-
Open Access Article
1 - Survey of relationship between soil and geology characteristics with drainage density (Case study: four watersheds in Ardebil province)
keivan jafarzadeh khatibani Abolfazl moeini Hasan AhmadiSoil erosion has been known as a serious environmental problem. Drainage density is one of the most important geomorphological parameter that is used as an index for stream situation, rainfall, runoff, infiltration capacity, topography evolution and erosion. With knowle MoreSoil erosion has been known as a serious environmental problem. Drainage density is one of the most important geomorphological parameter that is used as an index for stream situation, rainfall, runoff, infiltration capacity, topography evolution and erosion. With knowledge about the relationship between characteristic basin with drainage density, we can predict the other properties of basin. The aim of this study was survey of relationship between soil and geology characteristics with drainage density. First, basic information was collected and watersheds boundary was found on topography map. Land component and geology map was prepared and in each land component was determined locations for profile. After field checking at determined location dug profiles and determine physicochemical parameters of soils. Drainage density was calculated using ARC GIS software. Finally using Excel 2013 through charting, the relation between soil characteristics with drainage density was determined and correlation of these factors were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that the relationship between soil properties and drainage density in formation and land component is significant at 95 percent level. Also results indicated that drainage density is affected by lithology of formation, slope, and some properties of soil such as TNV, silt, organic carbon and coefficient of erosibility. The maximum of drainage density belonged to quaternary formation without proper plant cover and NGM formation ad minimum of drainage density belonged to TUF and lime formation. Therefore, to some extent, with using of drainage density we can predict soil and geology properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of remaining nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on chemical properties of soil in faba bean- rice cropping system
Abbas Shahdi Kumleh SeyedReza Seyedi Mohammad Rabiee Maryam ForoughiSoil quality shows permanent ability of soil as a vital system as alive vital system in ecosystem under different utilizations. In this regard, indicators of soil quality as evaluation and decision-making criteria are used. This study conducted to investigate the effect MoreSoil quality shows permanent ability of soil as a vital system as alive vital system in ecosystem under different utilizations. In this regard, indicators of soil quality as evaluation and decision-making criteria are used. This study conducted to investigate the effect of remaining fertilizer on chemical properties of soil in faba bean- rice cropping system including first cultivation, rice and second cultivation, faba bean by 15 fertilizer treatments for faba bean in the form of a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Rice Research Institute of Iran for years 2012- 2015 (Including two periods of cultivation for rice and three periods of cultivation for faba bean). Experimental factors for faba bean comprised five nitrogen rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N. ha-1) from urea and three phosphorus levels (0, 50 and 100 kg P. ha-1) from triple superphosphate fertilizer. Results showed that increasing nitrogen rates reduced soil acidity and electrical conductivity increased. Also faba bean cultivation led to increase in organic carbon percentage (% 2.81), N (% 0.209), P (40.59 ppm) and K (237.69 ppm).The highest soil phosphorus was observed in P100 (42.69 ppm) in rice cultivation. The average yield of two- cycle production of rice was about 2770.95 kg. ha-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on soil chemical properties in a clover- rice cropping system
Abbas Shahdi KumlehOne of the main pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of biofertilizers in agro-ecosystems to modify and reduce the use of chemical inputs. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of growth promoting bacteria on soil chemical properties in a clover- MoreOne of the main pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of biofertilizers in agro-ecosystems to modify and reduce the use of chemical inputs. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of growth promoting bacteria on soil chemical properties in a clover- rice cropping system using a factorial experiment with randomized complete blocks having three replications at the research site of Rice Research Institute of Iran, during 2015- 17. Experimental factors for clover included four levels of inoculation with symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium trifolii and four levels of inoculation with non- symbiotic plant growth promoting bacteria. The results showed that clover cultivation led to a significant increase in the percentage of soil organic carbon (1.79%) and nitrogen (0.216%). The Application of non-symbiotic bacteria in clover cultivation caused a significant increase in soil phosphorus in rice cultivation. The highest amount of soil phosphorus was obtained in treatments of Pseudomonas (12.38%) and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas (11.8 ppm) in rice cultivation. Also, rice cultivation significant reduced available potassium in the second year (121.1 mg/kg) compared to the first year (128.3 mg/kg). According to the overall results of this study, the use of growth promoting bacteria while maintaining and improving the chemical properties of the soil increased the average rice yield in the second year (3250.3 kg/ha). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of Biochar and Zeolite on Cadmium Uptake in Green bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) and Leaching in Saline-alkaline Soil
Nasrin GharahiBackground and Aim: The effect of various biochars and nano-clay on Cd immobilization and uptake by plants has been widely studied, but few studies have focused on the migration of different Cd fractions in saline-alkaline soils. Moreover, the remediation potential of b MoreBackground and Aim: The effect of various biochars and nano-clay on Cd immobilization and uptake by plants has been widely studied, but few studies have focused on the migration of different Cd fractions in saline-alkaline soils. Moreover, the remediation potential of biochar and nano-clay in saline soils polluted with heavy metals is still to be studied. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the Cd movement is influenced by biochar and nano-clay application in soil contaminated with the matter. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and zeolite on the uptake of cadmium by green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its downward movement in saline-alkaline and cadmium-contaminated soils.Method: The present study was carried out under two soil modification materials including wheat straw biochar (Triticum ( and zeolite nanoparticles at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmium-contaminated soil. The soil was collected at 0 to 30 cm depth from a plain in Sejzi, Esfahan. The soil was air-dried and stones, as well as plant litter, were removed, and then the soil was passed through a 5 mm sieve and prepared for the experiment. The heavy metal contaminated soil was created by placing 500 g air-dried soil into a 2 L glass beaker and mixing it with 250 mL cadmium nitrate (1.2 g Cd, Cd(NO3)2· 4H2O). In the Sejzi plain area, three plots were filled with biochar and zeolite at the level of 5 g/kg of cadmium-contaminated soil. After preparing the contaminated soils, green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) were planted in them under natural conditions. Results: The results showed that biomass of green bell pepper increased significantly by 79.2% and 18.3% using biochar and zeolite, respectively. The concentration of cadmium in green bell pepper’s fruit in biochar application was reduced by almost 30% compared to both control and soil treatments with zeolite. Cadmium absorbed by green bell pepper stems was about 50% of the total plant cadmium. Application of 5 gr of biochar and zeolite per kg of soil increased 42% and 78% of soil cadmium in topsoil (0-12 cm), respectively, compared to the subsoil.Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that green bell pepper can be introduced as a cadmium absorber. The results also show the superiority of zeolite treatment over biochar treatment in reducing contamination transfer to the underlying layers of saline and alkaline soils and the addition of biochar caused a greater increase in green bell pepper biomass compared to zeolite nanoparticles in cadmium-contaminated soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Modeling Soil Organic Matter Distribution Using Remote Sensing and Random Forest Model and Kriging in Lenjan County
