-
Open Access Article
1 - Analyzing the American laws and regulations regarding privatizing and providing Access for third party to Oil and Gas Pipelines and Facilities in the USA
Atefe Ghasemi Mehdi Piri Alireza HasaniIn the mid of 19th century, the oil and gas industry has been known as one the most profitable industries in the United States of America. Besides the economic importance, the other most important topic that must be considered and analyzed is the transportation of oil a MoreIn the mid of 19th century, the oil and gas industry has been known as one the most profitable industries in the United States of America. Besides the economic importance, the other most important topic that must be considered and analyzed is the transportation of oil and gas products through pipelines and other transportation methods, creating access for third parties, how to keep this market and industry competitive and how to protect the environment against oil and gas pollution. This article has analyzed the most important laws and regulation enacted by the Congress and other outstanding governmental regulatory agencies and foundations regarding privatizing and creating access for third parties to the pipelines and has concluded that the base and philosophy of these regulation is to require the governments of states and system operators of private sectors to provide non-discriminative with reasonable tariffs for the demanders in this industry and market. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - TAPI1: Project Background and Challenges Ahead
Maryam Baei lashaki Ezatolah EzatiNatural gas, having less polluting effects on environment as well as easier accessibility and transferability, has been enjoying the highest demand growth among the fossil fuels for the last few years. The world's largest gas reserves are located in Persian Gulf and Cas MoreNatural gas, having less polluting effects on environment as well as easier accessibility and transferability, has been enjoying the highest demand growth among the fossil fuels for the last few years. The world's largest gas reserves are located in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea regions and the countries of South and East Asia are considered the largest markets for the consumption of gas coming from the regions. There are alternate routes to transport the gas from Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. One of the options is the transport of natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.This paper seeks to answer the question that "what are the Background, challenges and the obstacles of Turkmenistan-to-India Pipeline Project known as TAPI? The findings of the research show that there are many factors involved in the pipeline project implementation and there are also many challenges and problems within the project construction and transport processes. Such problems, if not solved properly, will surely interfere with the construction and transport processes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Environmental Risk Assessment for Gas Pipeline Construction Using the Multi-Index Compilation Decision Method (Case study: Gachsaran to Bidboland)
shahab Ahmadzadeh MARYAM ROBATI hanieh nikoomaramBackground and Objective: This study analyzes the risk assessment of Gachsaran petrochemical Ethan transformation 20 inch pipeline implementation design as one of the most important petrochemical designs of the country, with the knowledge of assuring necessity of proper MoreBackground and Objective: This study analyzes the risk assessment of Gachsaran petrochemical Ethan transformation 20 inch pipeline implementation design as one of the most important petrochemical designs of the country, with the knowledge of assuring necessity of proper and right implementation of projects and finally presenting solutions for adverse effects reduction on environment. Method: VIKOR and ENVID methods are types of environmental risk identification methods that show necessary applicability for projects’ risk amount assessment. Findings: In this research, relative analysis process of failure existence potentials is discussed and also sensitivity assessment and vulnerability detection of environment around us is done. This method conclude recognition of environment affected by gas leakage, important ecologic compartments checked and assessed considering environmental sensitivities, risk amount guaranty according to existing standards and identification of preventive actions and potential pipeline risk reduction actions. Discussion and Conclusions: The results show that in both mentioned methods, construction phase has more risk in comparison to application phase as in construction phase, physical and chemical and economical, social and cultural environments respectively get the most influence and in application phase with less severity comparing to construction phase Economical, social and cultural and physical and chemical receive the most influence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Presentation of Environmental Risk Assessment Pattern for Gas Pipeline Project by Using of Indexing System and AHP Methods (Case Study: Transportation Pipelines 24 inches, Tasuj-Salmas Project)
