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Open Access Article
1 - An Investigation to Physical Aspects of Middle Area in Squares as a Useful Indicator for Designing Community-Oriented Urban Plazas (Case Study: Italian Piazzas of Campidoglio in Rome, Del Campo in Siena and San Marco in Venice)
Yasamin Douzdouzani Iraj Etessam Mohammad Naghizadeh -
Open Access Article
2 - Environment as a Pattern for Design. Case study: Shandiz valley in Mashhad - Iran
Rahman Tafahomi Hasanuddinn Lamit -
Open Access Article
3 - Importance Fremote Sensing in Geographic Studies and Educa
N. EQBALI H. LotfiDifferent explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing sys MoreDifferent explanations have been provided for remote sensing, but as a summary,one can define it as the science and art of information acquisition about objects,terrains or different phenomena by gathering information from them without anycontact.In a remote sensing system, receiving and recording of information are done bysensors contrived in platforms. These platforms may have a variety such as aircraft,helicopter, satellite and spacecraft, but form both quantitative and qualitative points ofview, satellites play one of the most major roles in remote sensing. One of the mostadvantages of remote sensing is to collect information from hardly accessible areas ordangerous locations. Moreover, sensors aboard satellites and aircrafts can be used inresearches about polar territories, upper atmosphere, forest fires, volcanic activities,faraway oceanic parts and deserts which are difficult to be accessed by humans.Actually, remote sensing is the science and art of acquisition of information remotely,that is, obtaining information about objects and phenomena without any physicalcontact with them.In this article, after a review over the remote sensing technology and geographicinformation system, it is tried to use roles, applications and evaluation of the effects ofthese two subjects, in the geographical studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Using the natural environment of inside urban for protecting facilities and equipment urban by passive defense approach (case study: Boroujerd city)
حمید رضا صارمی حسن حسینی امینیBoroujerd has been located in west of Iran. It have toovalleys and hills ،also it has hard slope. the hard slope has limitedhousing in this city .But we can use from them as protection of naturalland use and special urban equipment for example water , gas , oilsources a MoreBoroujerd has been located in west of Iran. It have toovalleys and hills ،also it has hard slope. the hard slope has limitedhousing in this city .But we can use from them as protection of naturalland use and special urban equipment for example water , gas , oilsources and city is kept from outdoor threat ( attack to jangle and etc )and indoor threat ( vandalism. (Method: this research is applied and the method research “descriptive –analytical."Findings : the purpose of study is ,identity of suitable site forestablishment of urban facilities with appropriate passive – defensemeasurements .So is used urban development plans and ,GIS, CAD andalso is used two model "Holdern & Shannon entropy " and has beenstudied sprawl growth in boroujerd.Results: this research represent defense strategies, also it present finalplan with determine specific points for locating facilities and equipmenturban by using principle of passive defense. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Effect of Topography on Surface Sliding of the COMPLEX HILLSLOPES of Watersheds Using SINMAP and TOPMODEL Models
Farid Bahmani Mohammad Hadi Fattahi Touraj Sabzevari Ali Talebi Ali Torabi haghighiBackground and Aim: The slopes of watersheds in nature have three converging, divergent and parallel shapes in terms of plan shape and three convex, concave and flat shapes in terms of floor curvature. In general, there are 9 shapes and geometries for hillslopes, which MoreBackground and Aim: The slopes of watersheds in nature have three converging, divergent and parallel shapes in terms of plan shape and three convex, concave and flat shapes in terms of floor curvature. In general, there are 9 shapes and geometries for hillslopes, which are called complex hillslopes. Past researches have shown that the topography and geometry of the complex hillslopes have an effect on many hydrological characteristics of the domains, such as the degree of saturation. The degree of saturation of the domain points depends on the concentration of subsurface flow at each point, which is influenced by the shape of the design and topography of the domain. The purpose of this research is the effect of topography on the surface sliding of the complex hillslopes of the watersheds using SINMAP and TOPMODEL models. Method: In this research, the TOPMODEL model was used to check the degree of saturation of the complex hillslopes, and the equations of this model were modified so that it could consider the topography of the domains, and the results of the saturation in the TOPMODEL model were transferred to a sliding model called SINMAP. And the effect of domain topography on the stability of complex domains was investigated and compared with MATLAB coding and drawing shapes. It should be noted that the aforementioned models are used based on hydrological and topographical data. The methods used in this research are generally applicable to all geographical and climatic regions. Results:Considering that in this research, the saturation index was calculated from TOPMODEL, which indicates the degree of concentration of subsurface flow at any point of the domain and determines the saturation of different points of the domain and has a significant effect on the stability of compex hillslopes and based on the average the stability coefficient of the slopes, on average, convex slopes have more stability than flat and concave slopes, and divergent slopes have more stability than convergent slopes, and the higher the saturation layer thickness and soil hydraulic transfer coefficient, the more stable the slope is. and as the amount of effective rainfall increases and as a result the soil moisture increases, the stability of the slopes decreases. