Umayyads

Open Access Article

1 - Khatun of Bukhara
عبدالرحیم Ghanavat

Investigating biography and character of Khatun of Bukhara -who hasbeen the only female ruler (Bukhara Khudat) of Bukhara, and waschallenging at the same time with continuous Arab attacks andinternal competitors- one can find valuable information about politicaland soci More

Investigating biography and character of Khatun of Bukhara -who hasbeen the only female ruler (Bukhara Khudat) of Bukhara, and waschallenging at the same time with continuous Arab attacks andinternal competitors- one can find valuable information about politicaland social life in Bukhara at that time. Despite its vagueness, the storyof Khatun's romantic relationship with an Arab commander, Sa‘id b.‘Uthman, which is transmitted to us in a poem, is valuable literary andhistorically. Presenting a report of contemporary researchers'interpretations, and taking into consideration some historical eventsand lingual considerations, this article tries to give a newinterpretation of this poem. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Interaction between Intellectual and Political Life under the Umayyads
پروین Torkaman Azar

Throughout the history, scholars have had an influential role on thepolitical life of societies. Being aware of their important role andposition, rulers have deemed it necessary to have interaction withscholars, to get acceptability & legitimacy and to make the inte More

Throughout the history, scholars have had an influential role on thepolitical life of societies. Being aware of their important role andposition, rulers have deemed it necessary to have interaction withscholars, to get acceptability & legitimacy and to make the intellectuallife of the society follow the state, in order to dominate society easily.However, this interaction was not all the time beneficial for the state,but, sometimes, scholars’ confrontation with rulers led to theirweakness and even their fall. This article investigates the interactionbetween the Umayyads and scholars, and indicates the establishment,goals and influences of some of these intellectual schools likeTraditionists, Procrastinators (Murji’ites), Necessitarians and Freewillers(Qadarites), and demonstrates that these scholars have notacted in the same way: some of them were at Umayyad’s service, tojustify their right to rule; while others criticized Caliphate, in general,and Umayyads’ Caliphate, in particular, which led to changes anddevelopments in Islamic society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - -The Role of the Kalb Tribe in the Political Crises of the Umayyad Period: The Transfer of Power from the Sufyānī Branch and Its Consolidation in the Marwāni Branch (683-705), Emphasizing the Role of the Baḥdal and the Abū Umamah Family
mehran Esmaili Meisam Habibikian

10.30495/jhcin.2021.19037

The Umayyads were rulers with Arab inclinations. During this period, the Arab tribes played an important role in governmental and military affairs, especially in the conquests. The relations of the Arab tribes with the the Umayyads were not on the same level. The tribe More

The Umayyads were rulers with Arab inclinations. During this period, the Arab tribes played an important role in governmental and military affairs, especially in the conquests. The relations of the Arab tribes with the the Umayyads were not on the same level. The tribe of Kalb, the tribe descended from the Al-Ḳuḍa’a, was one that had close relations with the Umayyad rulers, especially the Sufyānī branch. Kalb tribe had a long history of living in the deserts of Syria and a large population, which led to Mu’āwīyah marrying a Kalbi woman in order to gain the support of this tribe. The mother of Yazīd, Muāwīyah's successor, was a Kalbi woman, which led to the rise of the Kalb's political position. This article seeks to look at the role of the Kalb tribe in the period of Instability and crises that occurred after the death of Muāwīyah II, until the end of the rule of ‘Abd al-Malik by focusing on the Baḥdal and Abū-Umāmah families of the Banu Hāritha bin Janāb clan of the Kalb tribe. The results obtained show that these two families reached the highest levels of military administration during the period of Yazīd bin Muāwīyah and in the period of crisis, and despite the fall of four of the five region (Jund) in Syria in the hands of the forces belonging to al-Zubayr, they were able to manage the situation and lead the forces loyal to the Umayyads and bring them back to power. At this point, the Kalb tribe and its leaders from the Banu Hāritha bin Janāb clan, particularly the Baḥdal family, played a crucial role. During the reign of ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān (685-705), this tribe also played an influential role in suppressing various uprisings in the Syria, Jazira, Irāq and Persia. During this period, the Baḥdal family's role gradually diminished, but the Abu-Umāma family had the upper hand in stabilizing the government leading Shāmi forces. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Al-Banū Razin and the Muslim Berber-Arab Relations in the Middle Age Andalusia
sohrab eslami Younes Farahmand hadi alemzadeh