Sahar Rezaian Mahdi Irankhahi Seyed Ali JoziGas transportation pipelines production plans, unlike technical and economical justification in the fieldof energy supplying for societies, by having danger on environment, needs the continuous studies ofassessment and environmental risk management in manufacturing and MoreGas transportation pipelines production plans, unlike technical and economical justification in the fieldof energy supplying for societies, by having danger on environment, needs the continuous studies ofassessment and environmental risk management in manufacturing and benefiting stage. In this study,for purpose of environmental risk assessment for gas transportation pipelines the indexing systemmethod and Analytical Hierarchy Process were combined. Indexing System is a compulsive andapplicable method that was based at the basis of characterizing index effect and ranking. By using thismethod, we can classify, quantify and prefering types of environmental risk in pipelines according tothe determined criteria’s and typical. In the mentioned method, typical of dangers, show the possibilityof danger occurrence and effects of typical show the effect intensity. Final grade for environmentalrisk in this method produce via possibility of danger occurrence multiply with effect intensity.According to that efficiency scale for whole of criteria are not equal in the final level of risk.In addition for the purpose of weighting the criteria’s, the Analytical Hierarchy Process was used andfor the purpose of weighting the digital layers of information related to the criteria Ordered WeightAnalysis method was used. For the purpose of examination results of this research, environmental riskassessment of gas transportation pipelines 24 inches for Tasuj-Salmas with approximate length about42 kilometer as a case study was exerted. Via usage of Geographic Information Systems abilities, theidentified risks and risk zonation in the path of pipelines were considered. Results showed that 46% ofgas pipeline path of Tasuj-Salmas, has a high risk level (5467- 6054 grade), 48% of it, has a mediumrisk level (6055- 6641 grade), 2% of it, has a low level of risk (6642-7228 grade) and 4% of it, has alittle risk (7228< grade). Adjacency of southern zone of pipelines path with Orumieh lake nationalpark, is an important ecological sensitivity that is under investigation. 15 kilometer of pipeline path(kilometer 18+220 to 33+220) is aligned with 5 kilometer of biosphere reserved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Combining Magnetic Flux Leakage and Optical Inspection Technique for Identification of Nearby Pittings
Turaj Azizzadeh Mir Saeed Safizadeh -
Open Access Article
6 - Design of a Digital Sigma Delta Modulator with Separate Pipeline Lines for Fractional Frequency Synthesizers
Leila Jahan panah Seyed Ali Sadatnoori Iman Chaharmahali -
Open Access Article
7 - The Fracture Toughness of the Welding Zone in Gas Transfer Steel Pipes by Experimental and Numerical Methods
M. R Torshizian M Boustani -
Open Access Article
8 - Engineering Critical Assessments of Marine Pipelines with 3D Surface Cracks Considering Weld Mismatch
S.M.H Sharifi M Kaveh H Saeidi Googarchin -
Open Access Article
9 - مسیریابی خطوط لوله در سیستم های انتقال آب (از سد طالقان تا شهر جدید هشتگرد) با کاربرد و مقایسه روش های تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و شبکهای
سعید قره حسن لو مهدی عربی حمید قره حسن لوتعیین مسیر بهینه خط لوله که در آن ملاحظات فنی ومهندسی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی اعمال شده باشد؛ نیاز به تکنیک­هایی داردکه پارامترهای موثر در تعیین مسیر را به­طور توام در نظر بگیرند. در این پژوهش از سد طالقان تا شهر جدید هشتگرد ابتدا پارامترهای موثر در تعیین مسیر وضع Moreتعیین مسیر بهینه خط لوله که در آن ملاحظات فنی ومهندسی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی اعمال شده باشد؛ نیاز به تکنیک­هایی داردکه پارامترهای موثر در تعیین مسیر را به­طور توام در نظر بگیرند. در این پژوهش از سد طالقان تا شهر جدید هشتگرد ابتدا پارامترهای موثر در تعیین مسیر وضعیت توپوگرافی (شیب، ارتفاع)، پوشش­گیاهی، کاربری ­اراضی، تراکم جمعیت، طول خط لوله، رودخانه و جاده، نواحی و مکان­های مهم، سکونتگاه­ها، نواحی حساس زیست­محیطی و مراکز مذهبی- فرهنگی تعیین، و با کاربرد نقشه­های پایه و استخراج مکان هندسی نقاط مورد نظر از Google Earth، اقدام به عملیات میدانی پیمایش و برداشت اطلاعات زمینی شد. پس از آن اطلاعات لایه­های مربوط به پارامترهای مورد نظر در محیط GIS بارگذاری و پس از اعمال وزن­دهی­های خاص، عملیات تولید نقشه هزینه بر اساس فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی ارزش­گذاری، ترکیب و نهایتاً مسیر بهینه با استفاده از الگوریتم کمترین هزینه تعیین گردید. نهایتاً مسیرها شامل: مسیر آبفا و مسیر بهینه تعیین شده، با هم مقایسه شدند. مقایسه مسیر بهینه تعیین شده با استفاده از نرم­افزارهای ArcGIS و ادریسی نشان می­دهد دو مسیر بر هم منطبق هستند و مقایسه هزینه این مسیر با مسیر آبفا، 14 درصد کاهش هزینه را نشان می­دهد که عمده هزینه اضافی مسیر آبفا ناشی از تقاطع بیشتر با رودخانه و جاده، عبور از نواحی غیر مجاز، عبور از کاربری­های مختلف با هزینه بالاتر و نهایتاً افزایش طول خط لوله است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Survey on the Risk Management in Water Transmission Projects (Case Study: Kurdistan Regional Water Company)