Fatemeh Shiranitabar Mozhgan Ahmadi NadoushanBackground and Aim: Soil is one of the most important natural resources that provides more than 97% of human food needs. Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important soil quality factor that greatly affects soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Modeli MoreBackground and Aim: Soil is one of the most important natural resources that provides more than 97% of human food needs. Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important soil quality factor that greatly affects soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Modeling and mapping of soil properties are critical in many environmental, climatic, ecological, and hydrological applications. The main objective of this study is to model the distribution of soil organic matter and organic carbon using satellite images and random forest and kriging models in Lenjan County.Method: In this study, digital maps of four main soil parameters including soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, electrical conductivity, and pH are prepared using random forest and Kriging methods in Lenjan County. Based on homogeneous land units, a total of 110 points in the study area are determined, and in these points, samples are taken from a depth of 0 to 30 cm of soil surface. Sampling is done in July 2021 and Sentinel-2 satellite images are acquired from the same month because better information is available this month due to fewer clouds and increased direct reflection from the soil surface. In addition, 16 environmental variables affecting the distribution of soil parameters are used. Various auxiliary variables such as NDVI, NDWI, DEM, and Slope are used for prediction, which are all directly or indirectly extracted from satellite images.Results: The maps obtained by the random forest method showed more accuracy than the kriging method. The zoning map prepared using the random forest method displays much more details than the map prepared by kriging method. The output of the random forest model with the combination of different auxiliary variables showed values equal to 0.312, 0.54, 0.73 and 0.16 of the modeling error for soil organic carbon, organic matter, electrical conductivity and pH, respectively. In the study area, the maximum values of soil organic carbon and organic matter were observed in urban areas and the highest values of electrical conductivity and pH were observed in agricultural lands. The most important variables affecting the spatial distribution of organic carbon and soil organic matter are clay, slope and silt. While in modeling electrical conductivity, silt BI and Aspect and in modeling pH, MNDWI, NDWI and DEM variables are recorded as more important than other variables.Conclusion: In general, this study demonstrates that land use regression models based on random forest method can help mapping soil parameters faster and more efficiently. There is a strong need for efficient and accurate methods, including land use regression, for continuous monitoring of changes in soil quality in different landscapes. Land use regression contributes developing advanced maps of soil quality parameters using cost-effective and accessible spatial information. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effect of Climate Change on SoilOrganic Matter and Biological Activity
Arash Mohammadzadeh Yaser AzimzadehClimate change phenomenon is one of the most important global challenges for mankind in providing sufficient and healthy food for the ever-increasing world population. The leading factors of climate change, such as increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns MoreClimate change phenomenon is one of the most important global challenges for mankind in providing sufficient and healthy food for the ever-increasing world population. The leading factors of climate change, such as increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing the frequency and intensity of weather events, affect soil characteristics, especially in the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions. These changes can directly affect the growth and production of crops. The amount of soil organic matter is one of the most important indicators of soil quality and health, which affects many physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil and is directly and indirectly affected by climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall. On the other hand, the balance of input and output of organic carbon to the soil is effective on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus on global warming and the climate change phenomenon. The results of many forecasts show that in arid and semi-arid regions, climate change will lead to an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Therefore, considering that the amount of organic matter in the soil decreases with the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity, it seems that the phenomenon of climate change will have adverse effects on the amount of soil organic matter and biological activity, and then on the production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, it is very important to use the necessary solutions to mitigate these adverse effects and adapt to the upcoming conditions. Mitigation refers to methods that lead to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide; But the goal of adaptation is to mitigate the inevitable effects of climate change. Based on the results of various publications, compliance with the principles of the conservation agriculture system is considered one of the most important mitigation and adaptation solutions in dealing with the consequences of climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the fact that the climate change phenomenon is an inevitable event and its adverse effects and consequences in human life are felt more and more intense day by day, it is necessary for the management of soil resources to have the necessary foresight regarding the results of this phenomenon on the quality of the soil and the potential of producing agricultural products, especially in Arid and semi-arid areas should be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Interaction of Biochar with Soil Components and its Stability with During Time
