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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the vulnerability of cities to thermal islands (Case study: Tehran and Varamin)
hassan jafari mojtaba jafari lila hosseinjani seyedeh elham davariUrban heat islands (UHI) reflect the amount of temperature difference observed between cities and their surrounding areas. The current research aims to identify the heat island phenomenon in two cities, Tehran with an industrial business background and Varamin, which is MoreUrban heat islands (UHI) reflect the amount of temperature difference observed between cities and their surrounding areas. The current research aims to identify the heat island phenomenon in two cities, Tehran with an industrial business background and Varamin, which is growing with an agricultural background. The aim is to identify the vulnerability of the society to the effects of the heat island and to try to adapt the society related to the heat island. The current research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data analysis was done using SPSS, EXCEL, ENVI and ARCGIS software. The tool for collecting information is a structured questionnaire based on the LVI index and according to the characteristics of the study areas. The validity of the questionnaire was verified with the help of a panel of experts, and the reliability of the present questionnaire was confirmed using Kornbach's alpha method. The statistical data includes 99 heads of households in three districts in Tehran and two districts in Varamin. The results showed that Tehran is more vulnerable than Varamin. The first part of this research is dedicated to the investigation and identification of the urban heat island, which was investigated using the field temperature measurement data and satellite images. The results showed that urban heat accumulation exists in both cities, but Tehran is more intense. The thermal island in Tehran was quite clear compared to Varamin on clear and sunny days. On cloudy days, the temperature difference between the regions was small, and also on days with wind, Tehran had a higher night temperature than Varamin, which is related to the high density and greater extent of this city. The second part of this research is based on the LVI index to evaluate the vulnerability of the urban heat island. The average level of vulnerability in Varamin is due to the low level of community awareness of temperature changes and its effects, but there was a sign of adaptation, which is in the form of natural adaptation. Varamin also has a better situation than Tehran in terms of interaction and relations. Tehran is facing an increase in temperature as well as a low adaptation level, which is one of the reasons for urban density. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Planning and Management for Undeveloped Lands in Urban Areas Using Land Readjustment (Case Study: Varamin City)
Kianoosh Zakerhaghighi Rana Taghadosi Mohsen MahdaviLand Readjustment (LR) is one of the effective land acquisition methods. This method is used for developing and improving urban infrastructure. It also enhances utility and value of land, so Land Readjustment is not a land acquisition method, but a kind of land consolid MoreLand Readjustment (LR) is one of the effective land acquisition methods. This method is used for developing and improving urban infrastructure. It also enhances utility and value of land, so Land Readjustment is not a land acquisition method, but a kind of land consolidation method. Implementation of a Land Readjustment project, in certain areas, is accomplished by installing urban infrastructure by means of the land contribution of public facilities, according to a layout plan. On the other hand, it helps in financing project costs by allocating some central rearranged parcels for commercial land uses. In this method, rearrangement of all parcels has been made according to a new layout and land use plan and therefore, all land rights are legally transferred to the new parcels. The aim of this article is to present a practical method in land development management for managing urban development process. Hence, Land Readjustment Program (LRP) as chosen land development management tool in urban area, is presented. First, according to global experience and literature review, different context of its use is considered and effective pattern according to Iranian cities situation is proposed and will be examined in Varamin city. For this purpose, article investigate in Land Readjustment Program experiences in other countries to find suitable criteria for evaluate value of land before and after implementation of this program. Literature review shows that there are universal criteria for this program. These criteria include plot form, plot width, distance to religious place, distance to school, distance to park, distance to commercial facilities, position of plot in its’ block, permissible density, position of plot to arterial street, and infrastructure facilities like water pipes. Then, these criteria were evaluated by experts according to their importance in the program. For valuation of plots, these criteria were used. The main principle of valuation of plots was that value of each plot before and after implementation of Land Readjustment Program is remained equal, by which every owner could receive same benefit from his plot after implementation. For calculating this nominal value of plots, the article used an equation which was presented by other experts. Whole value of each plot include an equation in which three main index were used, namely plot area, value of each