growth parameters

Open Access Article

1 - Accumulation of lead and zinc concentrations in harmal plant and its effect on plant growth
Kobra Mahdavian

AbstractBackground and Objectives: Toxic amounts of lead in the environment of plants cause physiological changes and can decrease the growth potential of the plant and in a more severe manner cause the plant to die. Zinc is also an essential nutrient for plants, but ex More

AbstractBackground and Objectives: Toxic amounts of lead in the environment of plants cause physiological changes and can decrease the growth potential of the plant and in a more severe manner cause the plant to die. Zinc is also an essential nutrient for plants, but excessive accumulation of zinc in plant tissues can alter plant growth stages. In such conditions, susceptible plants are damaged and killed while resistant plants continue to grow and reproduce in these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high concentrations of Pb and Zn on growth, amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid, accumulation and tolerance parameters of harmal. Material and Methodology: Harmal plants were treated with concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l for 14 days and concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/l Zn. Findings: The results showed that increasing lead and zinc concentration decreased shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and root but increased lead and zinc accumulation in shoot and root. Chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid contents also decreased significantly under different concentrations of Pb and Zn compared to the control. Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that harmal has high ability to accumulate and tolerate lead and zinc and can be used for phytoremediation of lead and zinc. Manuscript profile

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2 - Comparison Of Treatment Vitamin D3 and Calcium on Function Growth Indices and Immune System Of Acipenser persicus Fingerlings 51
Mojtaba Ghodrati Abbas Ali Zamini Hamid Reza pourali

Inroduction and Objective: Present study was carried out in collaboration with culture and propagation section of international research institute of Sturgeon fishes during fall 2014. Growth is one of the most complicated Phenomenons that food quality and quantity as we More

Inroduction and Objective: Present study was carried out in collaboration with culture and propagation section of international research institute of Sturgeon fishes during fall 2014. Growth is one of the most complicated Phenomenons that food quality and quantity as well as ingredient of food are effective in it. Fish resistance level to infections should be improved using immunestimulator such as vitamins to reduce disease risks in fish. Since abnormal levels of vitamin D and Calcium (Ca) is a accidental factor in most of the diseases; so food chain, growth and immune system are a chain cycle that increasing or decreasing of one of them affect to others directly. The aim of present study was to show that there is direct connection between growth parameters and immune system in Acipenserpersicus during 8 weeks.Material and Methods:60 fingerlings with mean weight of 18.56 g were divided in to fifteen 50 L tanks each contain 4 fish. 4 experimental diets and 1 control group were designed with three replications. Fish in treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 feed by 6g/Kg Ca, 3000 IU D, 12 g/Kg Ca and 6g/Kg Ca + 3000 IU D respectively. Fish in control group feed by basal diet without Ca and D. fish weight and length were measured once 2 weeks and growth parameters were calculated. Blood parameters were measured at the end of experiment. Results: Results showed that all growth parameters in treatments1 and 2 were significantly more than other groups (P Manuscript profile

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3 - The Effect Of RibOflavin on Growth and Immune Parameters OfAcipenser nudiventris
Alireza Ashouri Mir Hamed Saiyed Hassani Esmaiel Hosseinnia

Inroduction and Objective:In this study, effects of different riboflavin level were investigated on growth rate and Immune parameters of Acipensernudiventris were investigated.Material and Methods:A total of 120 juvenile Acipensernudiventris with initial weight (30.6±1. More

Inroduction and Objective:In this study, effects of different riboflavin level were investigated on growth rate and Immune parameters of Acipensernudiventris were investigated.Material and Methods:A total of 120 juvenile Acipensernudiventris with initial weight (30.6±1.28 SD) were fed to saturation by 4 diet contained (protein: 49%, lipid: 14% and energy 21.1 Mj/kg) that were supplemented by riboflavin (0, 15, 20 and 25 mg/ kg) so called RB0, RB15, RB20 and RB25 in 8 weeks. Biometey were carried out in of 15 days interval. In the end of experiment, blood samples were collected from fish and transported to laboratory for some immune system parameters analysis.Results: Riboflavin supplemented in diet caused a significant increase in final weight compared with control (P20 were significantly higher than other treatment and fish belonged this treatment had highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lowest feed efficiency ratio (FCR) (P50 in fish fed RB20 were priority than control group (PConclusion: The result of this study indicated that supplementation of riboflavin in diet have benefit effect on Acipensernudiventris juvenile growth and immune parameters. Manuscript profile

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4 - Thermal requirements and population growth parameters of Coccinula elegantula (Col., Coccinellidae), predator of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem., Psylloidea) in laboratory condition
H. Parish M. R. Mehrnejad M. Fallahzadeh M. Basirat

The common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest of the pistachio trees, Pistacia vera in Iran. The coccinellid beetle, Coccinula elegantula(Weise) was reported as a predator for A.pistaciae in pistachio orchards. T More

