Urban waste

Open Access Article

1 - An intelligent Hybrid Algorithm for Urban waste Collection Problem
heydar Lotfi Babak sadeghi

This paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by coll More

This paper presents an Algorithm to solve an urban waste collection problem bydelivering suitable route in each separate areas of Tehran in order to minimize the costof waste collection. We know the fuel consuming has a direct relation ship withdriving distances by collection vehicles, so, by minimize the cost of fuel consumingbecause waste collection consist of 50%-70% of totally collection expenses.Mathematical programming used to solve this problem base on integerprogramming with three variables and four limits.We propose a practical solution method which consists of three components: zoningAlgorithm, route generating Algorithm and combination Algorithm.Zoning Algorithm: a separated area divides in to small areas which each areaconsist of many big trash bins and surrounded between four streets, each points onborder could be considered as a start or end points.Route generating Algorithm: find the smallest routes between start and end points.Combination Algorithm: find the suitable neighborhood areas by consideration ofthe collection vehicles and capacities in each area. Until to minimize the traversedcompletely. Our topological limitations are: deadened streets, boulevards, traffic laws,such as one way streets in order to become closer in the real in the real word scale.The experimental results on real word problem, using data from 3 separate areas ofTehran, showed the superiority of the solution generated by the porposed intelligentAlgorithm to the solution generated by human experts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Locate suitable sites for burial of solid waste management strategies in using Gis (case of study: shooshtar)
Ahmad Poor Ahmed Mohsen Ranjbar Seyed Abbas Rajai Marzieh Hemmati zadeh

Waste production, including problems of urban management is today one of the major problems of big cities into Has been. In this study, geographical information systems for optimal positioning and management buried urban waste have been used. For this purpose 20 layers More

Waste production, including problems of urban management is today one of the major problems of big cities into Has been. In this study, geographical information systems for optimal positioning and management buried urban waste have been used. For this purpose 20 layers of information involved in the positioning buried in GIS environment prepared on the layer processing was done and then using AHP, weight through the matrix compared to a couple practices and by the two models of Boolean and fuzzy layers with The final compilation and analysis carried out and appropriate areas of extraction and analysis has been selected points. Study results show that the selected points from a place of highest priority are to bury. Two points due to lack of appropriate follow rock, high groundwater levels, high erodability for burial have not been a priority. Finally ¬ selected location compared with the current location and then determine the appropriate place in the city Shooshtar is presented and management strategies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Fuzzy Network DEA Model for Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants
Mahboubeh Sadeghpour Mohammad Fallah

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Open Access Article

4 - Investigation of Remediation of Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals Using Helianthus Annuus L. Plant
Mohamad Jafari Esfandiar Jahantab Mehdi Moameri

10.22034/jest.2021.24665.3373

Background and Objectives:  Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under More

Background and Objectives:  Heavy metals are one of the most serious environmental problems that are spreading around the world. The present study was conducted to investigate the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils by sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) under two natural remedies including municipal waste compost and biochar (each at three levels of 0, 1% and 2% by weight) done. Method: Design experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. After planting period, aerial and underground parts of plant have collected and some soil important characteristics and plant morphological properties and metals have measured. ICP-OES is used for heavy metals measurement. Statistical analysis of measured data for the analysis of variance in SPSS software and comparison of data from the test at least significant difference (LSD). Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the application of treatments used in this study in the concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium and nickel of shoots and roots of sunflower and the amount of total cadmium and soil exchange. Urban waste and biochar compost treatments increase the uptake of heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and chromium into the soil by sunflower. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be generally stated that the sunflower species based on the values of TF, BCF and BAC indices can be used as a plant suitable for phytoremediation of contaminated soils in the region through the plant process. Introduce stabilization. According to the results of this study, sunflower can be used as an adsorbent of pollutants and is recommended in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Evaluation and Optimization of Waste Collection and Transportation System in Urmia by Combining the Response Surface and Artificial Neural Network
Saeid JafarzadehGhoushchi Shabnam Hamidi- Moghaddam

10.22034/jest.2020.27028.3603

Background and Objective: Optimization of urban waste collection and transportation system has the largest part of waste management costs. Therefore, improving this system and reducing its operating costs as a necessity in urban waste management has always been consider More

Background and Objective: Optimization of urban waste collection and transportation system has the largest part of waste management costs. Therefore, improving this system and reducing its operating costs as a necessity in urban waste management has always been considered. Method: Due to the high volatility, changes in the size of the waste, climate change and demographic and substructure tissue, the use of artificial neural network system (ANN) is a suitable method for predicting the production waste size, and on the other hand, for The optimization of the management system of these wastes is also used by the surface response method (RSM). Findings The results of this combined method show that the best combination of factors affecting urban waste transport system was proposed by RSM considering the largest loaded pack with about 26 workers, 10 pickups and 6 trucks. This combination is capable of carrying around 34836 tons of cargo at a cost of 596696000 Rials, which represents a high efficiency over actual values. Also, to predict load, the back propagation algorithm (BP) with 9 neurons in the hidden layer was selected as the best model with a predictive power of 99/19% in prediction of weight and 96/62% in cost prediction. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that using the combination of two methods of surface response as a statistical method and artificial neural network as a mathematical method, we can find suitable results for evaluation and optimization of waste collection and transportation system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Effect of Municipal Waste Water Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Wheat (Case Study: Shahre Rey Fields)
narges rozbeh Shahrzad Khoramnejadian seidreza asemi zavare keivan saeb