criteria, and weight of each criteria. By calculating this equation for each plot and summation for every plot, value of plots could be presented in a practical way. The results of this study show that by utilization of Land Readjustment Program as an administrative tool, it is possible to redeveloping and rearranging urban areas in according to urban needs. It modifies streets network so effective accessibility to parcels will be provided and also secure service provisions for parcels. In this way, infill development of city will be ascertained. Also people participation and especially stakeholders' participation, as the main principle of new paradigms of urban theory and practice, will be provided by attracting effective groups in plan implementation. Finally, Land Readjustment Program will incresae effectiveness of urban development plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effects of Varamin Jami Mosque’s Ornamentations on the Spatial Qualities
Mohammad Naghizadeh Sheida Khansari -
Open Access Article
4 - Factors Affecting Water Users' satisfaction with the performance of irrigation and drainage network plains of VARAMIN
Masoume Afshani Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Mostafa TeimooriSatisfaction of users in interaction with the irrigation and drainage network is one of the important concerns of executives and officials in the field of agriculture and water. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting water users' satisfaction in the MoreSatisfaction of users in interaction with the irrigation and drainage network is one of the important concerns of executives and officials in the field of agriculture and water. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting water users' satisfaction in the area of Varamin irrigation and drainage network using a questionnaire by field-documentary method and random sampling. The statistical population of users and water users under the network coverage and sample size (Cochrane relationship) was determined to be 98 people. It was a questionnaire that the validity of the research tool was completed by completing 30 prototypes, and the reliability was assessed with the opinion of university professors and experts. Education, level of water ownership, positive and significant exploitation system, age, agricultural history and type of cultivation have a negative and significant effect. Receiving water, preventing frequent visits, reducing costs and optimal distribution of water in the covered lands, lack of effective inter-organizational cooperation in land consolidation and obtaining permits, insufficient irrigation and drought information, indicate the level of impact on user satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Analyzing the Criteria Influencing Identification of Suitable Regions for Ecotourism Development in Desert Areas (Case study: Varamin County, Tehran province)
Roshaideh Amirian Jamal Ghodusi Ali MohammadiBackground and Objective: Tourism is one of the key economic sectorsbenefit would be more than other economic sectors, if appropriate investment is done. Tourism and its different branches, especially ecotourism and geotourism play an important role in different aspects MoreBackground and Objective: Tourism is one of the key economic sectorsbenefit would be more than other economic sectors, if appropriate investment is done. Tourism and its different branches, especially ecotourism and geotourism play an important role in different aspects of cultural, social and economic sectors in the world. The aim of this study was to identifiy the criteria influencing ecotourism development in desert areas. Method: In this studythe criteria effective on introducing the potential areas to attract tourists were classified into two groups. These two groups included the critera related to environmental and climatic characteristics and to recreational services infrastructures. Each criteria included some sub-criteria. Results: In this study, using a multi-criteria decision systems and geographic information systems (GIS), the identified criteria and sub-criteria related to the target area were weighted and combined. Conclusion: According to the obtianed results, the study area has a high potential for ecotourism development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of the Construction of Mamloo Dam on Land Subsidence in Varamin Plain
Sadegh Ghavami Jamal Hamed Gholami Mehrdad Rajabi Mohammad Hossein MobiniObjective: Mamloo dam in Tehran province has been built to meet the needs of agricultural water in Varamin plain, but due to the drinking water supply in Tehran, a limited amount of stored water is supplied to the plain. One of the most important effects of the insuffic MoreObjective: Mamloo dam in Tehran province has been built to meet the needs of agricultural water in Varamin plain, but due to the drinking water supply in Tehran, a limited amount of stored water is supplied to the plain. One of the most important effects of the insufficient supply of surface water in Varamin plain is the reduction of groundwater aquifers and land subsidence. In this study, the effect of the Mamloo dam on land subsidence in the Varamin plain was investigated. Analysis method: The changes in groundwater level and the unit hydrograph of the plain and quantitative changes of groundwater in the study area of Varamin plain located downstream of the dam were studied and analyzed in two periods before and after the operation of the Mamloo dam. Findings: Based on the results obtained from the selected piezometric network and according to the division of the study area into northern and