Azad Enayati Heirsh Soltanpanah Alireza Qari QuranDelay is defined as a different time between anticipated time and real time to complete the project. The aim of this study was to identify delay risk factors in water lines and offer an outline solution in the projects to reduce the delay time. For this purpose, a delay MoreDelay is defined as a different time between anticipated time and real time to complete the project. The aim of this study was to identify delay risk factors in water lines and offer an outline solution in the projects to reduce the delay time. For this purpose, a delayed case was studied in Kurdistan intubation in order to identify and prioritizing delayed projects criteria while they are identified and extracted. Delays factors are determined and prioritized in the six-step methodology and analytic hierarchy process based on five factors including employee, consultant, contractor, independent of tubing and other external factors. Analysing the data, the results helped to identify and measure the effects of each of the identified risks on project objectives (time, cost, quality). The results showed that the most important key risks affecting the project's main objectives are as follows: poor planning is done by the contractor of the project, the quality of financial risks, including inflation and risks, the loss of channels drilling and loss of redrilling. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Environmental risk assessment of gas pipeline using the kent muhlbauer method
Mohsen Goudarzi Hamid Reza Jafari Saeid GivehchiThe purpose of this study is using reformed muhlbauer method in order to evaluate the pipeline environmentalrisk levels. In this method, the total index represents the hazard probability and the leakage factor represents theimpact intensity. The final risk score is obta MoreThe purpose of this study is using reformed muhlbauer method in order to evaluate the pipeline environmentalrisk levels. In this method, the total index represents the hazard probability and the leakage factor represents theimpact intensity. The final risk score is obtained by dividing the total score into leakage factor. 32 % of thepipelines contain very high risk and 11 % of the pipelines contain high risk. Medium risk belongs to 23 % of thepipelines and 34 % of the pipelines contain low risk. According to the results of kent malhauber method, themost important risk factor in this study is the High activity levels, low depth of coverage, lack of adequateeducation about the risks of pipelines to nearby residents, the lack of emergency messaging system, Intersectionwith multiple faults, Urban tissue, Population density and Valuable areas Like the National Natural. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Pricing Model of National Gas Exports via Pipeline on the Base of Game Theory
Ali Akbar Naji Meidani Gholam Ali RahimiOne of the most important issues in the field of natural gas export via pipeline is the lack of pricing strategy, and providing an optimum pricing mechanism has always been one of the biggest challenges for gas export contracts. In this paper a pricing mechanism based o MoreOne of the most important issues in the field of natural gas export via pipeline is the lack of pricing strategy, and providing an optimum pricing mechanism has always been one of the biggest challenges for gas export contracts. In this paper a pricing mechanism based on Game theory provided. The pricing mechanism has been developed based on cooperation among producing countries, consumers and gas transmitters that in the case of gas-exporting countries' commitment to it, the interests of these countries will be supplied. So, taking into account the realities of the market and according to the conditions of transmitter country, different scenarios have been compiled and according to it, the modeling is accomplished. The results of the different models in determining price, quantity and optimum tariff for two cooperative and non-cooperative games is that the interest of member countries in cooperative game is far greater than non-cooperative game. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Magnetic Induction Tomography: A Review of Process and Medical Tomography Systems