Yaser Azimzadeh Arash MohammadzadehBackground and Aim: Biochar is a carbon-rich charcoal material resistant to decomposition, which is produced by heating biomasses in an oxygen-free environment or with limited oxygen. It is used with the aim of increasing organic carbon and improving the physical, chemi MoreBackground and Aim: Biochar is a carbon-rich charcoal material resistant to decomposition, which is produced by heating biomasses in an oxygen-free environment or with limited oxygen. It is used with the aim of increasing organic carbon and improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. Thus its use in the low-fertile soils of hot and dry regions of Iran, which are often deficient in organic carbon, is important. Addition to its high stability in the soil, biochar can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the soil for several hundred to several thousand years. In addition, it can improve soil fertility for a long time by affecting its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The stability of biochar is affected by several factors, such as the characteristics of biochar and soil, the interaction of biochar with soil components and environmental factors, which are examined in this article. Therefore, it is important to use biochar in the soils of arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which are often deficient in organic carbon.Method: In this review article, while investigating the evidences of the high stability of biochar in the soils, the most effective factors the fate of biochar in the soil, including the mechanisms of biochar removal from the soil, biochar stabilization in the soil, and interactions of biochar with soil components, and the gaps and required research areas are presented.Results: Biochar is higher resistant to degradation than the original carbon compounds in biomass. However, by interacting with soil components, biochar undergoes changes over time and is removed from the soil. The intensity of these changes and biochar residence time in the soil depends a lot on the type of biochar; So, biochars produced from grassy biomass and biochars produced at low temperatures are less stable. In addition, biochar interacts with all soil components, including organic matter, mineral particles, nutrients, living organisms, and soil water and atmosphere, and the result of these interactions determines the stability of biochar in soil. External factors such as the presence of plant and induced root changes, wind and water erosions, leaching, and fire also affect the fate of biochar in the soil. Among these, considering the interactions between microorganisms and biochar in soil, it seems that soil microorganisms play the most important role in the decomposition and destruction of biochar in soil. However, mechanisms such as the entrapment of biochar particles inside aggregates, binding of biochar with organic and inorganic components of soil, and inactivation of soil enzymes by biochar can increase the stability and durability of biochar in soil.Conclusion: Considering the very high stability of biochar in soil and the necessity of increasing soil organic carbon as the main factor of soil fertility factor, the use of biochar in Iranian soils it can directly and indirectly improve the fertility of these soils while increasing soil organic carbon. However, after biochar is added to the soil, it interacts with the soil components and its characteristics change and evolve over time (aging). However, due to the novelty of biochar technology and the wide range of its application fields, our information on its interactions with various soil components, its long-term changes and developments in the soil and environment, and its long-term effects on the soil and the environment are not yet clearly defined and much research is needed in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effects of Tree Species on Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Properties in Natural Forest and Plantations of Northern Iran (Case study: Darabkola Forest-Sari)
azam soleimani Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Ali Reza Massah Bavani Mostafa Jafari Rosa FrancavigliaBackground and Objective: One of the things that keep us away from sustainable development is the increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and consequently the rise in global temperature. Forest ecosystems and their optimal management play an important role in reducing atm MoreBackground and Objective: One of the things that keep us away from sustainable development is the increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and consequently the rise in global temperature. Forest ecosystems and their optimal management play an important role in reducing atmospheric carbon. Method: In this study, the effects of natural forests and four plantations on the soil organic carbon and soil properties in Darab Kola forest were investigated. Soil samples were collected in 2016 from three depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. Findings: The results of analysis of variance of soil properties showed that there is a significant difference between the land covers and different depths in most of the studied parameters. Also, soil organic carbon storage at 0-60 cm depth from each of the coatings is reduced as follows: cypress> Alder> Natural forest> Oak> Maple. Discussionand Conclusion: Plantation can play an important role in absorbing carbon dioxide. Of course, different factors such as type of tree species, forestry age and depth of soil, habitat conditions and forestry operations can affect carbon sequestration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Using satellite imagery and spectral data to estimate the amount of soil organic carbon in central Zagros forests in Khoozestan
saeede esmizade ahmad landi hamidreza matinfarBackground & Objective: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important components of soil physical and chemical properties that prevented soil decay and destruction. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of SOC changes using the remote sensing MoreBackground & Objective: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important components of soil physical and chemical properties that prevented soil decay and destruction. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of SOC changes using the remote sensing technique compared with field methods at central Zagros forests in Khoozestan province in Iran over the past 2 decades. Material and Methodology: The soil samples were collected randomly from the soil surface (0-10 cm depth) to estimate the SOC concentrations in the laboratory. Analysis of digital data by using Operational Land Imager (OLI) of satellite Landsat 8 and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor of satellite Landsat 7 images in 2016 (the sampling year) was done to estimate surface organic carbon levels of soil. The main objective was to establish soil organic carbon relation with landsat different bands ratios and also herbal and moisture indexes such as NDVI, SAVI, BSCI, NDMI and NSMI corresponding to the SOC values obtained from soil samples of the forest areas in the central Zagros mountain, and for that purpose these data were evaluated using different linear regression methods. Findings: The best fit model of stepwise regression method showed R2 value of 0.435 for landsat 8 and R2 value of 0.501 for landsat 7 and finally based on these results, evaluation of SOC changes occurred in previous years. Discussion and conclusion: Results show the significant relationship between soil organic carbon and the reflectance in the Visible, Near-Infrared and Short-wave Infrared part of the spectrum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The effect of Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water on soil carbon sequestration and growth of hard wood trees