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this research, in the downstream parts, the concave slopes are more stable than the upstream part of the slope, while it is the opposite in the convex slopes. Compared to the saturation index, the local slope of the domain points is a much more important factor in determining the stability of the domains. Based on the average saturation index, convex domains are more stable than concave and divergent domains are more stable than convergent domains. It should be noted that in flat slopes with different plan shapes, the slope value is constant, but the degree of saturation of flat-convergent slopes is more than that of smooth-divergent slopes, and it has made some points of the flat-convergent slope more unstable, and the stability value is from top to side. The bottom becomes less and the end parts of the smooth-convergent domain are in an unstable state, but the entire smooth-parallel and smooth-divergent domains are in a stable state. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigating the quantitative characteristics of eastern beech in relation to topographic factors in forests of Asalem Nav
Alireza Eslami Fatemeh BadrBackground: The fagus orientalis lipesky species includes around one-third of width and correspondingly, the standing volume in the mixed and partly pure stands of northern forests of Iran.. Present research has been carried out to investigate the effects of topographic MoreBackground: The fagus orientalis lipesky species includes around one-third of width and correspondingly, the standing volume in the mixed and partly pure stands of northern forests of Iran.. Present research has been carried out to investigate the effects of topographic factors on quantitative characteristics of oriental beech species in Nav Asalem forestry plan.Methods: According to purpose of the research, breast height diameter and height of the oriental beech trees were measured in three altitude levels (800 to 1650 m), five slope classes (0 to 50) and four main geographical classes and recorded on the corresponding forms.Results: The results of one-way variance analysis test showed that two factors of slope and the sea-level altitude had significant effects on quantitative characteristics of oriental beech species wherein Dunkan’s test was used to compare the means and eventually, the results showed that the lowest and highest rates of quantitative characteristics existed respectively in heights of 1300-1440m and 1440-1650m. Also, studying the slope, the highest diameter, cross-section and height of the beech trees were obtained in a slope of 40-50 percents.Conclusion: Thus, due to the nature and ecological characteristics of oriental beech and since the best habitats for the trees of this species to have the greatest diameter and height are the upstream and sloping regions, the results of this research show that Nav Asalem forest habitat is one of the best habitats of the target species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Assessment soil salinity in east Isfahan based on OLI sensor data and topographic feature analysis
khalil Habashi Hamidreza Karimzadeh Saeid PourmanafiThe present study aims to improve the assessment, soil salinity accuracy, using of OLI Landsat satellite image dated to 26 May 2015 and topographic parameters in the eastern region of Isfahan. Ground data were collected in date second half May by using the random sampli MoreThe present study aims to improve the assessment, soil salinity accuracy, using of OLI Landsat satellite image dated to 26 May 2015 and topographic parameters in the eastern region of Isfahan. Ground data were collected in date second half May by using the random sampling method from 29 sampling sites from the depth of 0-30cm. Spectrum indexes include OLI sensor bands, salinity indexes SI1, SI2 and SI3, soil indexes SBI and SCI, and vegetation indexes NDVI and RVI were obtained from processing referenced ground images. Also, topographic feature including slope percent, orientation of slope and elevation from sea level were extracted from Digital Elevation Model (DEM), then to estimate the salinity linear regression the stepwise method model was used. From analysis, regression indicated that on 99% statistical level, there is a meaningful correlation between EC of topsoil samples, elevation from sea level and band 4 (R2=0.68). The salinity map acquired from the regression model indicates the salinity is very high in the region so that more than 70% of the area has a salt concentration of more than 60 ds/m. Finally, the reliability of the model was evaluated using 20 percent of the samples. Results indicated that the model can estimate soil salinity by an RMSE=6.54 ds/m. According to the research results, Conclusion They are using elevation from sea level parameter with satellite data is Beneficial in the soil salinity research and causes improve the accuracy of the assessment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effect of digital elevation model in air pollution modeling using AERMOD
