List of Articles Preemptive

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  1 - Development of the concept of self-defence in line with national interests against modern terrorism from the perspective of international law
  ehsan sadeghipoor Mahmoud Ganj Bakhsh Kourosh Jafarpour
  10.30495/jlap.2023.74582.1734
  The evolution in the nature and form of international threats in the current century is due to the process of globalization, and terrorism has become transnational and international in response to these changes, which usually occurs with the organization and use of new More

  The evolution in the nature and form of international threats in the current century is due to the process of globalization, and terrorism has become transnational and international in response to these changes, which usually occurs with the organization and use of new technologies.Thus, these characteristics have added to the difficulty of fighting and preventing it. Arguably, self-defence against non-state actors is at least sometimes legal. But in terms of the emergence of new types of terrorism such as water terrorism, international jihadism, cyber terrorism, and finally the acquisition of dangerous radioactive, chemical, and biological weapons by terrorists which suddenly endangers international peace and security, This issue is raised, considering the coordinates of modern terrorism, what is the position of reference to preemptive and preventive attack in international law? This research examines the proposed legal theories and arguments with a descriptive analytical method and tests the hypothesis that governments have the right to resort to self-defence by using military forces if they are exposed to an armed attack. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Principles and sources of shareholders' preemprive rights due to the capital increasing (with comparative study in Iranian, American law and Imamie Jurisprudence)
  Hossein Sadeghi Hamideh Zaree Mahdi Naser
  The right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis More

  The right of shareholders to raise equity capital is a right recognized in all legal systems. The main question of the present study is what are the foundations and sources of this right in the perspective of Iranian, American and Imamieh legal systems? The legal basis of this right to purchase and subscribe for new shares arising from the increase in capital in the US legal system is the prevention of the reduction of various shareholder rights, an issue that is also valid in Iranian law. In addition, jurisprudential rules such as the rule of loss and the rule of law can also be considered as the basis for the right of priority. In Iranian law, the law is the source of this right, but in American law the right is the product of a judicial procedure, law, and company statute that have two general approaches. Except as stipulated in the Statute of Priority, shareholders do not, except the Statute, deny this right unless the Statute has denied this right, while the legal provisions relating to the right of priority in Iranian law are applicable and the possibility of infringement Contrary to that, there is no company statute. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Solve the problem of time-cost-quality exchange of projects in the possible case by considering possible solutions
  S. Farid Mousavi Kaveh Khalili-Damghani Farnaz Rezapour Arezoo Gazori-Nishabori
  10.30495/imj.2022.1943331.1702
  Time-cost-quality trade-off project scheduling problem is one of the most important and practical problems in project management discipline. Project Managers interest in making decisions to accomplish the project with minimum cost, minimum time, and maximum quality. Unf More

  Time-cost-quality trade-off project scheduling problem is one of the most important and practical problems in project management discipline. Project Managers interest in making decisions to accomplish the project with minimum cost, minimum time, and maximum quality. Unfortunately, in real life problems, the estimation of time, cost, and quality may be mixed with uncertainty. These parameters may be far from their estimated values. So, considering uncertain parameters in time-cost-quality project scheduling is essential. In this paper, a probabilistic version of time-cost-quality trade –off problem is proposed. Some parameters of the proposed model are assumed to be probabilistic. The probabilistic nature of the proposed model is handled using stochastic chance constraint programming. The multi-objective nature of the problem is handled using goal programming. Finally, the stochastic chance constraint goal programming is proposed. The deterministic equivalence of proposed stochastic model is presented. A numerical example is analyzed using GAMS software and results are investigated. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Optimizing a bi-objective preemptive multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem: NSGA-II and MOICA algorithms
  Javad Hasanpour Mohammad Ghodoosi Zahra Sadat Hosseini
  10.22094/joie.2016.263
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  5 - The preemptive resource-constrained project scheduling problem subject to due dates and preemption penalties: An integer programming approach
  Behrouz Afshar nadjafi Shahram Shadrokh
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  6 - Preemptive Legitimate Defense: the Legitimacy of Resorting to Force or Frequent Breach of the United Nations Charter (Text in Persian
  Mohammad Javad Zarif Mohammad Ahani Amineh
  After the Second World War and formulation of the United Nations’ Charter, the main founding principle of international security for the post war period was laid and that was prohibition of the use of force in international relations. The founder of the United Nat More