The common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer is known as the major pest of the pistachio trees, Pistacia vera in Iran. The coccinellid beetle, Coccinula elegantula(Weise) was reported as a predator for A.pistaciae in pistachio orchards. This study was carried out to determine the thermal constant and lower threshold for the C. elegantula under controlled condition (constant temperature ranged 17.5-35°C, 55±5% r.h. and 16:8 L:D). The mean for each temperature, lower threshold and constant temperature were all calculated from the pooled data of female development time from egg to adult exclusion. The theoretical lower threshold and thermal constant for development estimated. The lower threshold was estimated 11.7 ,14.3 and 14.4 °C for egg ,larva and pupa respectively. The lower threshold for complete development from egg to adult emergence was estimated 14.9 °C. The thermal constant for egg, larva and pupa was estimated 59 ,151.5 and 59.5 degree-days (°D) respectively. The degree-days (°D) required for a generation (egg to adult) was estimated 256.4. In present investigation, life table parameters of C. elegantula was studied in the controlled condition (25±5°C, 55± 5% r.h. and 16:8 L:D) feeding on A. pistaciae using QBASIC program. Based on the results, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite rate of increase was obtained 0.09 and 0.07 (female/female/day). Doubling time and mean generation time were 7.39, 43.9. Net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rates were 54.85, 39.36. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Comparison of virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum isolates from different regions of Iran and their impact on vegetative growth of cucumber
Farzaneh Lak payman kermani Seyed Habib Shojaei

Fusarium wilt on cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum is an important and common disease of cucumber in Iran. In this study, differences of pathogenicity between several isolates and their impact were assessed on the plant growth parameters. More

Fusarium wilt on cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum is an important and common disease of cucumber in Iran. In this study, differences of pathogenicity between several isolates and their impact were assessed on the plant growth parameters. The pathogenicity of 50 isolates collected from cucumber plants with wilting and yellowing symptoms from different geographic areas of Iran, were examined on cucumber, Negin cultivar. The inoculated and control plants were placed at 25°C for 14 days. Disease severity and the weight of root and crown were measured 10 days post-inoculation. Studied factors showed significant difference at 1% level among isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. The maximum percentage of disease was observed in plants treated by F-111-2, F-133-2 and H8; while the highest disease severity induced in plants treated by F-111-2, F-160-12 and F-111-5. F-111-5, F-160-12 and F-121-4 incited the most decrease in root weight. The crown weight decrease in the presence of F-160-12, F-121-4 and F-111-10 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum correspondingly. Totally, due to the results, it could be concluded that f-160-12 can be considered as the most severe pathogenic isolate. Manuscript profile

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6 - Evaluating Some Growth Parameters, Water Relations and Yield of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as Affected by Quality Water Irrigations and Different Fertilizers
احمد Ghanbari J. Bardel M. Khajeh

To evaluate the effects of quality of irrigation water and kinds of fertilizer on yield and some cumin’s physiological parameters, a split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Zabol Unive More

To evaluate the effects of quality of irrigation water and kinds of fertilizer on yield and some cumin’s physiological parameters, a split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Zabol University. Main factor was two levels of water irrigation, fresh and natural saline water (EC: 4.180 dS.m-1) and the sub-plots consisted of control, NPK fertilizer, manure and their combination. Analysis of plant growth parameters were performed according to the four times samplings. The results indicated that increasing the concentration of soluble salts in water irrigation until 4.180 dS.m-1 resulted in significant decrease in dry matter, biomass duration, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, relative water content of shoots and roots and yield; It was also showed that application NPK-fertilizer at rate 40:20:15 kg.ha-1 combined with manure with 20 ton.ha-1 can improve growth characters, RWC and yield of cumin as compared to the use of fertilizer separately. The highest dry matter (0.544 g. per plant) were obtained from integrated fertilizer and saline water irrigation treatments at 105 days after sowing. It also emphasized that balanced supply organic fertilizers of micro and macro nutrients for plants can reduce application of chemical fertilizer in fields, without reducing of growth characters and yield of cumin. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Effect of various levels of the yeast probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth parameters and survival rate of Rainbow trout fingerlings
محمود Asadi Tabrizi جاوید Mortazavi Tabrizi حبیب Karamouz

     This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2%) of yeast probiotic on the growth parameters and survival rate of rainbow trout fingerlings. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design More

     This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2%) of yeast probiotic on the growth parameters and survival rate of rainbow trout fingerlings. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates (consisting of 20 experimental units or ponds). The yeast probiotic was mixed with a particular commercial diet in order to obtain four experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to fish with a mean body weight of 23 grams at the start of the experiment in 16 ponds for 50 days (excluding the ponds of the control group). The fish were evaluated at days 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 of being fed by the experimental diets in order to obtain growth rate, feed conversion rate and survival rate. The results indicated that the yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the consumed levels were established in the gastrointestinal system of the fish and had positive and significant effect on  the growth parameters (final body weight, growth rate, feed conversion percentage and survival rate) (p<0.05) while feed conversion rate had decreased  (p<0.05). The experiment indicated that the yeast probiotic had the ability to positively influence the growth parameters of rainbow trout fingerlings.   Manuscript profile