southern regions, the greatest amount of decline was in the northern part. After the construction of the Mamloo Dam, new evacuation points were created based on the potential maps in the northern and central parts, where the population and agriculture centers were located. In the south, due to the type of geological structure and less alluvial thickness, the emptying of the pores of the aqueous layer has led to subsidence in some areas. Finally, the adaptation of the areas with the greatest decrease in groundwater discharge to the areas with the highest vertical displacement in the southern and central regions in the radar maps was quite clear. Discussion and Conclusion: By investigating the results obtained from the analysis of the drop of piezometers in the study area of Varamin plain and the expansion of the number and depth of deep wells in the mentioned plain, the change in the underground water flow regime and the reduction of the aquifer volume are clear. After the construction of the Mamloo dam, the amount of this drop has increased, especially in the lands of the northern part. In addition, the lack of proper planning in meeting the needs of the agricultural sector of the plain, which has a major share in the consumption of water obtained from underground sources, has caused major challenges in the climatic and social conditions downstream of the dam. Due to the construction of the Mamloo dam at the entrance of the Jajrood River to Varamin plain, the level of the water table has decreased over time due to the significant reduction of surface flow to the region. This decrease had higher values in the northern half of the plain and in the areas where the thickness of alluvium is greater. Based on the output of satellite and subsidence maps, the areas that experienced more discharge and drop during the statistical period correspond to the areas with more subsidence in the subsidence maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Assesment of dispersion of heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn and Cd) in Varamin city water supply network and their spatial distribution pattern by GIS
Delaram Moosavi khatibi Shahram Baikpour alireza Gharagozlu mahdi ramezaniBackground and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contamina MoreBackground and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, arsenic, and cadmium. Material and Methodology: In this study, 30 samples of Varamin drinking water were collected and analyzed using ICP-OES EOP after preparation in the laboratory. The map of heavy metal distribution was prepared using Arc GIS to determine the degree of heavy metal pollution and distribution in the region’s drinking water. Two indices of Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) based on concentration and heavy metals in the region proportionate to the maximum allowed concentration for drinking were used to determine the degree of regional drinking water pollution. Findings: The results of the study on heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, and iron using two methods of pollution index evaluation showed that the heavy elements were less than 10 according to Heavy Metal Evaluation method and the pollution degree was low. The results of Heavy Metal Pollution method showed that these elements were at pollution threshold value in most stations under study. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the zoning in this region by inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation in ArcGIS, it was concluded that the highest degree of heavy elements was in northwestern and western part of the city and the lowest degree was in northeastern part of the city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - An abundance study of Thrips tabaci (Thys.: Thripidae) on different genotypes of eggplant in Varamin region, Iran
Parvaneh Baradaran Masoud Arbabi Shahab Manzari Horyeh RezaiAbundance of Thrips tabaci Lind., an important pest of vegetables, was investigated on upper and lower leaves of different genotypes of eggplant, including Siah-Mashhad, Borazjan, Black beauty, Siah-Neyshabour, Zabul indigenous, Imami-905, Juybar-Mazandaran, Sarkhoun-Ho MoreAbundance of Thrips tabaci Lind., an important pest of vegetables, was investigated on upper and lower leaves of different genotypes of eggplant, including Siah-Mashhad, Borazjan, Black beauty, Siah-Neyshabour, Zabul indigenous, Imami-905, Juybar-Mazandaran, Sarkhoun-Hormozgan and Galami-Varamin, during 2000-2001 in Varamin region. Eggplant seedlings were cultivated in May in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of four rows of 10 plants. Five leaves were randomly sampled at weekly intervals until October to estimate the incidence and population fluctuation of T. tabaci. The number of thrips was counted on the surface of four square centimeters of leaves using a binocular microscope. All analyses and comparisons were carried out using statistical package SAS. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the number of thrips on upper and lower leaves, so that the number of thrips on lower leaves were several times higher than that of on upper leaves. Borazjan and Juybar-Mazandaran with the mean number of 1.55 and 0.86 had the highest population in 2000 and 2001, respectively. In complex analysis, there was no significant difference between the thrips abundance on lower and upper leaves. Incidence of thrips faced with increase from June, and the maximum number was recorded in early until late July in both years. The results indicated that, a trend of increase initiated from late June in Varamin. Borazjan had more thrips than other genotypes and the thrips abundance in the first year was two times of the second year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Population fluctuation of egg parasitoids of sunn pest and determining of dominant species in Varamin and vicinity