Mohammad Reza YousefiBeing a non-contact safe imaging technique, MIT has been an appropriate method for non-invasive and non-destructive industrial and medical imaging. In this imaging method, a primary magnetic field is applied by one or more excitation coils to induce eddy currents in the MoreBeing a non-contact safe imaging technique, MIT has been an appropriate method for non-invasive and non-destructive industrial and medical imaging. In this imaging method, a primary magnetic field is applied by one or more excitation coils to induce eddy currents in the material to be studied, and then the secondary magnetic field from these eddy currents is detected in sensing coils. Image reconstruction is obtained from estimated electric conductivity coefficients by using measurement data and solutions of forward and inverse problems. MIT is a promising modality for noninvasive medical imaging due to its contactless and nonionizing technology. On the other hand, one of the needs of experts in oil/gas industry is to get information about process inside pipelines and tanks containing oil and gas, which is usually not accessible without disconnecting the process. For this reason, tremendous efforts have been made on measurements and nondestructive tests without physical disconnecting the process. In recent years, applications of process tomography as an imaging non-invasive tool for imaging from inside of pipelines, monitoring and measuring flows have increased. In this Paper, the properties of process and medical tomography systems reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Cross-Border Gas Pipelines and Energy Security of Islamic Republic Of Iran
Hojjat SalimiAbstract: Nowadays the security of energy is one of the most important dimensions of national security and focus of attention of all states. Iran for the reason of having rich natural gas resources and special geopolitical location has great potential in int MoreAbstract: Nowadays the security of energy is one of the most important dimensions of national security and focus of attention of all states. Iran for the reason of having rich natural gas resources and special geopolitical location has great potential in international gas trade through pipeline. The purpose of the present paper is to explain the challenges that Iran is facing for providing security of energy through cross border pipelines. The basic point is what are the most important challenges which Iran is facing in natural gas trade through cross border pipelines and what are the solution for managing these challenges? The descriptive-analytical examination of the issue shows that Iran is facing challenges in three sectors. These challenges are the security of supply, demand and transit, but the most important among these three is the security of demand. In the direction of maintaining demand and diversification of it, the suitable solution is the increase in attraction of foreign investment and transfer of technical know-how, readiness to increase supply in emergency situation when the demand suddenly increases and subsiding the international disputes in supply of natural gas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Role of Geo-economy of Energy in Linkage of Iran and China
Ali Adami Elham Keshvarz MoghadamAs we know for the past three decades Iran have been trying to find ways to counter economic sanctions especially the oil sanctions by the West. Meanwhile during this period China started economic reforms and the implementation of these reforms resulted into high econom MoreAs we know for the past three decades Iran have been trying to find ways to counter economic sanctions especially the oil sanctions by the West. Meanwhile during this period China started economic reforms and the implementation of these reforms resulted into high economic growth in a way that it has become the second world economic power. The emergence of China as an economic power has been a strategic breakthrough for Iran. Therefore, due to mutual need of the two sides the interaction and ties between Iran and China increases in different fields, especially in energy sector. Iran finds China as a suitable market for sale of energy, on the other hand China finds Iran as a country with vast energy sources which is not under the influence of the United States and the transit of energy from Iran is secure and in this way its energy security is ensured. China also did not have the limitation of Western sanctions and therefore invested considerably in Iranian oil sector and in this way played an important role in creation of mutual interdependence. Mutual interdependence in oil sector has created a direct linkage which is in positive interest of the two countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - یک مدل بهینه سازی بهبود یافته برای زمانبندی یک خط لوله درختی شکل چند محصولی
Mehrnoosh Taherkhaniدر زنجیره تامین نفت، محصولات تصفیه شده نفت، اغلب توسط خوط لوله به مراکز توزیع فرستاده می شوند ازآنجا که آنها اقتصادی ترین و مطمئن ترین روش حمل و نقل را فراهم می کنند. در این مقاله زمانبندی بهینه خطوط لوله درختی-شکل مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد. چالش اصلی شامل یافتن ترتیب و Moreدر زنجیره تامین نفت، محصولات تصفیه شده نفت، اغلب توسط خوط لوله به مراکز توزیع فرستاده می شوند ازآنجا که آنها اقتصادی ترین و مطمئن ترین روش حمل و نقل را فراهم می کنند. در این مقاله زمانبندی بهینه خطوط لوله درختی-شکل مورد مطالعه قرار می گیرد. چالش اصلی شامل یافتن ترتیب و زمان تزریق و انتقال محصولات از گرهای ورودی به گره های خروجی است بطوریکه تقاضای مخازن با کمترین هزینه تامین شود. ما یک مدل برنامه ریزی خطی آمیخته با اعداد صحیح رائه می دهیم که قادر است حجم های محلوط شده محصولات در هر خط لوله را تشخیص داده و تحویل های همزمان به مراکز توزیع را مدیریت کند . چند مثال عددی برای اعتبار سنجی مدل پیشنهادی حل می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Application of Central Force Optimization Method to Design Transient Protection Devices for Water Transmission Pipelines