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8 - Some quantitative indicators and leaf pigment content of old beech in the pure and mixed stand (Case study: Asalem- Nav forests of Guilan)
Mir mozafar Fallah chai mehdi simaei niloofar mohamadzadeh

The beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of elite and extremely valuable species in the forests of northern Iran, which examining the quantitative indicators in both pure and mixed stand can be characterized the recovery or destruction of a forest population. In order More

The beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of elite and extremely valuable species in the forests of northern Iran, which examining the quantitative indicators in both pure and mixed stand can be characterized the recovery or destruction of a forest population. In order to, after the jungle cruise and field study in Asalem-Nav forests, a pure and mixed stand of parcel 319 with an area of 54 acres that have similar conditions were examined. Then 30 poles of old beech trees with a diameter of more than one meter were selected randomly and some of quantitative and qualitative characteristics were measured. The results showed there was no significant difference between beeches of two stands about the diameter at breast height, total height, trunk length and percentage of trunk length slenderness. Also, Qualitative variables of crown symmetry in both symmetric and asymmetric, trunk twisting in three modes (Lack of twisting, sensible twisting to the right, A subtle twisting to the left), mode of branching on beech tree trunk with divisions of branchless, low-branching and high branching have significant differences at the 95% probability level. Furthermore, allelopathic performance of a variety of tree species in the adjacent beech mixed stand led to a significant reduction in the content of photosynthetic pigments chl.a, chl.a+b and carotenoids. Whereas flavonoid concentration in the mixed stand indicated a considerable increase compared to the pure population. Thus, it can be concluded that some quantitative traits in the same ecological conditions are not affected by the adjacent species of beech. The results also indicated that the percentage of symmetry in the crown of the trees in pure stand is more but the high average of the tree length and asymmetry crown in mixed stand can due to the existence of other species and compete for more light. Manuscript profile

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9 - The effects of potassium and gibberellin alone or in combination on the pigments and growth parameters of lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
گیتی Barzin, R.A Khavari-Nejad, حمید Fahimi, ُُS Saadatmand,

In this study, we evaluated the effects of potassium (5, 10, 15, and 20mM KCl) and gibberellin (0.05 and 0.1mM), either alone or in combination, on the amount of carotenoids and chlorophyll a & b and also on the plant growth parameters including NAR and RGR on 37&nd More

In this study, we evaluated the effects of potassium (5, 10, 15, and 20mM KCl) and gibberellin (0.05 and 0.1mM), either alone or in combination, on the amount of carotenoids and chlorophyll a & b and also on the plant growth parameters including NAR and RGR on 37–day plants of lentil. It showed that the amount of above mentioned pigments was affected by various levels of either potassium or gibberellin alone. In addition, all of the plant growth parameters increased significantly by each of the evaluated levels of potassium and GA3. However, the combination of K and GA3 did not have any additive effect either on the pigment content or on the plant growth parameters. We concluded that the addition of potassium and gibberellin to a growing lentil might increase the amount of carotenoid and chlorophyll and enhanced the plant growth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Corn Gluten Meal, Fish Meal, or Their Combination on Dairy Calves’ Performance and Insulin Concentration
S. Avakh M. Khodaei-Motlagh M. Kazemi-Bonchenari

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11 - Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on phytochemical and anatomical alterations in Anthemis gilanica
Halimeh Hassanpour Nastaran Ahmadi Malak Hekmati Mahbobeh Ghanbarzadeh

10.30495/ijpp.2020.1890482.1194

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12 - Study on the growth of (Achillea millefolium L.) medicinal plant by soil inoculation of mountainous area with selected mycorrhizal fungi
Bostan Roudi Mohammad Mahdi Salamatmanesh

10.30495/ijpp.2018.545659

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13 - Responses of alfalfa influenced by magnetic field and rhizobial inoculant
Neda Kazemi Khaledi Sara Saadatmand Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad Taher Nejadsattari

10.30495/ijpp.2019.668862

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14 - Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Exposure on Growth, Physiological and biochemical Parameters of Dracocephalum moldavica L.
Zahra Haghighi Pak Naser Karimi Hossein Abbaspour

10.30495/ijpp.2017.537982

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15 - Effect of Drought Stress on Some Growth Parameters and Several Biochemical Aspects in Two Pumpkin Species
Mozhgan Farzamisepehr Mahlagha Ghorbanli Zahra Tadji

10.30495/ijpp.2021.683057

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16 - Effect of Various Vermicompost-Tea Concentrations on Life Table Parameters of Macrosiphumrosae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) Flower
Saeid Modarres Najafabadi

The life table parameters of Macrosiphum rosae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on five vermicompost-tea (tea-compost) concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and control treatment (0%) on Rosa hybrida L. were determined under laboratory conditions. There were significant dif More