Hasan GhahariPopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasa MorePopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasalis, Tr. grandis, Tr. rufiventris, Tr. semistriatus, Tr. vassilievi and Ooencyrtustelenomicida were collected from the mentioned regions. Upon the samplings in Gharchak, 4 species, T. semistriatus, T. grandis, T. Vassilievi and T. Rufiventris, were collected which of these T. semistriatus and T. grandis were determined as dominant species. Mean percent parasitism of T. semistriatus was higher than the other species and the highest parasitism (44.63%) was obtained in 22 May 2014. In Pishva, 5 parasitoids, T. grandis, T. vassilievi, T. semistriatus, T. chloropus and T. Basalis, were collected, which T. grandisand T. vassilievi were the dominant. The parasitism of these two parasitoids were started in 10 April 2014 and the maximum parasitism of T. grandis(27.89%) in 22 May 2014 and for T. vassilievi (22.39%) in 29 May 2014. Parasitoids of sunn pest in Javad-Abad were identified as T. rufiventris, T. grandis and Telenomus chloropus which of these, T. rufiventris was determined as the dominant species. The beginning of its parasitism activity was observed in 17 April 2014 and its maximum (26.44%) in 7 May 2014. The collected species in Dehmacin were included T. semistriatus, T. vassilievi, T. grandis and O. telenomicida which 2 species T. semistriatus and O. telenomicida were the dominant. The maximum percent parasitism was obtained in 22 May 2014 for T. semistriatus and 29 May 2014 for O. telenomicida. Six parasitoid species including, O. telenomicida, T. rufiventris, T. vassilievi, T. grandis, T. semistriatus and T. simony were collected from Asgar-Abad, which of these 3 first species were the dominant species. The highest percent parasitism for T. vassilievi(16.68%) and T. rufiventris (13.21%) was obtained in 22 May, 2014, and for T. grandis(23.72%)in 5 June 2014. Regarding to sex ratio of parasitoids, mean percent of emerged females was more than the male production in all sampled regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Distribution and strains diversity of charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina in melon farms of Varamin, Garmsar and Eyvanekey areas
fatemeh Mirabdollahi Shams dariuosh Shahriari mojdeh Maleki neda KheradpirCharcoal rot on melon Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most important soil borne diseases of melons. The disease has an economical importance throughout the world. So, infested samples from eight sampling points of Varamin Country (south-east of Tehran Province) an MoreCharcoal rot on melon Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most important soil borne diseases of melons. The disease has an economical importance throughout the world. So, infested samples from eight sampling points of Varamin Country (south-east of Tehran Province) and Garmsar and Eyvanekey Countries (Semnan Province) were collected, purified and admitted for pathogenicity on melon variety Samsouri. Then, pathogenicity of the sampled strains were compared using susceptible variety of melon, Samsouri. Totally, twelve strains of M. phaseolina were collected from the area with variable pathogenicity; although significant difference was observed among them. Strains MP-SH-34 and MP-SH-37 from Shah Sefid in Eyvanekey country had the highest pathogenicity ability and on the other hand, strain from Davarabad in Garmsar area showed the lowest pathogenicity; so, the strongest and infecting strain was MP-SH-34. According to the results, different strains of M. phaseolina is spread in melon farms of Tehran and Semnan Provinces which is needed to be managed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - First report of tobacco flea Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer, 1847) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Iran
Neda Kheradpir Erfan MiirzaiiThe alien species tobacco flea Epitrix hirtipennis Melsheimer is reported for the first time for Iranian Chrysomelidae fauna. The first specimen was observed in an eggplant farm from Sargol village in Varamin County (Tehran Province) through mid June; population monitor MoreThe alien species tobacco flea Epitrix hirtipennis Melsheimer is reported for the first time for Iranian Chrysomelidae fauna. The first specimen was observed in an eggplant farm from Sargol village in Varamin County (Tehran Province) through mid June; population monitoring continued till the last week of July, parallel to crop harvesting which the population density raised to 3-4 fleas/leaf; continuously, the flea adults were observed on the second crop rotation at the end of July. The species is native to Nearctic ecozone and since 1983, has been reported from Palearctic region such as Italy, Portuguese, Greece, Bulgaria, Russia and Syria. Some of the other species of Epitrix has been previously reported from different parts of Iran and E. hirtipennis is reported for the first time for Iranian fauna. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Recognizing the Sassanid era of Varamin, Archaeological Evidence and Historical Geography