Seyed Mahmood Jazayeri MoghadasOne of the major challenges in designing under pressure water transmission pipeline is the system protection against water-hammer pressures due to a pump trip. The best strategy is to use air-chamber; which imposes considerable costs. To mitigate the air-chamber volume, MoreOne of the major challenges in designing under pressure water transmission pipeline is the system protection against water-hammer pressures due to a pump trip. The best strategy is to use air-chamber; which imposes considerable costs. To mitigate the air-chamber volume, the use of air-inlet valves is also suggested. Determination of air-chamber volume as well as the type and proper locations of air-inlet valves, aiming at the cost reduction, introduces an optimization problem. To solve this problem, this study exploits the central force optimization (CFO) method. Herein, a case study pipeline is optimized using the proposed model based on the CFO and is compared with results of a genetic algorithm (GA) based model. Both methods yielded almost the same results and led to about 30% saving in the system protection cost. However, a comparison between the methods showed that the CFO dramatically outperforms GA in both terms of computational efficiency and reliability of the results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation of hydrodynamic Forces Effect on Seabed Pipeline in the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (Asaluyeh)
K. Lari A. javid M. R. bagheri chimeh Underwater pipelines are exposed to hydrodynamic and hydrostatic parameters of the environmental conditions, in the region. In this study, in order to investigate the stability of the underwater pipelines, taking into account the waves and currents induced force More Underwater pipelines are exposed to hydrodynamic and hydrostatic parameters of the environmental conditions, in the region. In this study, in order to investigate the stability of the underwater pipelines, taking into account the waves and currents induced forces, a stability analysis is performed. There are few standards for designing and analysis of underwater pipelines. The two standards, DNV-RP-C205 and DNV-RP-E305 were used. The study area was the coastal zone of Asaluyeh Port and data used included Asaluyeh wave data, from 2007 to 2008, which were collected by a floating buoy. On the other hand, data on currents were based on Ports and Maritime Organization information. Hydrodynamic coefficients such as Reynolds number, Kvlgan Carpenter and hydrodynamic forces induced on the pipeline in different conditions were calculated. The results showed that in current conditions, designing pipes larger than 0.7m in diameter is not suitable. However, the most suitable designs are pipes with 0.4m in diameter. The minimum weight of pipes with 0.7m diameter, in significant wave height condition under the water, was calculated to be 1365 kg/m. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Comparison of the effect of thermal cycles on phase transformation and structure in the heat-affected zone of pipeline steel welding
Gholamreza KhalajIn this research, X70 (API 5L grade X70)microalloyed steel of oil and gas transmission pipeline was used. In order to draw the temperature-time-transformation diagram, the classical heating and cooling thermal cycle was used. Analysis of the thermal cycles of the heat-a MoreIn this research, X70 (API 5L grade X70)microalloyed steel of oil and gas transmission pipeline was used. In order to draw the temperature-time-transformation diagram, the classical heating and cooling thermal cycle was used. Analysis of the thermal cycles of the heat-affected zone was done based on practical conditions and a dilatometry device was used for simulation. By applying thermal cycles with peak temperatures of 950, 1150 and 1350 °C, the transformation behavior and microscopic structure of different heat-affected areas were studied. Analyzing the results of dilatometry, the kinetics of austenite formation (at different heating rates from 5 to 350 °C/s) and the kinetics of austenite decomposition (in two cases of constant austenite grain size with variable cooling and variable austenite grain size and constant cooling) were investigated. Modeling of austenite transformation was done using modified JMAK equation. It was observed that the “n” parameter does not have much dependence on temperature and is considered constant. The “k” parameter strongly depends on temperature, transformation amount and austenite grain size. Using the modified JMAK, a relationship was created that includes all these variables. Manuscript profile
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024