The life table parameters of Macrosiphum rosae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on five vermicompost-tea (tea-compost) concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and control treatment (0%) on Rosa hybrida L. were determined under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences among pre-imaginal period and adult longevity of the aphid on the five teacompost concentrations. The highest mortality occurred at first nymphal instar on all treatments. The life expectancy (ex) of one-day-old adults was estimated to be 30, 35, 37, 40, 42 and 20 days on various tea-compost concentrations and control treatment, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) significantly differed on different treatments, which was the highest on control (29.12±2.21 female offspring) and lowest on 100% of tea-compost concentration (15.47±2.12 female offspring). The highest and lowest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were 0.736±0.171 day-1 (on control) and 0.105±0.005 day-1 (on 100% treatment), respectively. The finite rate of increase (?) varied from 1.101±0.143 day-1 (on 100% treatment) to 1.853±0.001 day-1 (on control). Doubling time ranged from 1.806±0.023 (on control) to 4.587±0.161 days (on 100% treatment). The longest mean generation time (T) of the rose aphid was obtained on 100% treatment. The results showed that the 100% of tea-compost concentration had the highest antibiotic effect on population growth of Macrosiphum rosae. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Investigation of some biological aspects of Cobitis taenia, index of clean water, Talar River (Mazandaran Province)
A. Ashja Ardalan S. Bahrebar R. Mousavi Nadushan S. Vatandoust

In this study some of the biological aspect like age and growth, length and weight and longitudinal growth of Cobitis taenia which have been fished in Talar River has been reviewed. Samples were taken from two locations, 20 km apart, from Oct. 2008 up to Sept. 2009. Sam More

In this study some of the biological aspect like age and growth, length and weight and longitudinal growth of Cobitis taenia which have been fished in Talar River has been reviewed. Samples were taken from two locations, 20 km apart, from Oct. 2008 up to Sept. 2009. Samples were collected monthly by using an Electro-shocker machine .Collectively 410 speciemen of Cobitis taenia were obtained. Fishes have been examined for sex identification and 158 male , 119 Female and 133 immature have been determined from two locations during one year. This sampels belonged to 4 age groups of females and males. The proportion of male to female was 1/3 to 1. The relation between length and weight of males and females was W=0/671×TL+0/043 & W=1/593×TL+0/061. Growth parameters of Vonbertalanfi equation for males and females fish were as follows: L∞:680/09 K: 0/04 t0:0/106. Difference of Length Frequency distribution among males and females regarding the age were significant (P<0/05) the male fish had more frequency in the short length. The frequency for males, females and immatures was estimated to be32/4, 29 and 38/5percent. The weight and length of females was more than males. Average age for males was 0- 2 years and for females is 0- 3. Dominant age and average age for all fish were estimated to be 1 and 1/07 respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Some of the growth parameters of Indian carp brooder (Catla catla) in earthen pond in Khouzestan province
S. Ayati Behbahani H. Hosseinzadeh Sahafi M. Khodadadi G. Eskandari

In this one year study, the growth parameters of Indian carp, broodstock Catla catla such as: the percentage weight gain (WG), Average Daily Growth (ADG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), condition factor (K), length and weight of biometrics and also, some environmental para More

In this one year study, the growth parameters of Indian carp, broodstock Catla catla such as: the percentage weight gain (WG), Average Daily Growth (ADG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), condition factor (K), length and weight of biometrics and also, some environmental parameters during the 1389 to 1390 were measured seasonally. For this, 16 brood stock Catla fish, with a sex ratio of (1:1) which was almost equal, from three ponds of 1700 m2, in which they were released, were used. Ponds before stocking, were enriched by manure. Also during the period, were enriched with chemical fertilizer. Broodstock were also provided with concentrate diet (Byza fars Company) every morning and evening. The relationship between length and weight were obtained, for the females b=3/21 and for males b =2/93. This indicates that such growth is isometric. In this relationship, the female and male respectively, equivalent to y = 0.007x3.2165 and y = 0.0197x2.9377. Growth parameters for the total period was as follows: (WG) {females: 114/27, male: 211/61}; (ADG) {females: 3/08 male: 3/68}, (SGR) {females: 0/09, male: 0/2} and Obesity factor in the broodstock was between 1/54 and 1/76 respectively. On the whole, according to prevailing environmental conditions and fish physiology, growth indicator species is acceptable. Physico-chemical factors also revealed a normal process.      The results obtained showed that the adaptability of carp Catla, with the climate condition of the province (long periods of heat) is possible. Manuscript profile

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19 - Response of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Seedling Rootstocks to Salicylic Acid Foliar Application under Water Stress
Mostafa Ghasemi Kazem Arzani Abbas Yadollahi Hossein Hokmabadi Majid Agha-Alikhani

10.22034/jon.2021.1935934.1120

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20 - Response of Almond Genotypes/Cultivars Grafted on GN15 ‘Garnem’ Rootstock in Deficit-Irrigation Stress Conditions
Hossein Fathi Ali Imani Mohammad Esmaeel Amiri Jafar Hajilou Jaefar Nikbakht

10.22034/jon.2017.536243

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21 - Influence of NaCl Seed Priming on Growth and Some Biochemical Attributes of Safflower Grown under Saline Conditions
ElouaerMohamed Aymen Ben Fredj Meriem Zhani Kaouther Hannachi Cherif

