List of Articles Water balance

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  1 - CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSUMPTION REGARDING TO CLIMATE CHANGES
  حسین ابراهیمی
  Climate change and increase in the temperature are important ecological issue in human life which can affect regional agricultures. Evaporation, potential transpiration, and water requirements of the culture pattern in every region are affected by changes in the climate More

  Climate change and increase in the temperature are important ecological issue in human life which can affect regional agricultures. Evaporation, potential transpiration, and water requirements of the culture pattern in every region are affected by changes in the climates. The studied area is located between 36°00'N & 37°05'N, and 58°20'E & 60°08'E, with an average temperature of 12.5°C and annual precipitation of 278.6 mm. Results assert that water requirement has been ascending within the 50 recent years, especially during the second 25 years (1975-2000). Evapotranspiration for the 2000-2050 periods was calculated by means of The Global Climate Change Model. The ratio of the recent-50-year January to September monthly evapotranspiration to the coming same period is bigger than one; the 1.05-1.22 ratio indicates a 22 percent growth of water requirement in the period ending in 2050. The total net water requirements for the current culture pattern were estimated at 410 million m3 per year; while the figure for the next 50-year period -with a 19 percent of increment- will be 490 million m3. Water requirement for a majority of the culture pattern will be 22 percent up. The least increase was 14 percent, which was calculated for alfalfa. Exceeding the yearly available water supplies, in the changing conditions of climate, agricultural water consumption in the plain touches 1388.4 million m3. Given the climate change, the shortage will reach 198 percent in June and July. The present critical water shortage coefficient of 0.98 (yearly) and 2.4 (monthly) will go up to 1.15 and 2.4. These figures indicate extremely crucial conditions in the region. Findings assert that even optimistically assuming that the water supplies will be enduring, agricultural water consumption (i.e. the major type of consumption) will dramatically increase, due to the warming weather, climate change originated in industrialization, and greenhouse gasses; so managerial solutions are needed to tackle the problem. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Evaluation of the Effect of Flow Release Based on River Environmental Guidelines on the Water Balance of Anzali Wetland
  Alireza Shokoohi Hadi Modaberi Hossein Monjazi
  10.30495/wsrcj.2022.67333.11302
  Introduction: Rising demand for water consumption has exacerbated complex conflicts between the agricultural, drinking, and industrial sectors. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reducing the discharge of rivers entering the wetland based on More

  Introduction: Rising demand for water consumption has exacerbated complex conflicts between the agricultural, drinking, and industrial sectors. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reducing the discharge of rivers entering the wetland based on environmental guidelines on the water balance of the wetland. Due to the location of Anzali Wetland in the downstream of a catchment, it is necessary to determine the minimum flow of incoming rivers in such a way as to ensure the survival and dynamism of the downstream ecosystem.Methods: In this study, the regulatory flow of the river is estimated based on environmental scenarios in Tenant, Texas, and transfer continuity curves, then the effect of discharge allocation in each scenario on the water balance of the wetland, and finally, the volume of the wetland is investigated. To calculate the water balance of the Anzali wetland, changes in the volume of the wetland per month are identified. To calculate the changes in the volume of the wetland in each month, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the wetland in two consecutive months. According to the discharge of environmental flow, the level of the Caspian Sea, and net evaporation in March and based on the balanced equation, the volume of the wetland in March is calculated as the initial conditions. Then, for the environmental flow on a monthly scale, the difference in elevation between the water level of the wetland and the sea is obtained. In the next step, according to the sea level values, the wetland water level is also calculated. Afterward, based on the surface-volume-height relationships of the wetland reservoir, the volume of the wetland is additionally obtained.Results: The results showed that the highest discharge of environmental flow and consequently the highest volume of the wetland is obtained by applying the flow continuity curve transfer method and the lowest is obtained by applying the conservative scenario of the tenant method. Evaluation of wetland volume in flow allocation scenarios based on environmental guidelines defined for rivers demonstrates that the release of flow in the range of environmental discharges is not able to provide suitable ecological conditions as well as appropriate status for tourism. Therefore, deciding on any water withdrawal from the upstream requires a comprehensive analysis of the swamp water balance. By applying the correct management of input and output components in the water balance equation of the wetland, it is possible to increase the volume of water in the Anzali wetland to the extent that the maximum economic benefit of the functions and services in the wetland can be done by considering all stakeholders.Conclusion: The present study gives the important conclusion that it is not possible to exploit any of the rivers entering Anzali Wetland, even if environmental considerations are observed, and before deciding on any operation and construction of dams such as Shafarood Dam, it is essential to analyze the response of the swamp, accurately. To make the results of this study practical, it should be acknowledged that recognizing the balance components and observing the ecological water content of the rivers entering the Anzali Wetland are doubly important, especially in cases where the wetland is subject to special regulations and competition of multiple users. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Estimation of Evapotranspiration Using Reanalysis Models based on Global Earth Observations at Distinct Climate Regions of Iran
  Asghar Azizian bahareh bahman abadi Mahnoosh Jenab
  Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration is one of the most important issues in water balance calculation at the catchment and field scale. The lack of meteorological observations for using empirical methods and the high costs of measuring evapotranspiration using lysi More

  Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration is one of the most important issues in water balance calculation at the catchment and field scale. The lack of meteorological observations for using empirical methods and the high costs of measuring evapotranspiration using lysimeter restricts the usability of these methods in most cases. To tackle these problems, this research addressed the performance of reanalysis models including W3RA, HBV-SIMREG, PCR-GLOBW, WATER-GAP, and Ensemble for estimation of evapotranspiration at different climate regions of Iran. Besides, the reference evapotranspiration for assessment of the above models obtained using lysimeter measurements. Findings showed that in most cases studies the Ensemble model’s performance with the RMSE value ranges from 3.42 to 7.57 mm/day is the weakest one, while the results of HBV-SIMREG and W3RA show the best agreements with lysimeter dataset. Analyzing the outputs based on mean bias error (MBE) depicted that the estimated evapotranspiration based on W3RA and Ensemble have the minimum and maximum bias, respectively. As an overall conclusion, although results indicate that PCR-GLOBW has the maximum correlation coefficient (CC) with the reference datasets, HBV-SIMREG is the best and reliable model for estimation of evapotranspiration in most climate regions of Iran and can be considered as an alternative dataset, especially in data-limited areas. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Quantitative simulation of surface and groundwater resources in Behshahr - Bandar-e-Gaz Plain Using SWAT model
  behrouz mohseni kaka shahedi mahmoud habibnejhad Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali
  10.30495/wsrcj.2021.18084
  Optimal management of water resources in a plain with land uses requires proper prediction of water resources response using efficient models. In this research, Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model was used to simulate surface and groundwater resources in Behsha More

  Optimal management of water resources in a plain with land uses requires proper prediction of water resources response using efficient models. In this research, Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model was used to simulate surface and groundwater resources in Behshahr - Bandar-e-Gaz Plain. After analysis the sensitivity, calibration and validation of the model was performed based on river flow data of 2007- 2013 and 2014- 2017, respectively. Groundwater table simulation was done by simulating the recharge rate per hydrological response unit (HRU). The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters GW_REVAP, GW_DELAY, SHALLST, DEEPST, RCHRG_ DP, ALPHA_BF, SOL_AWC, CN, HRU_SLP, ESCO, USLE_P, OV_N, FILTERW and EPCO were the most sensitive parameters. In order to evaluate of the model, the performance criteria of Nash- Sutcliffe (NS) and Correlation coefficient (R2) were used. In the calibration stage, these coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.93 and 0.74 to 1.00, respectively, and in the validation process were in the range of 0.56 to 0.84 and 0.66 to 0.92, respectively, indicating the acceptable accuracy of the model in river flow simulation. Comparing the observed and simulated water table depths, NS (0.81) and R2 (0.91) coefficients indicated the capability of the model to simulate groundwater level. According to the results of the water balance analysis, the most of the total water input to the plain, it’s 60% was used for evapotranspiration and it’s small parts as 18% and 22% allocetaed to surface runoff and infiltration, respectively. Manuscript profile
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  5 - The validity of mathematical and computer models for estimating the non-steady evaporation from bare soil surface using evaporation evaluation field operations
  Ali Neshat Mansour Parehkar
  The main problem for the exact estimation of evaporation in field conditions is the lack of basic relations with the least amount of information needed for considering water loss in water balance models. The main goal of this study is to examine the available methods of More