Narges Zahedi Morteza Hessari Mosayeb Amiri Hassan DerakhshiIn the east of Pahanvar Ray plain, we come to a fertile area (Pishwa/Varamin plain) which has provided suitable conditions for human habitation since the formation of human settlements until today. Due to the location of this plain in the north of the central desert and MoreIn the east of Pahanvar Ray plain, we come to a fertile area (Pishwa/Varamin plain) which has provided suitable conditions for human habitation since the formation of human settlements until today. Due to the location of this plain in the north of the central desert and the border between the two cultural domains of the northeast and the center, the environmental condition and suitable altitude, which are the main factors for the formation of permanent settlements, and the possible existence of extra-regional connections of this area with the neighboring areas, a wide survey was conducted in this area of the plain. It was concluded that during this archaeological investigation, 61 ancient sites from the Sassanid era were found in the east of Varamin and south of Peshwa. It is most likely that Varamin is considered a part of Ray State and based on the available evidence, it is possible that it is the main center of Ray State as well. According to historical texts and archeological data, the state of Ray was one of the important areas of human settlement during the Sassanid period in Iran. Historical texts mention Ray in the Sassanid period, and the number of sites attributed to the Sassanid period in the geographical area of Varamin has not been found until today. Despite this, based on the prominent geographical location of the Varamin region and the references of the historical texts to the Ray state, this region was probably one of the important regions of the historical period in Iran. In the present article, an attempt has been made to describe the historical geography of Ray State in the Sassanid period, while using the archaeological data of the Sassanid period of Varamin, to draw a part of the archeology and historical geography of Varamin in the Sassanid period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from traditional yogurt in Varamin province.
سحر هنرمند جهرمی fahimeh baghbani-arani Fatemeh YaghoubiUsing probiotics such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to produce valuable food is a universally accepted trend. Dairy products made from locally produced raw milk with different inherent characteristics make up an important part of the daily diet. This makes dairy a rich MoreUsing probiotics such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to produce valuable food is a universally accepted trend. Dairy products made from locally produced raw milk with different inherent characteristics make up an important part of the daily diet. This makes dairy a rich source of LAB screening. The aim of study was to isolate and identify probiotic lactic acid bacteria from traditional yogurt in Varamin province. 32 samples of traditional yogurt were collected from Varamin and lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified based on biochemical tests. The probiotic properties of the bacteria were determined based on acid tolerance test and bile salt stability test. After molecular identification by PCR and sequencing of some samples the isolated bacteria were identified at the genus and species level. Nine lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified. Seven lactic acid bacterial isolates were isolated from bovine yogurt samples and 2 isolates from sheep yogurts. Morphological and biochemical properties and fermentation ability of sugars were investigated by isolated lactic acid bacteria. In acid tolerance test, 8 acid-resistant strains were reported and all 9 non-acid-resistant strains were resistant to bile salts. All 9 isolates contained 16srRNA gene. The results of sequencing three isolates showed the presence of one Lactobacillus casei and two Enterococcus faecium. Most of the lactic acid bacteria isolated in this study had probiotic properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigating the trend of changes of physiological growth indices of maize (Zea mays L.) in different sowing dates at Varamin climate conditions
Majid AbdoliIn order to investigate the effect of sowing date on the physiological growth indices of maize, an experiment was performed in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications in Varamin at 2015 year. The treatments included five sowing dates (9th of April MoreIn order to investigate the effect of sowing date on the physiological growth indices of maize, an experiment was performed in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications in Varamin at 2015 year. The treatments included five sowing dates (9th of April, 21th of May, 18th of June, 30th of June and 15th of July) and the cultivar of Karoun (single cross 701) used. In each of the 5 to 7 day periods of each plot, 5 plants were randomly selected and the traits studied in connection with this study included: total dry weight, leaf area and leaf dry weight to draw the curve of physiological growth indices of maize plants during the growing season. The results showed that the effect of sowing date was significant on the maximum leaf dry weight, total dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), specific leaf area (SLA) and fresh yield. In the meantime, the fourth sowing date (30th of June) had the highest maximum leaf dry weight, total dry weight, leaf area index, CGR and fresh yield, and the second sowing date (21th of May) was superior to the rest of the sowing dates in terms of maximum RGR and SLA. The CGR was reduced in different sowing dates after reaching its maximum and eventually became negative. According to the results of this study, maize sowing in the first decade of July can be recommended for Varamin region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Comparative Evaluation of Objective and Subjective Indicators of Life Quality in Informal Settlements in Varamin