Zia Azdoo fatemeh Ahmadloo gholamreza Goodarzi Ali Farmahini Farahani Hashem KeneshloBackground & Objective: The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 MoreBackground & Objective: The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 years on soil carbon sequestration and growth of 7 hard woods trees species was the purpose of this study.Method: In the present study, seedlings were cultivated after ground preparing as a group at 3 × 3 m. spacing based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in March 2011. For determination of the effect irrigation type on soil carbon sequestration, in the fifth year, soil sampling was taken by drilling at soil five profiles from tree consecutive depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) under the crown of the trees. In evaluating the growth of hardwood tree species at the end of the fifth year, characteristics of height, collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, percentage of survival and percentage of vitality were measured.Findings: The results of the study on the amount of soil carbon sequestration in different depths showed that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater increased the organic carbon content of the soil, which it’s the highest content is in the depth of 60-90 cm of soil. Among the species planted, in irrigation with well water, the highest height was in species of Ailanthus altissima and collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, and percentage of vitality were in species of Melia azedarach. In irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, there were the highest height in species of Robinia pseudoacacia, diameter of collar in species of Elaeagnus angustifolia, canopy cover diameter and canopy cover area in species of M. azedarach and vitality in two species of M. azedarach and Celtis australis. There were the lowest percentage of survival in species of Acer negundo in both of irrigation system.Discussion and Conclusions: The main effect of irrigation type did not show significant statistical difference. Species of A. negundo was more susceptible to water supply and soil conditions and was not suitable for planting in this area. Species of M. azedarach is the most consistent in the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Evaluation of Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Nonlinear Regression Modeling for the determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon
Taher Ahmadzadeh Naser Mehrdadi Mojtaba Ardestani Akbar BaghvandAbstract Background and Objective: Monitoring of organic carbon in water resources is a critical quality index in environmental management, water quality monitoring and drinking water projects. In this study, the performance and applicability of artificial neural networ MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Monitoring of organic carbon in water resources is a critical quality index in environmental management, water quality monitoring and drinking water projects. In this study, the performance and applicability of artificial neural network and multiple nonlinear regression modeling were investigated and optimized for the prediction of dissolved organic carbon. Method: Optimization was performed using backward elimination method with the highest probable correlation coefficient and minimum number of input parameters. Findings: Model verification showed a good agreement between the predicted organic carbon and actual observations. Results showed the acceptable performance of neural network model with the mean absolute error percentage of 7.6% and correlation coefficient of 0.91. Discussion and Conclusion: Further investigations unveiled that although the multiple regression model, with mean absolute error percentage of 8.4% and correlation coefficient of 0.89, seems to be less appealing but its fast run-time and better performance in critical conditions makes it a better choice for the prediction of organic carbon in aqueous solotions with high range of qualitative changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Study of Metals Flocculation during Estuarine Mixing in South of Iran
Ayda Baiati Abdorreza KarbasiEstuaries are considered as important zones for the occurrence of environmental، biological and geochemical processes. Elements are carried to the sea through rivers and estuaries are pathways for this transmission. In estuaries dissolved elements of river water ooze ou MoreEstuaries are considered as important zones for the occurrence of environmental، biological and geochemical processes. Elements are carried to the sea through rivers and estuaries are pathways for this transmission. In estuaries dissolved elements of river water ooze out of dissolved phase due to several estuarine processes such as flocculation. In the present investigation، for the first time of flocculation Zn، Cu، Pb، Ni and Mn during mixing of a filtered sample (0.45µm) from Persian Gulf water with a filtered water sample taken from the Minab river in 9 different salinity proportions is studied. For the first time flocculation of elements in relation to redox potential (Eh) is investigated and the results indicated that elemental flocculation during estuarine mixing is not controlled by (Eh). The flocculation trend of studied metals is Cu (83.3%)> Ni (82.9)> Zn (75.2%)> Mn (69.4%) > Pb (38%). Flocculation rate varies considerably from one metal to another. Highest flocculation of metals occurs between salinities of 3.3‰ to 11.4‰. Statistical analysis indicate that flocculation of metals (except for Pb) is governed by dissolved organic carbon whose source is teri-genous in the area of study. The amount of metal flocculation is about 30.5، 6.6، 25.3، 10.4 and 36.5 ton/yr for Zn، Pb، Ni، Cu and Mn، respectively، as a result of mixing of Minab river water with the Persian Gulf water. Therefore estuarine processes can be considered as effective mechanisms in clean up of colloidal metals that are anthrop pogenically entered into the fresh water ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigating the Efficiency of Enhanced Coagulation Process for the Removal of Humic Substances from Water
Mohammad Mehdi Amin Mahdi Safari Reza Rezaee Afshin MalekiBackground and Objective: Humic acids are main components of natural organic matters that have many negative effects, especially reaction with chlorine and production of disinfection by-products in water. Thus, the methods for the removal of these substances from water MoreBackground and Objective: Humic acids are main components of natural organic matters that have many negative effects, especially reaction with chlorine and production of disinfection by-products in water. Thus, the methods for the removal of these substances from water have been considered. Enhanced coagulation is a simple, suitable and efficient process for the removal of humic substances. Method: This study evaluates the enhanced coagulation effectiveness, as a suitable method for the removal of humic substance by polyaluminium chloride as a coagulant in a concentration between 1 to 20 mg/l in jar test. Results: Dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance, specific ultraviolet absorbance and humic acid were determined as humic substances indexes in concentration between 0.1 to 5 mg/l. According to the obtained results, high level of specific ultraviolet absorbance index in the water source showed that enhanced coagulation was necessary for the removal of humic substance. Also, according to the obtained results, the average removal efficiency obtained by enhanced coagulation for humic acid was 52%, for dissolved organic carbon was 43% and for UV254 was 57%. Conclusion: It was concluded that employing polyaluminium as a coagulant in enhanced coagulation process is inexpensive, suitable and efficient and can remove humic substance to optimum value without decreasing turbidity efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability in Lenjan district toTotal Organic Carbon, Nitrate and Cations and Anions using GIS in Pilot Scale