Zahra Khebri Narjes-Sadat Mousavian Nadoushan Farhad Nezhadkurki Nabiollah MansouriAccordance with the importance of air pollutants and their effects on human health, assessment of air pollutant emission model's accuracy is significant. One of the models that widely used is AERMOD which is a permanent prediction model. The purpose of this research was MoreAccordance with the importance of air pollutants and their effects on human health, assessment of air pollutant emission model's accuracy is significant. One of the models that widely used is AERMOD which is a permanent prediction model. The purpose of this research was evaluated the accuracy of AERMOD model, with and without application of topography. To achieve this goal, model ran with 24 hour meteorological data from Yazd synoptic station as input data and EAF stack monitoring data of I.A.S.Co. as the on-site data. Also, Global maper software version 13 was used for creating model's requirements for DEM format with different resolutions of 30, 50 and 90 meters. After that, model ran on both situations, flat and non-flat area (with applying topography), and then results compared together. The results indicated that the average concentration of pollutant in condition using topography is 0.036 µg/m3 higher than condition without usage topography. Also, the results showed the maximum concentration of pollutant in the case without using AERMAP, is 1 µg/m3 in opposite direction to the prevailing wind, in stack western direction and with using AERMAP, the maximum concentration is equal to 17.5 in prevailing wind direction in stack eastern and south eastern direction. Furthermore, by usage DEM with different resolutions, little difference was found in the mean concentrations predicted by the model. The result is that without implementation of AERMAP, the prediction was not sufficiently accurate. Furthermore, AERMAP could also be run with DEM 90 m and finally model could run. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Analysis Of Physical Factors in The Reproduction of Urban Pedestrian Axes Based on Social Topography Concept (Case study: Farahzad-Imamzadeh Ainali-Zeinali axis in Tehran)
Ali Akbari Bahareh Taheri Azita Asghari -
Open Access Article
10 - Fatigue Prediction on Wheel’s Hub Under Random Vibration Based on Road Roughness
Kazem Reza kashi Zadeh Mohamad Jafar Ostad Ahmad Ghorabi Alireza ArghavanThis paper presents the fatigue life behavior of hub using random vibration based on road roughness. The main objectives of this study are to predict the fatigue life and to identify the critical location for evaluating fatigue damage. Asphalt road surface profiles obta MoreThis paper presents the fatigue life behavior of hub using random vibration based on road roughness. The main objectives of this study are to predict the fatigue life and to identify the critical location for evaluating fatigue damage. Asphalt road surface profiles obtained in favorable circumstances by topography cameras and in according road classification ISO 2631-1estimate road roughness such as power spectral density in a constant vehicle velocity or PSD Function by simulating motion model of a quarter cars in Matlab Software. The fatigue life is predicted, utilizing the finite element based on fatigue analysis code. The structural model of the hub was utilizing the cation by using CMM scanner. The finite element model and random vibration analysis were performed utilizing the finite element analysis code , and the critical stress with Von Misses criterion is estimated about 237MPa at the end of the wheel hub. In addition, the fatigue life was predicted using different types of approaches such as Dirlik, Maro and …… subjected to variable amplitude loading. Finally, this research described that fatigue life of component based on certain loading and conditions is estimated about 116000Km of travel length of the vehicle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Role of Topography in Intensification of Precipitations in the south and South-west of Iran((Case Study:3 December 2015))
zynab mohammadi hasan lashkariIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of t MoreIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of the stations was extracted from each platform. To determine the patterns of precipitation occurrence in the Sudan low pressure region, atmospheric data from 1000 to 500 HPa are extracted from the NCEP / NCAR site and in the GRADS the maps of these ten systems were mapped. One of the most important systems that provide rainfalls in the Middle East is Sudan low pressure Lashkari (1996). The results showed that the systems entering Iran and the Middle East from the mentioned Sudan low pressure have a special mechanism. These systems have strong convection mechanisms because of having a thermal nature in their source and receiving a huge amount of moisture from the surrounding warm seas. They form deep boiling clouds and cause intensive and torrential showers when accompanied by deep waves in layers 700 and 850 HPa. Therefore, the cloud always forms in a convective way, and the height does not play a significant role in the intensification of its precipitations. In other words, it does not have a significant role by itself, at least in the windward slopes of the Zagros Mountains. The intensity of precipitation is, therefore, sometimes higher in the plains compared to the mountain summits. It seems heights play a more effective role in elevations above 1,500 meters in both windward and leeward slopes. However, in the Alborz mountain chain, there is a very clear and impressive correlation between precipitation and height because of re-creation of systems Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The relationship between morphometric parameters and land use in Sardab and Bidsobhan watershed- Fars Province
