (HI) in lettuce and cabbage were less than 1,indicating that the concentration of these elements in the soil would be hazardous and wouldhave adverse health effects for the consumer.
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Arfaeinia, H., Ranjbar Vakil Abadi, D., Seifi, M., Asadgol, Z. & Hashemi, S. E. (2016) Study of Concentrations and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Resulting From the Consumption of Agriculture Product in Different Farms of Dayyer City, Bushehr. Iran South Medicine Journal, 19 (5), 839-854. [In Persian]. Boudaghi, H., Yonesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Ali Mohammadi, M., Dehghani, M. H. & Nazmara, S. (2012). Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic Concentration in Soil and Underground Water and its Relationship with Chemical Fertilizer in Paddy Soil. Journal Mazandaran University Medicine Science, 21 (1), 20-28. [In Persian].
Chabukdhara, M. & Nema, A. K. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediment: A chemometric and geochemical approach. Chemosphere, 87, 945-953.
Chen, Y. F. (2011). Review of the research on heavy metal contamination of China’s city soil and its treatment method. China Population, Resources and Environment, 21(3), 536-539.
Cui, Y. J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qiu, Y. & Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environmental International, 30 (6), 779–785.
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Hernandez, L., Probst, A., Probst, J. L. & Ulrich, E. (2003). Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soil: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of the Total Environment, 312 (1): 195-219.
Hakanson, L. (1980). Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. Sediment ecologicalapproach. Water Research, 14, 975-1001.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2001). Trace Element in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann. Arbor. London, pp. 57.
Kariminezhad, M. T., Tabatabaii, S. M. & Gholami, A. (2015). Geochemical assessment of steel smelter-impactedurban soils, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 152, 91-109.
Khan, S., Ca, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z. & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soilsand food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152 (3), 686-692.
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Liu, G., Yu, Y., Hou, J., Xue, W., Liu, X. & Liu, Y. (2014). An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of the agricultural ecosystem near a lead-acid battery factory. Ecology Indicators, 47, 210-218.
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Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal, 2 (3), 108-118.
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Sarpong, K., Darety, E., Boateng, G. O. & Dapaah, H. (2012). Profile of hazardous metals in twenty selected medicinal plant samples sold at Kumasi central market, Ashanti region, Ghana. Global Advanced Research journal of Educational Research and Review, 1 (1), 4-9.
Satarug, S., Baker, J. R. & Urbenjapol, S. (2003). A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicology Letters, 137, 65-83.
Sayadi, M. H. & Rezaei, M. R. (2014). Impact of land use on the distribution of toxic metals in surface soils in Birjand city, Iran. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 4 (1), 18-29.
Shafiei, N., Shirani, H. & Esfandiarpoor Borujeni, I. (2013). Enrichment of arsenic and selenium in the soils around Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Journal Soil Management, 2, 1-11.
Sun, Y., Zhou, Q., Xie, X. & Liu, R. (2010). Spatial, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China. Journal of Hazardous Material, 174, 455-462. Tabande, L. & Taheri, M. (2016). Evaluation of Exposure to Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Vegetables Grown in the Olericultures of Zanjan Province's Fields. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 9 (1), 41-56. [In Persian].
Taghipour, M., Khademi, H. & Ayoubi, Sh. (2010). Spatial variability of Pb and Zn concentration and its relationship with land use a (nd) parent materials in selected surface soils of Hamadan province. Water Soil, 24, 132-144.
Watmough, S. A. & Dickinson, N. M. (1995). Watmough, S.A. and Dickinson, N.M. 1995. Dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to tree survival in an aerially contaminated woodland soil. Environmental Pollution, 90 (2), 135-142.
Wei, B. & Yang, L. (2010). A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Micro chemical Journal, 94 (2), 99-107.
Zhang, J. & Liu, C. L. (2002). Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54, 1051-1070.
Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability and Risksof Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
Arfaeinia, H., Ranjbar Vakil Abadi, D., Seifi, M., Asadgol, Z. & Hashemi, S. E. (2016) Study of Concentrations and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Resulting From the Consumption of Agriculture Product in Different Farms of Dayyer City, Bushehr. Iran South Medicine Journal, 19 (5), 839-854. [In Persian]. Boudaghi, H., Yonesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Ali Mohammadi, M., Dehghani, M. H. & Nazmara, S. (2012). Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic Concentration in Soil and Underground Water and its Relationship with Chemical Fertilizer in Paddy Soil. Journal Mazandaran University Medicine Science, 21 (1), 20-28. [In Persian].
Chabukdhara, M. & Nema, A. K. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediment: A chemometric and geochemical approach. Chemosphere, 87, 945-953.
Chen, Y. F. (2011). Review of the research on heavy metal contamination of China’s city soil and its treatment method. China Population, Resources and Environment, 21(3), 536-539.