Afshin Ebrahimi Mohammad Mahdi Amin Mahdi Hajian Bijhan BinaGroundwaters can be polluted due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. These water resources are directly used as community’s drinking water. Therefor, pollution vulnerability assessment of them can help the local and national managers and decision make MoreGroundwaters can be polluted due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. These water resources are directly used as community’s drinking water. Therefor, pollution vulnerability assessment of them can help the local and national managers and decision makers in control of many discharged pollutants. For this purpose, the aquifer vulnerability of Najaf Abad plain (Lenjan District) has been surveyed in this study. Today, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for assessment of vulnerability of groundwater systems. Therefor, GIS was also used to determine the different degrees of vulnerability in the study area. For this purpose, different information layers were prepared. These information layers included electrical conductivity, nitrate, total organic carbon, sulfate, chloride and total hardness concentration which were obtained from 25 wells in Lenjan district through sampling during 4 seasons from summer of 2008 to spring of 2009. Finally, after weight ratings and overlaying of the information layers, the vulnerability of areas were determined both seasonally and annually. Results of chemical analysis of the samples showed that the highest concentrations of nitrate, total hardness, chloride, sulfate and EC levels for spring of 2009 were 98, 3800, 6745, and 3780 mg/L and 14.5 mS/cm, respectively. In contrast, the highest concentration of TOC occurred in summer of 2008 was 21.6 mg/L. However, the lowest concentrations of these agrichemicals were recorded in summer and autumn of 2008. The results obtained with the help of GIS showed that the area in the center of Lenjan district, that had clay type of soil and average groundwater depth compared to the adjacent regions, had the lowest vulnerability to analyzed pollutants. Therefore, vulnerability of the areas increased by moving towards the east of Lenjan district. Thus, digging a well in this vulnerable area will be faced with water resources pollution Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Soil organic carbon and soil organic carbon pool in the managed and unmanaged beech-hornbeam stand
Maryam Moslehi Hashem Habashi Ramin Rahmani Hormoz Sohrabi Khosro SaghebtalebiBackground and Objective: In the present study the impact of silviculture activities on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) in the mixed beech-carpinus forest located in district one of Shastkolate forest, Golestan province, was investigated. M MoreBackground and Objective: In the present study the impact of silviculture activities on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) in the mixed beech-carpinus forest located in district one of Shastkolate forest, Golestan province, was investigated. Method: In the first month of growth season in 2014, from 4 one-hectare treatments, 80 soil samples were randomly collected (up to depth of 20 cm) for organic carbon and coarse fragments estimation and 80 soil sample cylinders were collected for bulk density measurement. Treatments were 3 managed forests (selection system) in time periods of 1, 7 and 10 after the last disturbance and 1 unmanaged forest (control). Amounts of SOC and SOCP in different treatments were compared by one-way variance analysis. Findings: Result showed that the amounts of SOC and SOCP in 4 treatments were different significantly (p< 0.05). Also the highest and the lowest SOC and SOCP were observed in the control and managed treatment 1, respectively. Correlation of soil properties was investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Organic matter, bulk density and fragments had negative correlation (p< 0.01). Control forest, managed treatments 1, 2 and 3 absorbed 280.021, 124.046, 143.497 and 181.298 ton CO2 from atmosphere to store 76.3, 33.8, 39.1 and 49.4 ton carbon in soil in one hectare (0-20 cm), respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Role of Biochar in the Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils
Younes Shukuhifar Reza Hassanpour Bahman Khoshru Hossein BesharatiBackground and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the exp MoreBackground and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the expansion of salt-affected areas. In the last decade, a great focus has been made on the application of biochar in farming systems with the primary aim of organic carbon sequestration in soil and subsequently reducing greenhouse gases emission to air and also reclaim soils, and increasing soil fertility. But these studies often were in non-saline soils and it is needed to study the biochar effect in salt-affected soils. Material and Methodology: Due to the lack of research on the role of biochar in salt-affected soils, this paper first provides an overview of the extent and problems of these soils. Then, the researches on the effect of biochar on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and remeduatuib if sakt-affected soils were reviewed and study and research gaps in this field were investigated. Findings: The application of biochar in the soil causes the sequestration of carbon in the soil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the salt-affected soils, biochar, as an organic soil amendment, improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby mitigating the effects of salt on soil and plants. Discussion and Conclusion: Carbon sequestration and improvement of soil quality are the two reported general benefits of biochar application in soil. The results of researches in this field are different depending on the source and method of biochar preparation, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Therefore, various studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of biochar effect on the properties of salt-affected soils and their remediation. It is not possible to provide a practical solution by doing some research, but developing scientific findings in this field can guide future policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Studying the Effect of Exclosure and Pit-Seeding on Soil Properties of Rangelands (Case study: Darani Rangelands, Tuyserkan City, Hamadan Province)
Maryam Ahmadvand Davoud AkhzariBackground and Objective: Today, there are concerns related to the increase in livestock and its destructive effects, including soil compaction, soil degradation, erosion, and water pollution. One of the common ways to rangeland rehabilitation and restore it ability is MoreBackground and Objective: Today, there are concerns related to the increase in livestock and its destructive effects, including soil compaction, soil degradation, erosion, and water pollution. One of the common ways to rangeland rehabilitation and restore it ability is plantation and exclosure. Material and Methodology: To conduct this research, 10 transects of 100 meters were established in study area (each transect was 50 meters away from the previous transect). Along each transect, ten 1×1 meter plots were determined and a 100 gr soil sample was taken from 3 depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm in each plot. Similarly, the same number of samples were also taken in the adjacent region which was not cultivated and wsa considered as a control area. The samples were taken to the laboratory to measure bulk density, soil moisture content, pH, EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and soil organic carbon. Then, they were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (P≤0.05). Findings: The results showed that in the grazed region, the bulk density, EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon of the soil were significantly higher than those of pit-seeding area. The results also showed that the soil moisture and pH were not significantly differed in the two studied regions. Discussion and Conclusions: The soil bulk density increased with grazing and trampling due to soil compaction. The electrical conductivity of the exclosure area was also lower than those of grazed area due to the increase in vegetation and the reduction of evaporation and transpiration in the exclosure region. The increase in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon in the soil in the grazed area is probably due to their absorption by the roots of plant species and the return of these nutrition to the surface layers of the soil through the excrement of the livestock. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Study of soil organic carbon changes in two critical and vulnerable areas of Qahavand plain rangelands using remote sensing and GIS