Saeid Negahban Marzieh MakramWatershed morphometric features a huge impact on its land use, so that in addition to being somewhat rugged topography and steep river basin are defining characteristics of microclimate, based on land use type, vegetation and soil are also effective. This research is ai MoreWatershed morphometric features a huge impact on its land use, so that in addition to being somewhat rugged topography and steep river basin are defining characteristics of microclimate, based on land use type, vegetation and soil are also effective. This research is aimed to investigate the relationship between land use features and morphometric parameters in Sardab and Bidsobhan watershed in the northeastern of Fars province's. Morphometric parameters such as slope, elevation, landform and vegetation index NDVI were examined in the study area. Landsat 8 satellite imagery, Landsat ETM (2015) was used to extract the vegetation index NDVI. As well as to determine the Elevation, landforms and slope of the digital elevation model (DEM) was used ASTER. After mapping the slope and elevation and landforms of the area using topographic position indicator (TPI), Each of the morphometric parameters and units relationship between land use in the study. The results showed that most of the working pile and seeding, the medium-term grazing and agriculture in Class 1, Class 10 and 9 respectively in the protected area and garden is located. While the lowest seed landforms units and protected area in Class 6, Class 2 Units pile of work and medium-term grazing and agricultural and garden plants, respectively located in Grades 4 and 9. The maximum amount of dip in units Protection Zone (45/24) and the lowest in a pile of work and seeding (375/0) . The results showed that the maximum amount of DEM per enclosure medium term (3853 m) and the lowest in a pile of work and seeding (2539 m). The maximum and minimum NDVI values at a pile of work of the unit that represents the vegetation in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Functional aspects of plant structure impacts on ecosystems Bungalow pastures in Western Azerbaijan
Azadeh alemzadeh gorji Gholam ali heshmatiThe objective of this was to determine the effect of topography factor for soil surface characteristics and pasture in north and south slopes of Margavar, as representative of the West shrub land pasture of Azarbayejane gharbi. For this purpose, by using the Land scape& MoreThe objective of this was to determine the effect of topography factor for soil surface characteristics and pasture in north and south slopes of Margavar, as representative of the West shrub land pasture of Azarbayejane gharbi. For this purpose, by using the Land scape function Analysis method, use for a simple evaluation of the quality and capabilities of potential natural grassland ecosystem was performed. The width, the height, the density of the patch and inter-patch and also, the 11 parameters was measure on the tree transects of 50 meters length. The paired t-test results showed that the index of land scape stability, nutrient cycle and infiltration was higher on north aspect than south aspect. Most ecological indicators of south and north aspect was shrub form respectively. The extension of Amygdalus scoparia, that despite the undeniable impact of low density in the area of management is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Dry Friction and Wear Performance of Micro Surface Textures Generated by Ultrasonic Assisted Face Turning
Hossein Nouri Hosseinabadi Masoud Farahnakian -
Open Access Article
15 - Geographical Analysis of Rural Development in Shaft County with Emphasis on Topography and Slope
Fatemeh TAGHIZADEH Teymor amar Nasrollah Molaeihashjin parviz rezaeiIntroduction: Nowadays, topographic studies play a crucial role in rural development. Utilizing environmental indices allows the identification of existing flaws in the ongoing rural development plans and projects within the county, preventing their repetition in subseq MoreIntroduction: Nowadays, topographic studies play a crucial role in rural development. Utilizing environmental indices allows the identification of existing flaws in the ongoing rural development plans and projects within the county, preventing their repetition in subsequent policymaking. Considering the settlements' positions within three levels (plain, foothill, and mountain) and natural factors (altitude, slope, direction), the most significant impact on development can be attributed to the environmental factor associated with the altitude level of rural habitats in Shaft County.Research Aim: The aim is to assess and examine the relationships between natural elements and sustainable development within the studied area and answer the question: Considering geographical factors (altitude and slope), which villages in Shaft County are situated within the unstable range? Descriptive and spatial data were integrated for this purpose.Methodology: This study, characterized as descriptive-applied research, encompassed stages involving the identification of study resources, data analysis, and the creation of tables and maps to assess and examine the relationships between geographical factors (altitude and slope) and sustainable development within the studied area, covering all sampled villages as part of the research population. Based on this, information layers were referenced to the base map, converted into shapefiles, and subsequently underwent a process of merging, clipping, overlaying, and other data mining directives for analysis and integration. Consequently, a model representing the information within the studied layers was generated in the form of a map.Studied Areas: The rural under study belong to Shaft County within Giulan Province.Results: The findings indicate a weak developmental rank related to villages such as Zardkam, Vali Sara, Khorfakel, Vaneh Baneh, Kuchek Koomsar, Dakleh