  The main problem for the exact estimation of evaporation in field conditions is the lack of basic relations with the least amount of information needed for considering water loss in water balance models. The main goal of this study is to examine the available methods of evaporation calculation from bare soil surface and to suggest the best method. Most of these relations are empirical; to deduce them, simplifying hypotheses have been used to analytically solve the Richard’s equation with relatively constant border and initial conditions which don’t have a physical basis. In regions where the ground water surface is low, the results of these relations do not coincide with reality. Evaporation from bare soil area was calculated through the numerical solution of Richard’s equation in a one-dimension, non-steady form with border and initial conditions different from those of other methods using computer LEACHM model. There is a strong relationship between the results of the computer model and the water balance model carried out using field experiments in certain time intervals and specific areas. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Estimation Net Groundwater Extraction Using Remote Sensing based on Water Balance Method and Its Comparison by Smart Meter Data (Study Area: Abarkouh-Chahgir Plain)
  Mohammad Hossein Bagheri saeid Ebrahimi Mohammad Mehdi Javadianzadeh
  Calculation of the components of water balance is very important in water resources management. One of the key components of balance is estimation of the amount of water drained by wells, springs and Qanats. Calculation of this parameter is too costly and time-consuming More

  Calculation of the components of water balance is very important in water resources management. One of the key components of balance is estimation of the amount of water drained by wells, springs and Qanats. Calculation of this parameter is too costly and time-consuming because of the need for field visit and field measurement. In order to solve these problems and to calculate the discharge amount of water resources in short period of time, using remote sensing technology and satellite images can be useful. Accordingly, actual evapotranspiration, the most important component of water-balance equation has been calculated and evaluated using this technology. The scope of the study in this research is the Chahgir plain of Abarkouh where underground water drop has caused many problems in the area. For this purpose, six Landsat 8 satellite images (OLI and TIRS sensors) during the period of June to September (2016) in Julian days 174, 190, 206, 222, 238 and 254 as well as meteorological data of two synoptic stations were used and SEBAL method was applied to estimate actual evapotranspiration. The results of the study and its comparison with the data obtained from smart meters (installed on the wells) with a 7.2 percent error indicates high accuracy of remote sensing data and used methods. Also, the amount of net groundwater extraction is estimated 1.07 million cubic meter (MCM) that comparison by pumping volume data (3.98 MCM), shows low efficiency and high water loss in the case study. . Manuscript profile
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  7 - METRIC based evapotranspiration mapping of pistachio orchard in the semi-arid region
  Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Ibrahim Busu Sara Parvizi
  10.30495/jonass.2021.1927551.1010
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  8 - Prediction of aquifer reaction to different hydrological and management scenarios using visual MODFLOW model-Case study of Qazvin plain
  N Faghihi F Kave H Babazadeh
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  9 - Assessment of the Monthly Water Balance in an Arid Region Using TM Model and GIS (Case Study: Pishkouh Watershed, Iran)
  Jalal Barkhordari Ali Asghar Semsar Yazdi
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  10 - Estimation of water productivity of wheat in Droudzan irrigation and drainage network, Fars Province, Iran
  Elnaz Noroozi Hossein Babazadeh Majid Vazifedoust
  10.22034/aej.2017.535033
  Irrigation management, water use efficiency determination and provision of efficient solutions for increasing of limited water resources productivity are based on accurate estimation of crop yield and actual water consumption which its exact measurment is very difficult More

  Irrigation management, water use efficiency determination and provision of efficient solutions for increasing of limited water resources productivity are based on accurate estimation of crop yield and actual water consumption which its exact measurment is very difficult without proper tools. In this regard, Doroudzan irrigation and drainage network of Fars Province in Iran was divided into 86 simulation units using GIS. Water balance components and crop yield were determined in each spatial unit during a 10-year period (2000-2010) using distributed SWAP model and through MATLAB software programming. There was good correlation between the observed and simulated wheat yield amounts in each simulation unit. After validating of the model, the water balance components were simulated by calibrated model and the average water productivity in the Doroudzan network was estimated. The results showed despite decrement in water use in the network, water productivity has been increased means that higher yield can be produced by water managenment. Estimating of water balance components and yield production in the network, especially in crisis situations and water deficit condition can be used for agricultural water management evaluation and finding ways to increase water use efficiency. Manuscript profile