Behnaz Attaeian Shahrokh Shojaeefar Vahid Zandieh Soheila S. HashemiOrganic carbon is a major source of soil organic matter and an indicator of soil quality in natural ecosystems. Therefore, monitoring soil organic carbon reservoirs under different circumstances seems necessary to understand the global C cycles. The present study was ai MoreOrganic carbon is a major source of soil organic matter and an indicator of soil quality in natural ecosystems. Therefore, monitoring soil organic carbon reservoirs under different circumstances seems necessary to understand the global C cycles. The present study was aimed to evaluate soil organic carbon content in two critical and vulnerable sites of the Qahavand rangeland ecosystem which has experienced extensive desertification in the last decades. The soil sampling from 20 cm was done at 63 points at random locations in two critical and vulnerable sites. Then, 9 different indices of vegetation and light Including NDVI, RVI, SAVI, MSAVI, TSAVI, OSAVI, WDVI, NDBI and BI related to 63 sampling point was calculated based on satellite images. Furthermore, the NDVI, RVI, SAVI, MSAVI, TSAVI, OSAVI, NDBI and BI indices showed a relatively good Pearson correlation with soil organic carbon content with the R2 values of 0.41, 0.38, 0.38, 0.41, 0.40, 0.39, -0.44 and 0.48. These results represent the possibility of using Landsat 8 satellite image indices to monitor soil organic carbon reservoirs in the Qahavand plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Comparison vegetation indices and tasseled cap transformation for estimates of soil organic carbon using Landsat-8 OLI images in a semi-steppe rangelands
Masoumeh Aghababaie Ataollah Ebrahimi Pejman TahmasebiIn this research, the capability of Landsat-8 OLI data for generating a soil organic carbon (SOC) map is investigated in a semi-steppe rangeland of Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province. To do so, in the June 2013 ground sampling was performed based on a systematic-random MoreIn this research, the capability of Landsat-8 OLI data for generating a soil organic carbon (SOC) map is investigated in a semi-steppe rangeland of Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province. To do so, in the June 2013 ground sampling was performed based on a systematic-random scheme in 24 sampling sites within each site 3 transects was established and along each transect 5 soil samples were chosen and collected from 0 to 20 cm depth and SOC content of the samples was measured. In order to compare, on ground sampled values of SOC with the corresponding and Landsat-8 OLI data (June 2013), vegetation indices and tasseled cap transformation bands were calculated and extracted from the study area. The values of vegetation indices and tasseled cap transformation bands (dependent variable) were regressed against organic carbon values (independent variable) at site level in SPSS software. Finally, the SOC map was drawn based on the best-fitted model between the independent and dependent variable. The results showed that amongst vegetation indices, PVI and Brightness band have the most significant correlation with SOC. Finally, the SOC maps of the study area were drawn by the quadratic linear regression after finding the best regression fit between SOC and vegetation index as well as the tasseled cap. The results of the validation test show that between vegetation indices the PVI index (R=0.53) and tasseled cap transformation bands (R=0.63) showed the highest correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC). Finally, by calculating the fitting of binary linear regression, organic carbon maps were prepared. The validation results of the model indicate that there is no significant difference between ground sampled SOC and extracted values of vegetation indices and tasseled cap. Therefore, the spectral data of the Landsat-8 satellite images (OLI) are a valuable source for determining the soil organic carbon changes in such areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Classification of the most important spectral factors extracted from Landsat-8 images in explaining the topsoil organic carbon in semi-steppe rangelands using exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
Saeedeh Nateghi Rostam Khalifehzadeh Mahshid Souri Morteza KhodagholiBackground and ObjectiveSoil organic carbon in rangeland ecosystems has a variety of functions such as increasing soil fertility, controlling erosion, increasing soil water permeability and, reducing the effects of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is a key indicator in d MoreBackground and ObjectiveSoil organic carbon in rangeland ecosystems has a variety of functions such as increasing soil fertility, controlling erosion, increasing soil water permeability and, reducing the effects of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is a key indicator in determining soil health that affects all physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. The large area of the country's rangelands causes a serious challenge to the use of traditional methods in estimating soil organic carbon. In such situations, the use of remote sensing capabilities can be considered as a suitable option for monitoring the organic carbon of the country's rangeland soils. The aim of this study was to determine the most important spectral factors affecting topsoil organic carbon in two summer rangelands. Materials and Methods This research was carried out in two summer rangelands of Lazour and Asaran. The first rangeland (Lazour) with an area of 8150 hectares and an average height of 2875 meters is located in the range of eastern longitudes 52.514 to 52.694 degrees and northern latitudes 35.855 to 35.934 degrees in Tehran province. The second Rangeland (Asaran) with an area of 5642 hectares and an average height of 2465 meters is located in the range of eastern longitudes 53.265 to 53.392 degrees and northern latitudes 35.804 to 35.882 degrees in Semnan province. In this research, the data of the OLI sensor of the Landsat 8 satellite were used. After pre-processing satellite imagery of the studied areas, Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance layers of bands 2 to 7 along with the variables of surface albedo, Clay index, Carbonate index, Grain Size index, NDVI, brightness, greenness, and wetness index of Tasseled cap transformation were calculated. In each of the target areas, using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) maps, the slope, aspect, and hypsometric maps were prepared and by combining the last three layers with each other, a map of homogeneous sampling units was obtained. Soil sampling was performed using the stratified-random sampling pattern. In this way, in each of the homogeneous units, according to its area, several soil samples were randomly taken from a depth of zero to 20 cm and the amount of organic carbon of the samples was measured using the Walkley-Black method. Results and Discussion The results of this study showed that the spectral variables of Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance layers of bands 2 to 7 along with the variables of surface albedo, Clay index, NDVI, brightness, greenness, and wetness index of Tasseled cap transformation have a significant correlation with topsoil organic carbon (p < 0.01). Also, the results of factor analysis by principal component analysis (PCA) with eigenvalues greater than one showed that the total cumulative variance explained by the 12 variables is 91.74%, which was explained by two factors. The first factor (soil color) explained 76.6% of the variance and the second factor (vegetation and soil texture) explained 15.14% of the variance. Conclusion The results of this study confirm the existence of a significant relationship between topsoil organic carbon and spectral factors extracted from Landsat 8 OLI sensor data in semi-steppe rangelands. Because of the large area of rangelands in Iran, the use of traditional methods in estimating soil organic carbon is not possible due to the need to spend a lot of time and money. And in such situations, the use of Remote sensing (RS) capabilities can be considered as a suitable option for monitoring the topsoil organic carbon in the rangelands. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigation of firing effect in rangelands on soil organic carbon changes using remotely sensed based indices