References Abbādī, Mukhtār Aḥmad, Fī tarīkh al-Maghrib wa l-Andalus, Beirut, Dar Al-nahḍa, (Un d.). Abū Muṣṭafā, Kamāl Sayyid, Buḥūth fī tarikh wa ḥaḍāra al- Andalus fī l-Aṣr al-Islāmī, Alexandria, Markaz-i Iskandariyya lil-kitāb, 1997 AD/1417 AH. Akhbār madjmūa fī fatḥ More

References Abbādī, Mukhtār Aḥmad, Fī tarīkh al-Maghrib wa l-Andalus, Beirut, Dar Al-nahḍa, (Un d.). Abū Muṣṭafā, Kamāl Sayyid, Buḥūth fī tarikh wa ḥaḍāra al- Andalus fī l-Aṣr al-Islāmī, Alexandria, Markaz-i Iskandariyya lil-kitāb, 1997 AD/1417 AH. Akhbār madjmūa fī fatḥl-Andalus, Revised by Ibrāhīm Ābyārī, Beirut, Dār al-kutub al-Lubnānī, 1989 AD, 1409 AH. , Dawla al-islām fī l-Andalus, al-ʿAṣr al-awwal al-ḳism al-awwal, Min al-fatḥ ilā bidāya ʿahd al-Nāṣir, Cairo, Maktaba Khāndjī, 1997 AD/ 1417 AH؛ Abdolmuhammad Ayati(trans.), Tehran, keyhanbook, 2001/ 1380. Ibid, duwal al-ṭawādhu ḳiyam-hā ḥattā al-fatḥ al-Murābiṭī, Cairo, Maktaba Khāndjī, 1997 AD/1417 AH؛ Abdolmuhammad Ayati(trans.), Tehran, keyhanbook, 1988/ 1367. Arslān, Shakīb, al-Ḥulal al-sundusiyya fī al-akhbār wa al-āthār l-Andalusiyya, Cairo, Kalamāt-i ʿArabiyya lil-Tardjuma wa al-nashr, (Un d.). Bubāya,ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, al-Barbar fī l-Andalus wa mawḳifuhum min fitna al-ḳarn al-khāmis al-hidjrī 422-492 AH, Beirut, Dār al-kitāb al-ʿilmiyya, 2011 AD/1432 AH. Ḍabbī, Aḥmad b. Yahyā b.  Aḥmad b. ʾAmīra, Bughyat al-multamis fī tarīkh ridjāl ahl l-Andalus, Cairo, Dār al-Kātib al-ʿArabī, 1967 AD/1386 AH. Hadjdjī, ʿAbd al-RaḥmānʿAlī, al-Tarīkh al-Andalus, Beirut, Dār al-Ḳalam, ( 2nd ed.), 1981 AD/1401 AH. Ḥaḳḳī, Muḥammad, al-barbar fī al-Andalus, (Un d.), Shirkat al-Nashr wa al-Tūzīʿ al-Madāris, (1st ed.), 2001 AD/1421 AH. Hayik, Simon, Abd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil ṣaḳr ḳuraysh, (Un d.), 1982 AD/1402 AH. Ḥimyarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim, al-Rawḍ al-miār fī khabar al-aḳṭār, Revised by Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Beirut, Maktaba Lubnān, 1984 AD/1404 AH. Ibn Abbār, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Abībakr, al-ḥulla al-siyarā, Revised by Ḥusayn Mūnis, Cairo, Dār al-Muʿārif, 1985 AD/1405 AH. Ibn Bassām, Abu ʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī, al-Dhakhīra fī maḥāsin ahl al-djazīra, Beirut, Dār al-Thaḳāfa, 1997 AD/1417 AH. Ibn Ḥayyān, Abū Marwān Ḥayyān b. Khalaf, Muḳtabis, al-Sifr al-Thānī, Revised by Maḥmūd ʿAlī Makkī, Riadh, Markaz al-Malik Fīṣal lil-Buḥūth wa al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya, 2002 AD/1422 AH. Ibid, Muḳtabis, Revised by Maḥmūd ʿAlī Makkī, Beirut, Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1973 AD/1392 AH. Ibid, Muḳtabis,Nashr-i Pedro Shālmītā, Madrid, al-mʿahad al-Isbānī al-ʿArabī al-Thaḳāfa Kulliyya al-Ādāb biʾl-Ribāṭ, 1979 AD/1392 AH. Ibid, Muḳtabis, al-Sifr al Sādis, Revised by ʿAbd al-Raḥman ʿAlī Ḥadjdjī, Beirut, Dār al-Thaḳāfa, 1956 AD/1375 AH. Ibid, Muḳtabis, al-Sifr al Sādis, Revised by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Hawārī, Beirut, Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2006 AD/1426 AH. Ibn Ḥazm Andalusī, Abī Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Saʿīd, Djamharat ansāb al-arab, Revised by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn, Cairo, Dār al-Muʿārif, 1982 AD/ 1402 AH. Ibn ʿIdhārī, Abu ʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al-Bayān al-mughrib fī akhbār mulūk al-Andalus wa l-maghrib, G.S. Colin & Lévi Provençal, Beirut, Dār al-Thaḳāfa, 1983 AD/1403 AH. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad, al-Ibar wa al-dīwan l-mubtadi wa al-Khabar fī tarikh al-Arab wa al-Adjam wa al-Barbar wa-min āṣarāhum min zawī al-sulṭān al-akbar, Revised by Khalīl Shiḥāda, Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1988 AD/1408 AH. Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Dhu ʾl-Wizāratayn Lisān al-Dīn, al-iḥāṭa fī akhbār Gharnāṭa, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh ʿAnān, Cairo, Maktaba al-Khāndjī, 1973 AD/1392 AH. Ibid, Amāl al-aalām fī-man būyia ḳabl al-iḥtilām min mulūk al-Islām, Revised by Lévi Provençal, Beirut, Dār al-Makshūf, 1956 AD/1375 AH. Idrīsī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh, Ṣafa al-Maghrib wa arz al-Sūdān wa Miṣr wa l-Andalus, Leiden, Brill Publishers, 1866 AD/1282 AH. Khushanī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Ḥārith b. Asad, Ḳuḍat Ḳurṭūba wa ulama Ifriḳiya, Revised by Sayyid ʿIzzat ʿAṭṭār Ḥusaynī, Cairo, Maktaba Khāndjī, 1994 AD/1414 AH. Mafākhir al-barbar, Revised by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir Būbaya, Rabat, Dār Abī Raḳrāḳ lil-Ṭabāʿa wa al-nashr, 2005 AD/1425 AH. Mūnis, Ḥusayn, Maālim tarīkh al-Maghrib wa al-Andalus, (Un d.), Maktaba al-Āsirra, 2004 AD/1424 AH. Provençal, Lévi, al-Islām fī al-Maghrib wa l-Andalus, Maḥmūd ʿAbd Al-azīz Sālim & Muḥammad Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥilmī(trans.), Cairo, Dār al-Nahḍa-i Miṣr, 1956 AD/1357 AH. Rāshid, ʿAbd al-Djalīl ʿAbd al-Rizā, “Dawr al-Barbar fī suḳūṭ al-dawla al-Umayya fī ʾl-Andalus”, Baghdad, Madjalla al-Muarrikh al-arabī, 1977 AD/1397 AH. Sālim, Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Tarīkh al-Muslimīn wa Āthāruhum fī l-Andalus min al-fatḥ al-Arabī ḥattā suḳūṭ al- Khilāfat bi-ḳurṭūba, Alexandria:  Mūʾassa Shabāb al-Djāmiʿa, 1999 AD/1419 AH. Yāḳūt Hamawī, Abū ʿAbdullāh Yaʿḳūb b. ʿAbdullāh, Mudjam al-buldān, Beirut, Dār ṣādir, 1995 AD/1415 AH. Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn b. Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad, al-Alām, Beirut, Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Mullāʾiyn, 2002 AD/1422 AH.       Al Banū Razin was among the prominent Berber families of Andalusia that their ancestor arrived there with Tariq ibn Ziyad. They went, firstly, to Cordoba, then to Christian borderlines and finally settled down in Albarracin, a district of Santaver. It was   a military area located in thighr ‘awsat (the middle borderline) during the Umayyad era. Therefore, its residents could play a significant role in the maintaining the power of Umayyads in this area. Similar to other Berbers who were dissatisfied with the Arabs and the Umayyads, Al Banū Razin and their rulers played a dual role. Although they had submitted to the Andalusian Umayyad Caliphate, as Umayyad government was weakened in the early 5th century A.H., they declared independence and established a dominant government in Albarracin. Furthermore, to secure their interests, they never involved in the political conflicts and disputes between their neighbors at the time. However they adopted a confrontational approach towards the Umayyad caliphs. The policies taken by the Banū Razin governors prove that, similar to other Berbers, Al Banū Razin significantly contributed to the decline and collapse of the Umayyad Empire and reducing of Muslim power in Andalusia.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Shiite Imamate and Genealogical Legitimacy: An External Perspective
mohammad ahmadimanesh