Reserarch on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages:13 - 20 Original Research Influence of NaCl Seed Priming on Growth and Some Biochemical Attributes of Safflower Grown under Saline Condit More

Reserarch on Crop Ecophysiology Vol. 9/1, Issue 1 (2014), Pages:13 - 20 Original Research Influence of NaCl Seed Priming on Growth and Some Biochemical Attributes of Safflower Grown under Saline Conditions Elouaer Mohamed Aymen 1 *, Ben Fredj Meriem 1, Zhani Kaouther 1,Hannachi Cherif 1 Sousse University, High Institute of Agronomy, Chott Mariem, 4042, Tunisia * Corresponding author E-mail: aymenouaer@gmail.com Received: 17 July 2013 Accepted: 12 November 2013 Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of NaCl priming on growth traits and some biochemical attributes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv Safola) in salinity conditions. Seeds of safflower were primed with NaCl (5 g L-1) for 12 h in 23 °C. Primed (P) and non primed (NP) seeds were directly sown in the field. Experiments were conducted using various water concentrations induced by NaCl (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g L-1) in salinity experiment. Results showed that growth (plant height, fresh and dry weight) and biochemical (chlorophyll, proline and proteins content) of plants derived from primed seeds were greater of about 15 to 30% than that of plants derived from non primed seeds. It seems that salinity tolerance in priming resulted plants was due to higher potential of these plants to accumulate more biochemical attributes (more chlorophylles, proline and proteins in primed plants than controls ones). Keywords: Biochemical attributes, Growth parameters, Safflower, Salinity, Seed priming Introduction Salt stress is certainly one of the most serious environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants (Ashraf, 1999). This is due to the fact that salinity affects most aspects of plant physiology, growth and development (Borsani et al., 2003). One metabolic response to salt stress is the synthesis of compatible osmolytes (Hasegawa et al., 2000). These organic compounds are thought to mediate osmotic adjustment, protecting cellular structures and oxidative damage by their free radical scavenging capacity (Smirnoff, 1993). Metabolic acclimation via the accumulation of compatible solutes is often regarded as a basic strategy for the protection and survival of plants under abiotic stress (Sakamoto and Murata, 2000 Shabala and Cuin, 2006). Many plant species accumulate significant amounts of glycine betaine, proline, and polyols in response to high salinity (Di Martino et al., 2003). In addition to the conventional role of these compatible solutes in cell osmotic adjustment (Bray, 1993), they are also suggested to act as low molecular-weight chaperones, stabilizing the photosystem II complex, protecting the structure of enzymes and proteins, maintaining membrane integrity and scavenging ROS (Mansour, 1998 Noiraud et al., 2001). The production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in cells increases during abiotic and biotic stresses like salt stress, as does the level of ROS-induced damage. Elevated production of ROS can seriously disrupt cellular homeostasis and normal metabolisms through oxidative damage to lipids, protein, and nucleic acid (Bandeoglu et al., 2004). Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment that involves exposure of seeds to low external water potential that limits hydration. This hydration is sufficient to permit pre-germinative metabolic events but insufficient to allow radicle protrusion through the seed coat. This technique has become a common seed treatment that can increase emergence, growth, yield and salt tolerance mainly under unfavorable environmental conditions (Ashraf and Rauf 2001). Higher salt tolerance of plants from primed seed seems to be the results of a higher capacity of osmotic adjustment (proline or carbohydrate synthesis) in leaves. Sivritepe et al. (2003) confirmed that NaCl seed priming increased proline concentration and salt tolerance of melon seedlings. Farhoudi et al. (2007) suggested that canola seed priming with NaCl improved salinity tolerance in canola seedlings because it decreased cell membrane injury and increased seedling proline concentration. Seed priming is one of the physiological methods which improve plant growth and yield. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of NaCl priming on some aspects of growth and physiology, including protein, chlorophyll and proline content of safflower under salt stress. Materials and methods The experiment was carried in the experimental field research of Chott Mariem High Institute of Agronomy, (Tunisia) in November 2011. Safflower seeds were primed with 5 g L-1 NaCl solution for 12 hours, at 22 °C. After priming, primed and non primed seeds (control seeds) were sown directly in the soil at the month of November. Throughout their vegetative cycles, plants from primed and control seeds were irrigated with saline water at five levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g L-1). The experiment was arranged as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications and 20 plants per replication and two factors which were priming treatment (NaCl primed seeds and control seeds) and salinity levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g L-1 NaCl). Photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b