  After the Second World War and formulation of the United Nations’ Charter, the main founding principle of international security for the post war period was laid and that was prohibition of the use of force in international relations. The founder of the United Nations’ Charter taking into consideration the experience of the League of Nations in which the governments within certain conditions had the right to resort to force, this time strictly prohibited the use of force in international relations and considered it illegal and illegitimate. Nevertheless, for this rigid and inflexible rule there were two exceptions viz collective security derived from chapter seven of the United Nations Charter and referring to right of self-defense or legitimate defense based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Except these two exceptions any resort to force in international relations was prohibited and considered illegal. In question of the criteria of implementing collective security there was not serious debate. But after 11 September events the question of preemptive legitimate defense was brought about from theoretical Pandora box of American leaders and on that basis the United States strategy of countering terrorism formed. On the basis of this concept which had its origin in customary international law; despite of the clear emphasis which the United Nations Charter put on occurrence of military aggression for referring to the principle of legitimate defense, stated that there was no need for military aggression and mere existence of direct and immediate threat which have the sign of imminent aggression from enemy, allows the governments to attack the threating center and eliminate the source of threat. The present article wants to examine whether such a preemptive strategy of the United States is having legal legitimacy based on the United Nations’ Charter or it is an action to justify and legitimize the application of force in international relations? Therefore, the articles by looking into different legal and political aspect of this rule, examines the legitimacy or lack of legitimacy of the United States measures. Manuscript profile
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  7 - نقش آموزش فرم گرای پیشگیرانه برنامه ریزی شده و واکنشی در تقویت دقت دستوری فراگیران زبان دوم
  Karim Shabani Somayeh Hosseinzadeh
  10.30495/ttlt.2021.683889
  آموزش فرم گرا که براساس اصول فرضیه آگاهی است، به عنوان یک میانجی بین رویکردهای محتوا محور و رویکرد های ساختار گرا در آموزش دستور زبان دوم شکل گرفت. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی تأثیر متفاوت دو نوع آموزش فرم گرا، یعنی آموزش فرم گرایپیشگیرانه برنامه ریزی شده و آموزش فرم گرا More

  آموزش فرم گرا که براساس اصول فرضیه آگاهی است، به عنوان یک میانجی بین رویکردهای محتوا محور و رویکرد های ساختار گرا در آموزش دستور زبان دوم شکل گرفت. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی تأثیر متفاوت دو نوع آموزش فرم گرا، یعنی آموزش فرم گرایپیشگیرانه برنامه ریزی شده و آموزش فرم گرایواکنشی، بر دقت دستوری زبان آموزان مبتدی ایرانی در تولید نوشتاری انجام شد. در این مطالعه شبه تجربی، از بین 100 نفر زبان آموز، 40 زبان آموز مبتدی - شامل هر دو جنسیت دختر و پسر- بر اساس نتایج آزمون تعیین سطح انتخاب شده و سپس به دو گروه آزمایشی تقسیم شدند. یک گروه، با هدف توانمندکردن زبان آموزان در بازداری از هرگونه خطا، بازخورد پیشگیرانه برنامه ریزی شده را در زمینه نکات دستوری لازم و مرتبط دریافت کردند در حالی که گروه دیگر آموزش فرم گرایواکنشی دریافت کردند که از طریق ارائه بازخورد تصحیحی مستقیم به خطاهای زبانی زبان آموزان و پس از رخداد خطا انجام می شد. نتایج تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که اگرچه در هر دو گروه تغییرات قابل توجهی در زمینه دقت دستوری زبان دوم دیده شد، اما گروهی که بازخورد پیشگیرانه برنامه ریزی شده دریافت کرده بود بر گروه دیگر با بازخورد تصحیحی برتری یافت و عملکرد بسیار بهتری از خود به نمایش گذاشت. این نتایج حاکی از آن است که (الف) پیش آگاهی قبل از انجام فعالیت می تواند به آگاهی بیشتر و عملکرد بهتر بیانجامد و (ب) سوق دادن ذهن زبان آموزان به سمت نکات دستوری هنگام فعالیت های محتوا محور باعث ایجاد مشکل تصمیم گیری بین توجه به نکات دستوری از یک طرف و محتوا از طرفی دیگر می شود.  Manuscript profile