Somayeh Saati Zarei Behnaz AttaeianBackground and ObjectiveRangelands are one of the natural ecosystems that have an important part of soil carbon reservoirs and also, as very diverse genetic reservoirs guarantee the dynamics of the ecosystem. Fire is a natural factor in rangelands burning most of the ex MoreBackground and ObjectiveRangelands are one of the natural ecosystems that have an important part of soil carbon reservoirs and also, as very diverse genetic reservoirs guarantee the dynamics of the ecosystem. Fire is a natural factor in rangelands burning most of the existing natural cover. Rangeland fires directly alter soil microbial activity by burning soil microorganisms and indirectly by reducing organic matter, altering soil organic matter quality and other soil properties. Investigating the positive and negative effects of fire on ecosystems, especially on soil properties, has led researchers to look for alternative methods, instead of direct methods, which are generally very costly and time-consuming. One of the new methods and technologies that are very useful in the field of natural resources is satellite remote sensing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of fire on organic carbon, acidity, and electrical conductivity of rangeland soils in the Gonbad region of Hamadan, and to investigate the capability of remotely sensed data in the indirect estimation of soil surface carbon in semi-arid rangelands after the fire. Materials and Methods In this study, 20 soil samples were taken from each site from a depth of 0-10 cm (40 samples in total) and the coordinates of each sampling point were recorded with a GPS device. Sampling was performed 15 to 20 days after the fire in early October. After transferring to the laboratory, the samples were used to measure the amount of soil organic carbon. Then, the statistical relationship between non-burned areas and burned areas was examined and analyzed by an independent t-test. Indirect estimation of soil surface organic carbon at non-burned and burned sites was also investigated and their changes were evaluated using remote sensing satellite imagery. For this purpose, after performing the pre and post-processing on satellite data, the corresponding values of spectral reflectance of each pixel with sampling points at different wavelengths and spectral indices were extracted, and the correlation and regression equation of indices with the Carbon reservoirs were analyzed. Results and Discussion The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that among all spectral indices, only the HI index was correlated with soil organic carbon in the short time and in the non-burned site. Besides, among all indices, BI, NDBI, NDVI, SAVI, VCI, and VHI indices were correlated with the EC value in the non-burned site. At the non-burned site, there was a significant correlation between most spectral indices and soil EC, which was eliminated after the fire at the burned site. Regarding the correlation between pH and spectral indices, it was observed that there is a correlation between some spectral indices and pH. As a matter of fact, it can be concluded that the fire has caused a large change in the rate of reflection and propagation of waves from the soil surface so that in the non-burned site, the indices were correlated with EC, but in the burned site, the correlation between indices and EC was completely eliminated, and instead, a correlation has been established between the indices and the pH. Furthermore, none of the spectral indices in April 2017 at the non-burned site had a significant positive or negative correlation with soil organic carbon, and the results showed that after six months of the fire, the soil carbon changes were not such that the spectral indices could be examined its process. Comparing the results of October 2016 with the results of April 2017 on the non-burned site, it was found that after six months, the NBR index has found a significant correlation with the EC rate, but the BI and VHI indices have lost their correlation. According to the NBR index and the SWIR2 band, it seems that after six months from the occurrence of the fire, changes have occurred in the control site, which has led to a correlation between this index and soil EC. Since the amount of reflected energy from the earth's surface depends on several factors such as soil moisture, changes in soil organic matter content, and surface cover, so the effect of these factors on the soil reflectance should be considered in the growing season. Failure to change these results after six months can prove that the positive and negative effects of the fire have not disappeared in a short period of six months and a longer time is needed for the situation to return to normal. Conclusion According to the results, it was found that soil organic carbon reservoirs in burned rangelands in comparison with non-burned rangelands is not significantly different. Deformation and stabilization of soil organic matter due to fire have been studied by many researchers, but the transformation of soil organic matter by fire has often led to heterogeneous and different results. At a depth of 10-20 cm, the fire was found to have no effect on soil organic carbon content, but other researchers found that 6 months after the fire, the amount of carbon in the burned soils increased compared to the non-burned soils. It was also found that the percentage of soil organic carbon decreased significantly three months after the fire. Moreover, in another study on the effect of fire on soil organic carbon, it was found that in the area affected by the fire compared to the control area in one year and two years after the fire, the amount of soil organic carbon has decreased significantly. Since the effect of fire on the physical and chemical properties of soil is strongly influenced by fire intensity, soil moisture, climate, and vegetation, so all these factors have led to different results in investigating the effect of fire on soil organic carbon. Due to environmental conditions, climate, the slope of the area, soil texture and structure, and factors related to fire such as its intensity and duration, the amount of soil carbon has changed. For example, in the event of a medium-sized fire, the conditions for vegetation regrowth are faster, but in the event of a severe fire, the entire organic layer of the soil surface is generally removed and carbon is reduced over time. Also, in examining the correlation between spectral indices and soil organic carbon, it was found that only the HI index with soil organic carbon was significant at the non-burned site, but no correlation was observed at the burned site. This can be examined by examining the spectrum of visible blue and green wavelengths in the mathematical relationship of this index because only in this index the green and blue wavelength spectrum have been used. According to the results of other researchers, it seems that estimating soil organic carbon using remote sensing has certain complexities. Since soil organic carbon has the greatest impact on soil color, it is difficult to estimate it using remotely sensed data if its amount is low. The occurrence of fire in the region has a major impact on the spectral reflectance of surface soil so that after the fire in a short time the correlation of HI index with soil organic carbon is lost. According to the results of the present research, it seems that the main point about the impact of fire on soil organic carbon is the time and the opportunity for soil to change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of Different Ratios Municipal Wastewater Applied in Irrigation Water on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