content were calculated (663 and 640 nm) according to the method of Lichtenthaler (1987). Protein content was estimated at 595 nm according to the method of Bradford (1976) using bovine serum albumin as standard. Free proline was estimated at 520 nm according to the method of Bates et al. (1973) and pure proline was used as standard. Plants were harvested at the flowering stage and were recorded on shoot fresh and dry weight (g plant-1), shoot chlorophyll a content (mg g-1fresh weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (mg g-1 fresh weight), shoot chlorophyll (a + b) content (mg g-1 fresh weight), shoot proline content (μg.g-1 fresh weight), shoot protein content (mg.g-1 fresh weight). Growth and biochemical parameters of safflower were evaluated with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (p NP P NP P NP P NP P NP 162a 143c 153b 135cd 141c 122e 132d 118f 124e 109g 423a 214c 312b 165d 156de 146e 143e 129f 131f 98g 158a 119c 142b 106d 109d 93e 98e 86f 77g 58h Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level according to Duncan test. P: Primed seed, NP: Non Primed seed Table 2. Effect of NaCl priming and salinity on chlorophyll, proline and proteins contents of safflower under NaCl stress Treatments Chlr (a) (mg g-1 F.Wt.) Chlr (b) (mg g-1 F.Wt.) Chlr (a + b) (mg g-1 F.Wt.) Proline (μg g-1 F. Wt.) Proteins (mg g-1 F. Wt.) Seed Priming NaCl (g L-1) 0 3 6 9 12 P NP P NP P NP P NP P NP 1.628a 1.236e 1.532b 1.195f 1.402c 0.952fg 1.306d 0.806g 1.224e 0.671h 0.824a 0.627c 0.706b 0.514d 0.596d 0.394f 0.467e 0.271g 0.334f 0.194h 2.574a 1.914c 2.298b 1.704e 2.094b 1.692e 1.802d 1.042g 1.604f 0.834h 61.18e 52.52f 102.24d 62.02e 119.84c 104.68cd 154.67b 114.52c 196.42a 158.08b 0.385e 0.197h 0.421d 0.243g 0.474c 0.286f 0.502b 0.306ef 0.543a 0.342ef Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level according to Duncan test. P: Primed seed, NP: Non Primed seed Maximum shoot proline content of 196.42 μg g-1 fresh weight was recorded in plant derived from primed (P) seeds from the treatment applied with 12 g L-1 NaCl. Minimum proline content of 52.52 μg g-1 fresh weight was recorded from plant derived from control seeds with the application of 0 g L-1 NaCl. Highest shoot protein content was recorded in plant derived from primed seeds with the application of 12 g L-1 NaCl (0.543 mg g -1 Fresh Weight). The Lowest shoot proteins were observed in plant derived from control seeds with the application of 0 g L-1 NaCl (0.197 mg g-1 Fresh Weight). The treatment of seed priming has increased shoot protein content by 35% in primed seed (P) than non primed seed (NP). Mean values of the data revealed significant increase in shoot protein content with the application of additional increment of salinity. Shoot protein content was enhanced with the application of 3, 6, 9 and 12 g L-1 salinity levels, respectively. Discussion The present study confirmed that plant height recorded in plants derived from primed seeds were significantly different from non-primed treatments when exposed to different salinity levels. Similar results are also reported by Sivritepe et al. (2003) in melon. It was observed that boosting levels of salinity has gradually decreased plant height which might be due to decreased physiological activities resulting from water and nutrients stress occurring under salinity stress. The adverse effect of salinity on plants may lead to disturbances in plant metabolism, which consequently led to reduction of plant growth and productivity (Shafi et al., 2009). Seed priming and salinity levels have extensively affected shoot fresh and dry weight (g plant-1) of safflower. Shoot weight decreased progressively with the rise of stress level compared with control. Fortmeir and Swchuber (1995) also reported similar results in barley. The increase in salinity levels resulted in the development of water and nutrient stresses. The toxic effect of sodium at high salt levels and physical damage to roots decreased their ability to absorb water and nutrient which caused marked reduction in photosynthesis, enzymatic process and protein synthesis (Tester and Davenport, 2003), which resulted in stunted growth and poor leaf area development. The decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to leaf area might be responsible to decrease shoot fresh and in turn dry weight. It is evident from results that primed seeds in comparison with control seeds resulted in more crop growth rate (Basra et al., 2003). Therefore, it is concluded that seed priming could be more effective in improving safflower growth parameters. These results agree with the finding of Harris et al. (2001) and Basra et al. (2003). They reported greater plant weight following seed priming. Salinity drastically affects photosynthesis due to decreasing chlorophyll content and commonly showed adverse effects on membrane stability (Parida et al., 2002). Salinity reduced the chlorophyll a and b content with increasing NaCl concentrations. Increasing salinity decreased chlorophyll content in plants (Scalet et al., 1995). Salinity caused decreases in phototsynthetic pigment contents and photosystem II electron transport activity in plants (Potluri and Devi Prasad, 1996). The reduction of photosynthetic pigment in the present study might have been degradation of chlorophyll by chlorophyllase and reactive oxygen species generated during photorespiration under salinity. Salt induced osmotic stress as well as sodium