seyed abbas rajaei vahid abbasifallah esmaeil najafiOne of the clearest indicators of fast growth in cities in developing countries like Iran is informal settlements. In this research, the situation of informal settlements in Varamin has been analyzed. The settlements include five neighborhoods including Lorabad, Amroaba MoreOne of the clearest indicators of fast growth in cities in developing countries like Iran is informal settlements. In this research, the situation of informal settlements in Varamin has been analyzed. The settlements include five neighborhoods including Lorabad, Amroabad, Gol Tappeh, Sakina Banoo, Deh Shrifa. This is a descriptive-analysis research. In this regard, the qualities of life in these neighborhoods have been examined in both objective and subjective aspects. Therefore, a random sampling was used where 381 people were selected in order to measure the subjective quality of the residents. Then the situation of economic, social, and physical indexes of these neighborhoods were assessed using questionnaire and field observations. The objective quality of these neighborhoods was assessed using statistics and official documents too. The GIS and SPSS software were used to evaluate the correlation between objective and subjective indicators. According to the research findings, the correlation between two objective and subjective indicators was 0.90 which was very high. However, the residents’ satisfaction level of the physical, economic, and social situations was very low. The average public satisfaction form neighborhood situation based on the Likert scale (1-5) was just 2.32. This shows unfavorable situation of the neighborhoods as far as municipal services, as well as economic and physical status are considered. In total, we can conclude that due to the lack of attention on the part of Varamin authorities and its municipality to use of existed barren lands efficiently, and the lack of attention to waste lands have all led to the growth of informal settlements and illegal constructions and if we do not focus on these matters on time, they will be expanded and become worse problems in future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigating the Economic and Welfare Effects of the Water Market: A Positive Mathematical Programming Model Approach
fatemeh esmaelnia balagatabi ahmad sarlak hadi ghaffariIn this study, the aim is to identify the economic and welfare effects of forming the water market in the Varamin region. Changes in the area under aquaculture, gross profit in two situations (water market and lack of water market) during 2011-2016 were calculated and c MoreIn this study, the aim is to identify the economic and welfare effects of forming the water market in the Varamin region. Changes in the area under aquaculture, gross profit in two situations (water market and lack of water market) during 2011-2016 were calculated and compared using GAMS software and positive mathematical programming model. The results show that the establishment of the water market would have a positive and incremental effect on the gross profit of farmers in the region. Also, Cultivation of crops such as wheat, rice, barley, cucumber and potatoes, tomatoes and garlic has been more profitable and more crops can be planted. Based on the results, it is suggested that the government provide private-sector participation through investment and financial incentives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Influence of Mystical Ideas on the Architectural Decorations of Ilkhanid Period Buildings (Case Study of Varamin Grand Mosque)
Lida Balilan Asl Hannaneh Fayyaz Moghaddam Roghayyeh Ghaffari HafezDuring different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also b MoreDuring different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also been dominated by mystical and Sufism ideas. In this period, mystical teachings were spread in all parts of society, especially architecture and architectural decorations; So that these influences are evident in most of the buildings of this period. The subject of this article is to investigate the influence of mystical ideas on the architectural decorations of the Ilkhanid period and the decorations of Varamin Jame Mosque, as one of the important buildings of this period. In other words, this research examines the manifestation of mysticism in the architectural works and decorations of the Ilkhanid period. The research method of the article is the review and interpretive-historical analyzes of texts and architectural works of the Ilkhanid period. From the findings of the research, this hypothesis is proposed that Sufism and mystical thoughts have influenced the government and patriarchal architects and these influences are visible in the architectural decorations of the buildings of this period, especially in the decorations of mosques. All three types of decorations (geometric, plant and inscription) have been used in Varamin Grand Mosque, and these designs are mainly geometric or inscription. However, there are plant motifs in the building, although few. These inscriptions have religious or historical themes that historical inscriptions are used for how and when they started. Also, the symbolic concepts of numbers and shapes are abundantly used in the geometric designs, which have the largest amount of decorations and are used in a very effective style, which refer to mystical themes. Manuscript profile
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