10.30495/jest.2021.43380.4625

Background and Objective: Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well.  The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the More

Background and Objective: Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well.  The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the use of unconventional water resources. Irrigation lands with urban wastewater requires quality and quantity control for achieving food security. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation with urban wastewater on the concentration of Nickel and Cadmium in soils and their effects on plant, root, shoot, and functional characteristics of wheat.Method:  Field sampling was carried out at random from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Wheat samples were taken at harvest from a 1-meter by 1-meter area. A total of 20 samples for Cadmium metal and 20 samples of Nickel metal were taken.Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of Cadmium and Nickel was 10.6 and 49.43 kg, respectively, which resulted in an accumulation in various parts of the wheat plant. Increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil increases the accumulation in the root, upper parts, and wheat seeds. Also, increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil decreases the dry weight of the root, the shoot, and the weight of the thousand seed. However, there was no significant effect on two traits, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter. The effect of Cadmium concentration was higher than that of Nickel.Discussion and Conclusion: Increasing 1 mg of soil Cadmium caused increasing, 0.81, 0.56, 0.6 mg Cadmium in root, upper parts and seed. For Nickel increasing the soil concentrations caused 0.29, 0.29, 0.11 mg in root, upper parts and seed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Discharge of Industrial Wastewater to Urban Wastewater System: Challenges and Solutions
Aqil Qorbani Seyed Hossein Hashemi

Background and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer More

Background and Purpose: Discharge of industrial wastewater to urban wastewater system is a way of its management, especially within the cities. If it is not done in proportion to the system’s capacity and under supervision, it may damage urban collection, transfer and treatment systems.  Material and Methodology: In this study, impacts of industrial discharges on urban wastewater facilities and the related standards and regulations in the selected countries are reviewed. Finding: The study shows Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Singapore, USA, and Australia and New Zealand consider 13, 10, 14, 22, 34 and 29 variables of industrial wastewater in their standards, respectively. Moreover, USA limits the flow ratio of industrial discharges to urban wastewater. In contrast, Iran has no standard for industrial discharges to urban wastewater facilities and there is just one guideline to regulate discharges in industrial towns, which consists eight variables. Moreover, the lack of assessment of urban wastewater network and treatment capacity to accept industrial discharges which, often due to deficiency of information and experience in this field, can disrupt sewage transmission and treatment processes. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result, setting national standard and guideline up to regulate industrial discharges to urban wastewater system, assessment of network and treatment plant capacity for accepting industrial discharges, and monitoring and supervision of these discharges to discover and prevent unauthorized discharges are critical measures to manage industrial wastewater especially within the cities in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Locating urban landfill, the city of Kermanshah Case Study
Said Amanpour Jafar Saedi Esmail Soleimani Rad

Uncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste More

Uncontrolled urban spread, resulting in Indiscriminate increase urban population Especially inrecent years has increased more than consumption, resulting in increased production of all kinds ofwaste in urban areas have been. The process of municipal solid medical waste urban managementrequirements for for each city that it can be neglected for any city and even villages around the cityis a problem. Including major Iranian city of Kermanshah that many industries are within the scopeof their political that proper disposal of waste in an appropriate area of environmentally andeconomically important to be. Present article an analytical method - Documentary method and itstarget to Locating the city of Kermanshah in landfill through GIS software, which is the mostappropriate place to be determined by the municipal landfill, So that the layers of topography, landuse type, land slope, rural habitats around town, faults, surface water mines and factories Aroundthe town and its distance from the city of Kermanshah is used Each of these layers is just one aspectof the characteristics of a waste excretion demonstrated optimum location They combine with theadvantages and disadvantages each layer and prorated together the best location were determined.To each of these layers through became given weight With AHP model. In the present investigation,five optimal locations for landfill location is the city of Kermanshah. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study of clbB and clbN genes in E.coli isolates isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste
Samira Sadeghian Mohsen Zargar shahla Mohammad Ganji

Objective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with More

Objective: One of the factors causing colorectal cancer is infection with a specific strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) that has a PKS genomic island with two clbB and clbN genes. One of the ways of human bacterial contamination is to consume vegetables irrigated with water contaminated with bacteria. These two genes cause the activation of the message transmission pathway and the DNA mutation and tumorigenesis by producing the toxin Bactin. The main aim of the present study is to investigate clbB and clbN genes in Escherichia coli isolated from vegetables irrigated with surface water and urban waste. Materials and methods: Vegetables irrigated with surface water, well and urban waste were collected from three regions of Tehran. Their E.coli bacteria were isolated and identified and confirmed. Then, PCR test was performed for clbB and clbN genes of all isolated E.coli bacteria. Findings: The obtained microbial and biochemical results confirmed the E.coli bacteria isolated from the investigated vegetables. The molecular results showed that the highest and lowest frequencies for the samples that simultaneously contained both studied genes were related to vegetables irrigated with urban waste and vegetables irrigated with well water (P≤0.05). This result was almost the same for the vegetables of all three studied regions. Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of E.coli bacteria isolated from vegetables irrigated with municipal waste and in order to prevent bacterial infection and consequently colorectal cancer, complete disinfection of vegetables and non-irrigation of vegetables in areas with waste are suggested. Keywords: E.coli, clbB, clbN, Vegetables, Urban waste, Surface water. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - بررسی کاربردهای مختلف پساب شهری اراک با استفاده از فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی
رضا جعفری نیا جواد وروانی مهدی فولادی پناه

بحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک ایجاب میکند که در زمینه کاربرد پسابهای شهری و استفاده از آن بررسیهای جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریس‌های او More

بحران آب در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک ایجاب میکند که در زمینه کاربرد پسابهای شهری و استفاده از آن بررسیهای جامعی صورت گیرد. در این تحقیق با انجام فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در سال 1393 با توجه به وزن نسبی معیارها که پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه و تهیه ماتریس‌های اولیه، نرمال و نتایج حاصل از آن مشخص شد، بیشترین معیار محدودکننده، معیار کیفیت پساب و سپس نسبت سود به هزینه است که بالاترین درصد وزن نسبی به آنها اختصاص داده شد (22 و 5/21 درصد به ترتیب). معیارهای بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 2/20، 6/14، 5/11 و 4/10 درصد به ترتیب شامل پذیرش مردمی، سیاستهای حمایتی دولت، پتانسیل منطقه نسبت و فاصله منطقه مصرف از تصفیه خانه اولویت بعدی قرار دارند. گزینه آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی با ارجحیت 5/27 درصد برترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داد که نشان می‌دهد مصرف پساب شهری اراک باید برای استفاده در آبیاری اراضی کشاورزی در اولویت قرار گیرد. گزینه دوم نیز مربوط به احیاء و توسعه مراتع حاشیه کویر میقان با ارجحیت 20 درصد میباشد. گزینههای بعدی به ترتیب با ارجحیت 7/18، 8/17 و 9/15 درصد به ترتیب شامل جنگل و فضای سبز، تغذیه سفره های آب زیرزمینی و صنعت در اولویتهای بعدی قرار دارند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Evaluation of Soil Chemical Properties Affected by Irrigation with Industrial and Urban Treated Wastewaters
Yahya Choopan Somayeh Emami

A comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment More

A comparative research was carried out in agricultural land of Bori-Abad of Torbat-Heydarieh to evaluate the effect of irrigation with industrial (sugar factory wastewater) and urban treated wastewaters on soil chemical properties. In this study, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replications (R) was carried out in a field experiment. The treatments were five treatments: well water (T1), urban treated wastewater, (T2), combine 33% water and 66% treated wastewater, (T3), raw wastewater of sugar factory, (T4) and combine water and wastewater with a mixing percentage of 1 to 7 (T5), at 0-40 cm of soil in 2013-2014 year. The results were statistically analyzed indicated that the parameters of acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in different groups and a significant difference was observed, but all of the parameters are the standard values for irrigation of crops. The highest and lowest amount of soil salinity in T4 and T5 treatments with 4.2 and 3.9 dS/m, were observed. Also, the highest amount of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in T2 and T3 treatments with 1.06 mg/Kg, 490 mg/Kg and 7.85 mg/Kg. According to the results of the comparisons, can be concluded that irrigation with industrial and urban treated wastewaters no harmful effect on the soil properties of the studied area. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Combination of Operational Fuzzy Functions and GIS in Urban Waste Management (Case Study: Likak City of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad)
aboozar moradi ALI boveiri saeed amanpour

Hygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing o More

Hygienic landfill and the management of urban solid waste as one of the elements of waste management system contains various and exact stages including site selection, its preparation and operation of the site which all of them require study, examination and executing of proper management. The purpose of this study is to study and examine the various factors and parameters related to the examined factors affecting in locating the place for the landfill of the Likak city, the principal of the province Bhmaee, located in the city of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad. These factors are as fallow: geology, regional slope, distance from population centers, accessing to the communicational roads, distance from the surface water, distance from the fault and the type of the soil. The information of the above factors is classified into six important environmental, economic, social, regional, soil study, and heathrology scales. The nature of this study is theoretical-application which it is studied in a descriptive and analyzed method of the content. In this study, data are obtained by field observation and library studies. The preparation of such information and output maps is based on operational functions. The results of this study presented based on four functions included proposal and output maps which the maps are compared from two layers of the  direction of annual wind and the development of the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Locational of Zahak municipal landfill, using Geographic Information System (GIS)
Mohammadali Enayat Mojtaba Ansarifar Jafar Rahnamarad Kazem Shabani Goraji Amin Narouei

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Open Access Article

14 - Optimal location of electrical generation from urban solid waste for biomass power plants
Reza Alayi Mehdi Jahangeri Hossein Monfared

10.22034/ap.2020.1903832.1069

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