10.30495/jhcin.2020.16293

The Umayyads, as a ruling dynasty had a great impact on the history of the East and West of the Islamic world. Despite the existence of many sources about the lives of the famous people of this family, their lineage has received less attention. The main question is abou More

The Umayyads, as a ruling dynasty had a great impact on the history of the East and West of the Islamic world. Despite the existence of many sources about the lives of the famous people of this family, their lineage has received less attention. The main question is about the validity of the reports related to the authenticity or non-authenticity of their attribution to the Quraysh. Although the power and influence of the Umayyads was a great obstacle to mentioning things contrary to their well-known lineage in the sources of the first history of Islam, some Shiite scholars and historians claim that they have valid reasons and sources for rejecting this attribution. Nevertheless, the views of those in favor of their relationship with the Quraysh are more widely accepted in historical perspective. In this study, while quoting the reasons for and against this attribution, their arguments have been examined and analyzed by descriptive-explanatory method.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Attribution of the Bani Umayyah to the Quraysh: A Study on the Contradictory Reports
bashir seraji Mohammad Baghestani Kozegar

10.30495/jhcin.2020.16294

  The Umayyads, as a ruling dynasty had a great impact on the history of the East and West of the Islamic world. Despite the existence of many sources about the lives of the famous people of this family, their lineage has received less attention. The main question More

  The Umayyads, as a ruling dynasty had a great impact on the history of the East and West of the Islamic world. Despite the existence of many sources about the lives of the famous people of this family, their lineage has received less attention. The main question is about the validity of the reports related to the authenticity or non-authenticity of their attribution to the Quraysh. Although the power and influence of the Umayyads was a great obstacle to mentioning things contrary to their well-known lineage in the sources of the first history of Islam, some Shiite scholars and historians claim that they have valid reasons and sources for rejecting this attribution. Nevertheless, the views of those in favor of their relationship with the Quraysh are more widely accepted in historical perspective. In this study, while quoting the reasons for and against this attribution, their arguments have been examined and analyzed by descriptive-explanatory method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Taxes and Illegitimate Modes of Unprecedented Income and Its Consequences on the Economy of the Umayyad Era
reza faramarz asghar ghaedan

With the advent of the Umayyad, many changes occurred in the policies of the Islamic Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate nature Basically, the conduct of the Prophet rule or caliphates were not only different but also because of their government's based on the structure of More

With the advent of the Umayyad, many changes occurred in the policies of the Islamic Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate nature Basically, the conduct of the Prophet rule or caliphates were not only different but also because of their government's based on the structure of the tribal aristocracy which had its roots in the pre-Islamic era, sometimes influenced by political tradition was conquered territories. Such monitoring of the For many who need to manage their wealth and conquest expand its business and increase the amount of taxes is the only way he knew. Spread the conquests of Transoxiana happened in the Al-Andalus occupied northern Africa to southern Europe in the vast and fertile lands to the Umayyad vintage set, the result of such a policy that leads to the growth of militarism, development and urinary system apanage the system. The growing trend of militarization and development of administrative systems required by this policy, the new costs imposed on the Umayyad caliphs, the Umayyads other ways to acquire more wealth eventually led to the fall of the Caliphs the Messenger of Allah no analog Sire previous rules were not in total. For example, taxes collected ransom gangs like the new teachings of the Quran was Salman who is exactly the opposite, gift, flower, and invertebrates that are related to the pre-Islamic Iran, the fall of the outdated Sasanids another example «Max» The Kings of Rome and Persia before Islam received such financial heresies are these the Umayyads.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Iranian food and clothing in the Umayyad era
amirahmad momeniha mohammad sepehri Houshang Khosro Beigi

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the ch More

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the character of Iranian food and clothing as elements of social, cultural and livelihood structure of the Umayyads? It has been hypothesized that part of the ancient Persian text continued in the early Islamic centuries. During the period under review while maintaining some of the national and social traditions and traditions, Iranian society had the greatest influence on the Umayyad in the area of Iranian food, while preserving ancient traditions and local foods, and part of the Arab diet. And Iranian food diversity also changed Arabs' eating habits, so in this part of the tradition we see the influence of both sides on each other. This research will explain the subject under the descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - morje and duality in their thought
shabanali bidaki mohammad sepehri Mahmood Seyyed