toxicity trigger to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such superoxide (O2.), hydrogen peroxide (HO), hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen (O2-), which can damage mitochondria and chloroplast by disrupting cellular structure (Singh et al., 1987). It is attributed to a salt-induced weakening of protein-pigment-lipid complex and due to the suppression of the specific enzyme which is responsible for synthesis of green pigments (Souza et al., 2004) or increases chlorophyllase enzyme activity (Sreenivasulu et al., 1999). Leslie and Romani (1988) have showed that salicylic acid seed priming treatment stimulates photosynthetic machinery and increase the content of chlorophyll. El-Tayeb (2005) has found that Barley seeds presoaked with 1mM salicylic acid under salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) increased the photosynthetic pigment like chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and caratenoids in shoots and roots of 15 day old seedlings compared to seedlings treated with NaCl alone. In the present investigation, seed priming with NaCl had maintained significantly higher total chlorophyll contents and its fractions ‘a’ and ‘b’ compared to control which recorded highest reduction. Similar increase in chlorophyll content has been reported by several authors, Saha and Gupta (1998) in mungbean, Afria et al. (1998) in Gaur and Cengiz et al. (2002) in tomato. The increase in chlorophyll content in these treatments was attributed to decrease in chlorophyllase activity and de novo synthesis of structural component of proteins which are responsible for chlorophyll degradation (Subater and Rodriguez, 1978). Proline plays an important role in reducing the injurious effects of salinity and an acceleration of the repairing processes following stresses. Proline has already been reported to act as an osmoprotectant and associated with mechanism of salt tolerance under salinity stresses (Yu Lei and Shaozheng, 2000). It protects folded protein structures against denaturation, stabilizes cell membranes by interacting with phospholipids, functions as a hydroxyl radical scavenger, or serves as an energy and nitrogen source (Aspinal and Paleg, 1981). Accumulation of solutes like proline can help the plant systems to adopt in saline environment (Garcia et al., 1997). Sivritepe et al. (2003) confirmed that, NaCl seed priming increased proline concentration and salt tolerance in melon seedling, under saline condition compared to non-priming seed. Farhoudi et al. (2007) suggested that canola seed priming with NaCl improved salinity tolerance in canola seedling because seed priming decreased seedling cell membrane damage and increased seedling proline concentration. Recent studies suggest that proline may play as an enzyme stabilizing role (Bhattacharjee and Mukherjee 2002 Maggio et al., 2002) and reduce lipid peroxidation (Jain et al., 2001 Farhoudi et al., 2007) under salt stress. Our results showed that safflower shoot from Primed group had the highest proline concentration under the highest salinity level. Proteins that accumulate in plants under saline conditions may provide a storage form of nitrogen that is re-utilized later (Turan et al., 2007) and may play a role in osmotic adjustment. Proteins may be synthesized de novo in response to salt stress or may be present constitutively at low concentration and increase when plants are exposed to salt stress (Pareek et al., 1997). In the present study, both salt stress and NaCl seed priming caused an increase in shoot protein. However, this effect was more in plant derived from primed seed than plant derived from control seed. While working with wheat, Al-Hakimi and Hamada (2001) found that seed priming with ascorbic acid counteracted adverse effects of salt stress by increasing leaf soluble proteins, which protect the membrane and membrane bound enzymes (Jeng and Sung, 1994). Thus, increased in leaf protein due to seed priming was one of the reasons that contributed in improved growth of safflower under saline conditions. Conclusions In conclusion, this study showed that salt stress decrease safflower growth but NaCl priming helps plants to decrease salt stress injury. Seed priming has positive effects on plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights of safflower. Chlorophylls, proline and proteins concentrations were accumulated in plants derived from primed seeds. It has been suggested that a higher concentration of those biochemical attributes could increase tolerance of safflower plants derived from primed seeds to environmental stresses such as salinity. Therefore, NaCl seed priming could be used as presowing treatment to improve agronomic performance of safflower under saline conditions. References Afria BS, Nathawat NS, Yadav ML. 1998. Effect of cycocel and saline irrigation of physiological attributes, yield and its components in different varieties of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 3(1): 46-48. Al-Hakimi AMA, Hamada AM. 2001. 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Effect of NaCl on stomatal resistance and proline chlorophyll, NaCl and K concentrations of lentil plants. Journal of Agronomy, 6: 378-381. Yu Lei MK, Shaozheng L. 2000. Research on salt tolerance of some tree species on muddy seashore of north China. In International seminar on “Prospects for saline agriculture”. April 10-12, 2000, Islamabad (Pakistan). Manuscript profile