Cui, Y. J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qiu, Y. & Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environmental International, 30 (6), 779–785.
Han, Y. M., Du, P. X., Cao, J. J. & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavymetal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. The Science of the Total Environment, 355, 176-186.
Hernandez, L., Probst, A., Probst, J. L. & Ulrich, E. (2003). Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soil: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of the Total Environment, 312 (1): 195-219.
Hakanson, L. (1980). Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. Sediment ecologicalapproach. Water Research, 14, 975-1001.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2001). Trace Element in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann. Arbor. London, pp. 57.
Kariminezhad, M. T., Tabatabaii, S. M. & Gholami, A. (2015). Geochemical assessment of steel smelter-impactedurban soils, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 152, 91-109.
Khan, S., Ca, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z. & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soilsand food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152 (3), 686-692.
Li, X. & Huang, C. (2007). Environment impact of heavy metals on urban soils in the vicinity of industrial area of Baoji city, P.R. China. Environmental Geology, 52, 1631-1637.
Li, X. & Feng, L. (2012). Multivariate and geostatistical analyzes of metals in urban soil of We in an industrial areas, Northwest of China. Atmospheric Environment, 47, 58-65.
Liu, G., Yu, Y., Hou, J., Xue, W., Liu, X. & Liu, Y. (2014). An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution of the agricultural ecosystem near a lead-acid battery factory. Ecology Indicators, 47, 210-218.
Miri, M., Mosavi Bideli, S.M., Mokhtari, M. & Ebrahimi Aval, H. (2017). Survey of Heavy Metals Amounts in Distributed Vegetables in Yazd City. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Science, 23 (3), 392-397. [In Persian].
Mirzaei, M., Marofi, S., Solgi, E., Abbasi, M. & Karimi, R. (2017). Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination Ecological Risk in a Food-Producing Ecosystem. Journal of Health Research Communication, 3 (2), 1-16. [In Persian].
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal, 2 (3), 108-118.
Nielsen, F.H. (1997). Trace elements In: Dulbecco R, editor. Encyclopedia of human biology. SanDiego, Academic Press., p. 373-83. Paglica, SC.
Qin, T.C, Wu, Y.S. & Wang, H.X. (1994). Effect of cadmium, lead and their interactions on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Brassica chinensis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 14 (1), 46-49.
Rahman, S. H., Khanam, D., Adyel, T. M., Islam, M.S., Ahsan, M. A. & Akbor, M. A. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ), Bangladesh: implication of seasonal variation and indices. Applied Science, 2 (3), 584-601.
Rehman, Z. U., Khan, S., Qin, K., Brusseau, M. K. and Shah, M. T. & Din, I. (2016). Quantification of inorganic arsenic exposure and cancer risk via consumption of vegetables in southern selected districts of Pakistan. The Science of the Total Environment, 15 (550), 321–329.
Sani, B. (2015). Study on unnecessary elements in leafy vegetables of polluted farmland to heavy metals at around Shahr-e-Qods. Journal of Environmental Geology, 8 (26), 95-102. [In Persian].
Sarpong, K., Darety, E., Boateng, G. O. & Dapaah, H. (2012). Profile of hazardous metals in twenty selected medicinal plant samples sold at Kumasi central market, Ashanti region, Ghana. Global Advanced Research journal of Educational Research and Review, 1 (1), 4-9.
Satarug, S., Baker, J. R. & Urbenjapol, S. (2003). A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicology Letters, 137, 65-83.
Sayadi, M. H. & Rezaei, M. R. (2014). Impact of land use on the distribution of toxic metals in surface soils in Birjand city, Iran. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 4 (1), 18-29.
Shafiei, N., Shirani, H. & Esfandiarpoor Borujeni, I. (2013). Enrichment of arsenic and selenium in the soils around Sarcheshmeh copper mine. Journal Soil Management, 2, 1-11.
Sun, Y., Zhou, Q., Xie, X. & Liu, R. (2010). Spatial, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China. Journal of Hazardous Material, 174, 455-462. Tabande, L. & Taheri, M. (2016). Evaluation of Exposure to Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Vegetables Grown in the Olericultures of Zanjan Province's Fields. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 9 (1), 41-56. [In Persian].
Taghipour, M., Khademi, H. & Ayoubi, Sh. (2010). Spatial variability of Pb and Zn concentration and its relationship with land use a (nd) parent materials in selected surface soils of Hamadan province. Water Soil, 24, 132-144.
Watmough, S. A. & Dickinson, N. M. (1995). Watmough, S.A. and Dickinson, N.M. 1995. Dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to tree survival in an aerially contaminated woodland soil. Environmental Pollution, 90 (2), 135-142.
Wei, B. & Yang, L. (2010). A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Micro chemical Journal, 94 (2), 99-107.
Zhang, J. & Liu, C. L. (2002). Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54, 1051-1070.