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH), Muslims became divided and different sects and sects emerged in the field of Islamic political thought, each of which had different views on theological issues. The initial authority, which had declared its existence by avoiding ju More

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH), Muslims became divided and different sects and sects emerged in the field of Islamic political thought, each of which had different views on theological issues. The initial authority, which had declared its existence by avoiding judging the Alawite and Ottoman fronts, gradually used a proper theological justification to confirm their silence, which led to their specific definition of faith, ie the reference point of gravity.This perception, which had a direct impact on their political action, became an influential current in the course of political and cultural developments in Islam: to the extent that their convergence or divergence with the rule of the Umayyads and their share in the legitimacy of the Umayyads is a matter of serious debate. have been. Based on what has been stated, the central question of the present study is what was the type of confrontation and reaction of the reference difference in interaction and confrontation with the Umayyads? The hypothesis is that different reference differences based on the type of thinking and political currents of the day have reacted to the approaches of the Umayyads. The present article is based on a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Explain and Analyze the Umayyad Propaganda Approaches
Nabi Sanjabi farinaz hooshyar Naser Jadidi

Propaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and mai More

Propaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and maintain political sovereignty, especially against the Alawites (Shiites) . Advertising approaches are attention to areas and the use of various tools that are given the nature of advertising. The present study answers the question: What were the areas of Umayyad propaganda approaches? It has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and with reference to library sources. The result of this research shows that many propaganda methods were founded by Muawiyah and continued by the later caliphs. The propagandistic approaches of the Umayyads included a religious, political, emotional-psychological and economic approach that was aimed at influencing the thoughts and behavior of individuals and leading society to the goals of the Umayyads. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The origins and anti-Umayyad uprisings in the eastern lands of the Caliphate
shabanali bidaki mohammad sepehri mahmod seyed

The Marjeeh Sect is one of the Islamic sects that first came into being by not judging the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH). Although at the beginning the policy of this sect was to avoid judgment about people and as a result to avoid political controversies, but with t More

The Marjeeh Sect is one of the Islamic sects that first came into being by not judging the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH). Although at the beginning the policy of this sect was to avoid judgment about people and as a result to avoid political controversies, but with the spread of Arjaa's teachings among Muslims and the great popularity of it, the said sect also entered into political conflicts. The Umayyad caliphs made good use of Marjee's tolerant view, which sought to establish peace among Muslims. Because the theoreticians of this sect considered it right to reconcile and get along with the Umayyads. Since the Umayyad caliphs are Muslims, committing a crime does not remove them from the circle of Muslims, and uprising against them is not permissible. Although in many cases this sect acted as a supporter and ideological supporter of the Umayyad government, in some cases religious leaders have stood in front of the Umayyad government relying on the teachings of this sect. The question of the present research is, what was the encounter with the Umayyads in the eastern lands of the Caliphate? It is assumed that the groups of the reference did not reflect their Arabist policies and unfair discriminations and started to fight against it. The current research is organized by relying on historical sources and descriptive and analytical methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Analysis and evaluation of the Iranian resistance from the arrival of the Arabs to the Umayyad caliphate: Its effect on the Identify of Iranians
Afshin Eshkevar kiaei

10.30495/psq.2023.1993853.2227

This article examines the confrontation and resistance of the Iranians against the subjugation of the Islamic-Arab identity of the Arabs (especially the Umayyads) from the time of the arrival of the Muslim Arabs until before the Abbasids came to power. On the one hand, More

This article examines the confrontation and resistance of the Iranians against the subjugation of the Islamic-Arab identity of the Arabs (especially the Umayyads) from the time of the arrival of the Muslim Arabs until before the Abbasids came to power. On the one hand, this study refers to the strategies of groups and currents that tried to escape from the relations and mechanisms of subjugation of Arab-Islamic identity with various forms of resistance, and on the other hand, it examines the results of these resistances on Iranian identity.The results of this study show that the resistance of Iranians was irregularly distributed among different currents and groups and the centers of resistance were different according to the time and place that occurred: Sometimes by relying on their own thoughts and ideas (like the Zonbilis) and sometimes by relying on non-Iranian forces such as the Kharijites; Others accompanied the Arabs and joined the Islamic army as infantry in the hope of trophy or fearing for their lives; Others, hoping for revenge on the Arab fighters, went to the support of any force opposed to the central caliphate so that they could resist the central caliphate and escape Arab domination. Manuscript profile

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