Sara, Moharraman, Mashallah Kal, Aqanur Setan, Lesom, Safidkhani, Tanz, Babarakab, Imamzadeh Ibrahim, and Talghan. In the foothill and mountainous villages (with specific altitude and slope conditions), proper measures haven't been implemented, and the villages are utilizing only the minimum of their capacities for the sustainability of the studied area. This situation solely stems from non-strategic management.Conclusion: The geographical position and natural conditions of each settled rurals within the districts, based on altitude, represent one of the most essential factors required for the development of Shaft County's rurals to plan for providing access to services aimed at increasing the developmental level within the county's district segments. For instance, communication routes, one of the primary environmental factors in rural development, have largely taken shape based on the topography of scattered rurals across Shaft County. However, in each of the four districts, they exist at an unacceptable qualitative and quantitative level in terms of sustainably utilizing the capacities of the county's rurals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Population and Urbanism In The Guilan Province A Geographical Study
teymor amarCity and urbanism is result of relation between human and environment. human’s interference in the nature have creating structural and spatial change that city is sign this alteration. Because, ci MoreCity and urbanism is result of relation between human and environment. human’s interference in the nature have creating structural and spatial change that city is sign this alteration. Because, city has different function, in the geographical study have special status. City and urbanism culture in the ours country have past long and “Guilan province” salient that urbanism has from past long. In this province creation and trans formation to be not reach the same position in the all part and show differents proportional geographical factors that this article attempts to explain this case by three factors of population, ‘Geography position‘, and topography. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Comparing Different Modeling Techniques for Predicting Presence-absence of Some Dominant Plant Species in Mountain Rangelands, Mazandaran Province
Mansoureh Kargar Davod Akhzari Amir Saadatfar -
Open Access Article
18 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Impacted by Topography and Vegetation Cover in Wooded Grasslands of Laikipia County, Kenya
Janeth Chepkemoi Richard Onwonga Richard Nyankanga Angela Gitau -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of Topographical Factors on Distribution of Plant Communities in Semi-Steppe Grasslands (Case Study: Ghorkhud Region, Northern Khorasan Province, Iran)
Negin Nodehi Mousa Akbarlou Adel Sepehry Hasan Vahid -
Open Access Article
20 - Agroecological zoning for cultivation of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) in East-Azerbaijan province, using analytic hierarchy process approach
Behzad Shokati Mohammadreza Asgharipour Bakhtiar FeyzizadehThis study aims to assess Agro-climatic suitability for Cumin producing in East-Azerbaijan province based on GIS spatial analysis technique. For this goal, several criteria including soil conditions, climatologically indicators, topography situation and agro-climatology MoreThis study aims to assess Agro-climatic suitability for Cumin producing in East-Azerbaijan province based on GIS spatial analysis technique. For this goal, several criteria including soil conditions, climatologically indicators, topography situation and agro-climatology criteria were taken into account of modeling process. The methodology was performed based on GIS spatial analysis. For this to happen, standardization process was performed on criteria and weighting process was done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. GIS based multicriteria decision analysis was employed for weighted overlapping of indicators and results were achieved based on GIS- Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. Initial results indicated that East-Azerbaijan province has potential for cultivating of Cumin. Based on results, Cumin plant can be cultivated in Mianeh, Shabestar, Maragheh, Marand, Sahand, Sarab, Varzrghan, Kaleybar and Bostan Abad regions which are classified in suitable category. Also, the rest regions indicated moderate potential for this purpose. Finally, about 2561151 ha of this province has high suitability, 2017916 ha has moderate suitability. Lacks of enough attention to the feasibility assessment of Cumin plant in this province, results of this research are great of importance for the purpose of regional planning in East-Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Topography of cardiac notch and copula pleurae in Caspian miniature horse
M.R Paryani حسن Gilanpour Caspian miniature horse is a small breed of horse which was reported for the first time in Iran.difference in the size of this breed comparing with other breeds of horses makes it probable that there might be some topographical variations.regarding the ext More Caspian miniature horse is a small breed of horse which was reported for the first time in Iran.difference in the size of this breed comparing with other breeds of horses makes it probable that there might be some topographical variations.regarding the extend of pleura and the location of cardiac notch of lungs in relation to the ribs and thoracic wall,which is important in echocardiography and diagnostic imaging and clinical examination,lead us to study the topographical position of cardiac notches and copula pleurae in the Caspian miniature horse. Manuscript profile
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