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22 - Effect of Methanol Extract of Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris) on Growth Performance, Body Chemical Compositions and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758)
P. Akbary Z. Vidadi

In this study, the effect of methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris (MET) in different treatments containing control group (without using plant extract), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g MET/kg diet on growth performance, body chemical composition and activity of oxidant enzymes of gr More

In this study, the effect of methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris (MET) in different treatments containing control group (without using plant extract), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g MET/kg diet on growth performance, body chemical composition and activity of oxidant enzymes of grey mullet Mugil cephalus were investigated in triplicate for 60 days. Twenty water tanks and 20 fish with initial average weight of 8.42 ± 0.43 g were stored per 60 liters. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that there was no significant difference in growth parameters (FW, BWG, PER, SGR and CF), between all treatments and control group (p > 0.05). Increased survival rates were observed in treatments 3 and 4 compared to the control treatment. The crude protein and moisture of  treatment 4 significantly increased compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). The crude fat significantly decreased in treatments 3 and 4 compared to control and treatment 2 (p < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes have been increased more significantly in treatment 4 compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) value was lower in all treatments compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). MDA value has been the lowest in treatments 3 and 4 compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). Hence, based on the results, in order to reduce lipid oxidation and improve the carcass duality and survival status of fish, it is recommended to use 15 g methanol extract of Tribulus terrestris/kg diet of grey mullet fish. Manuscript profile

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23 - The effect of salicylic acid on some morphological and physiological traits under salinity stress (Catharanthus roseus)
Samaneh Abdolmohammadi Jalal Omidi

Abstract: Considering the increasing trend of salinity development and lack of desirable land for agriculture in the world, the use of saline resistant species or the use of compounds that reduce the effects of salinity stress and induction of resistance to stress in pl More

Abstract: Considering the increasing trend of salinity development and lack of desirable land for agriculture in the world, the use of saline resistant species or the use of compounds that reduce the effects of salinity stress and induction of resistance to stress in plants is very important. Salicylic acid is one of the beneficial compounds for plants, which plays an important role in the resistance of plants to environmental stresses, including salinity stress. To evaluate the potential beneficial effects of salicylic acid on some of the physiological and morphological parameters of an experiment, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors: salinity including sodium chloride at 0, 100 and 150 mM and salicylic acid at two levels 0 and 1 mM with four repeats. At the end of experiment, vegetative traits, chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoids, starch, sucrose and total protein content were measured after 28 days of treatment. The results of salinity and salicylic acid interaction showed that salinity significantly reduced the weight and dry weight of the shoot, root dry weight and root, root penetration depth, and the height of the forage plant. Salinity of 150 mM significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll a and b. In addition, the amount of sucrose and starch and protein decreased by salinity. Treatments with salicylic acid increased vegetative traits, sugars, chlorophyll, carotenoids and protein under salinity stress significantly. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Investigating the application of essential, extract (Artemisia sieberi) allelopathic and nano on improving the competitive ability of wheat with weeds
Ehsanollah Jalili Farnaz Ganjabadi Mirsaeid Valiahdi

To increase the competitive ability of wheat with weeds by the interaction effect of essential, extract allelopathic (Artemisia sieberi) and nano an experiment was conducted in Alborz, Karaj in 2016 as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with thre More

To increase the competitive ability of wheat with weeds by the interaction effect of essential, extract allelopathic (Artemisia sieberi) and nano an experiment was conducted in Alborz, Karaj in 2016 as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. experimental treatments including Artemisia essential, extract allelopathy in six levels: essential of 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 ml/m2, and extracts 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 ml/m2, control with weed (non-use of allelopathic compounds), weed control (weeding) and Nano ZFMB (Zinc, Iron, Manganese & Boron) Nano at three levels: Nano, one Lit.haˉ¹, two Lit.haˉ¹of, a control (no use of Nano).The results of this study showed that essential oil treatment of 0.6 ml/m2 with consumption of two Lit.haˉ¹ Nano reduced 73.33% of total dry weight of weeds compared to the control of presence of weed. As a result, conditions for proper plant growth were provided. Nano effects have a more positive effect on wheat growth and the plant maintains the balance in the production of grains and straw by producing an adequate shoot. Also, in reducing the competition of weeds on wheat, the allocation of photosynthetic photos to the seed was more than straw. This increased 55.83% of wheat yield compared to the control of presence of weed. Manuscript profile

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25 - Effect of different levels of treated urban wastewater on growth and some physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis
Ahmad Mohtadi Forozan Ghasemi Athar Sadat Javanmard Shokoofeh Hajihashemi

Treated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of More

Treated wastewater is important for plant irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Althaea officinalis belongs to the Malvaceae family and contains high levels of glazed compounds and mucilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of ‏ ‏urban wastewater on growth and some ‎physiological characteristics of Althaea officinalis. The seeds of A. officinalis were cultured in the pots containing perlite. The plants were treated with different levels of urbane wastewater of Yasouj (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in three replications. The experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks design. The plants were harvested after three weeks’ irrigation with different concentrations of wastewater for further analysis. The results have shown that wastewater treatments increased the fresh and dry weight of shoots, the leaf area, the height of plant and roots length. The highest growth rate was obtained in plants irrigated with un-diluted wastewater. In response to wastewater treatment, the amount of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophylls a, b, a+b, and carotenoids increased and the highest level of increase was observed at 100% of wastewater. Anthocyanins and flavonoids increased in response to wastewater irrigation while proteins decreased. No cadmium and lead were detected in the leaves and roots of wastewater-irrigated plants. Overall, the results of this study showed a positive response of A. officinalis to urbane-wastewater-irrigation. Manuscript profile

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