Alireza Ameri Najme YazdanpanahThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different combinations of waste water and well water with the approach of using unconventional water on some physical and chemical properties of soil. For this purpose، a factorial experiment was conducted in MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different combinations of waste water and well water with the approach of using unconventional water on some physical and chemical properties of soil. For this purpose، a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three factors. The main factors include irrigation with waste water to well water ratio in 5 levels including I1 (control: irrigation with well water)، I2 (75% well water and 25% waste water)، I3 (50% well water and 50% waste water)، I4 (25% well water and 75% waste water) and I5 (irrigation with 100% waste water)، the second factor includes two soil depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm) and the third factor includes the duration of irrigation in 5 levels (zero، 1، 2، 3 and 4 months). The results showed that soil salinity، pH and organic carbon increased with increasing irrigation time. The highest increase in salinity was observed after 4 months in I5 treatment with about 37% increase compared to the control treatment. The amount of organic carbon in treatments I4 and I5 in the surface layer increased by about 60% compared to the subsurface layer. However، waste water consumption improved hydraulic conductivity compared to well water، so that its amount increased in I5 treatment، at surface and subsurface depth by 76.7% and 80%، respectively، compared to the control treatment. The findings of this study showed that the use of treated wastewater as one of the unconventional water sources، despite increasing soil salinity، can increase organic carbon and improve soil permeability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Evaluation of Microbial Biomass and Soil Carbon as Well as Weed Parameters on Potato Production Affected Different Weed Management
Afshar Azadbakht Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim Hamid Reza Mohammadduost Chamanabad Akbar Ghavidel -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluation Effect of Biological Fertilizer (Nitroxin case study) on Corn (Zea mays L.) Crop Production
Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
25 - Determining the amount of total organic carbon using satellite imagery and artificial neural network model (Case study area: Mountain Mish, Gachsaran city)
kamran mojardThe amount of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important parameter in evaluating hydrocarbon source rocks. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate of source rock by a method. There are several methods for estimating the of source rocks. One of the earliest m MoreThe amount of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important parameter in evaluating hydrocarbon source rocks. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate of source rock by a method. There are several methods for estimating the of source rocks. One of the earliest methods is the traditional method, which is very expensive and time consuming, so researchers are looking for more efficient methods. Given the high potential of remote sensing and spectral VIR spectra, the VNIR makes it possible to estimate the characteristics of the origin rock at a lower cost basis. Different quantitative and qualitative methods are used to establish a relationship between the concentration of rock elements and the spectrum obtained from remote sensing data. In this study, we tried to estimate the total organic carbon content of the total origin rock using the OLI Landsat 8 image sensor and using the MLP artificial neural network model. For this purpose, the band of 5 spectral ranges (0.845-0.8585) with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.62 was chosen for the neural network. An artificial neural network with neurons in the secret layer with R2 = 0.79 and RMSE = 0.0008 were selected to generate a total organic carbon map. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Investigation of accumulation and pollution of heavy metals (mercury, lead, nickel and vanadium) related to oil and petrochemical industries in mud and sandy sediments in the Creek of Mahshar
samira esmaili Mahnaz sadat sadeghi mozhgan emtyazjooPollution of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals is one of the global problems in developed countries. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of heavy metals nickel, lead, mercury and vanadium by sampling sediments using Vane Veen Grab at depths of 5, 10 and MorePollution of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals is one of the global problems in developed countries. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of heavy metals nickel, lead, mercury and vanadium by sampling sediments using Vane Veen Grab at depths of 5, 10 and 15 meters from 4 stations including estuary Musa, Ahmadi, Ghazaleh and Ghanam in the port. Imam Khomeini was paid in 1396. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the average concentration of metals in different stations 38.79 to 64.17 for nickel, 2.23 to 13.18 for lead, 0.87 to 8.12 for mercury and 39.32 to 62.26 μg / g was obtained for vanadium. The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the concentration of metals in different stations was significantly different (P <0.05), the highest concentration was related to nickel and the lowest was related to mercury.. The results of ANOVA test showed that the concentration of metals was significantly different in sediment particles (P <0.05). The highest concentration of metals was observed in clay particles. There was no significant difference between metal concentrations at different depths (P> 0.05). Igeo was calculated to evaluate the level of metal pollution and based on this index, it was determined that Musa and Ahmadi estuaries are contaminated with respect to all metals, Ghazaleh estuary with respect to mercury and nickel, but Ghanam estuary is not contaminated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Glycine betaine aldehyde as a promising new source of valuable physiological indices of Prosopis spp.
Sara Ansari Hossein Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
28 - تاثیر جاده سازی در ذخیره کربن آلی حوزه آبخیز کوهستانی در شمال ایران
کاظم نصرتی سعید جلالیهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تاثیر جاده سازی در میزان ذخیره کربن در حوزه آبخیز زیارت می­باشد. بر این اساس از 5 کاربری جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، جاده و آبراهه نمونه برداری و میزان کربن آلی هر کدام محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان می­دهد جاده سازی عامل کاهش ذخیره کربن آلی بوده و میزا Moreهدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تاثیر جاده سازی در میزان ذخیره کربن در حوزه آبخیز زیارت می­باشد. بر این اساس از 5 کاربری جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، جاده و آبراهه نمونه برداری و میزان کربن آلی هر کدام محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان می­دهد جاده سازی عامل کاهش ذخیره کربن آلی بوده و میزان آن تفاوت زیادی در کاربری جنکل و سایر کاربری­ها دارد. میزان ذخیره کربن آلی در کابری­های جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی، آبراهه و جاده به ترتیب 143، 136، 128، 36 و 29 مگاگرم در هکتار می­باشد. نتایج این مطالعه می­تواند در ترسیب کربن و کاهش گازهای گلخانهای مفید باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Impacts of Land Use Change in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks (Case Study Shahmirzad Lands, Semnan Province, Iran)
Hamed Kashi Maryam Abdipoor Behrooz Arastoo -
Open Access Article
30 - Vegetation Cover Dynamics in Semi-Steppe Rangelands of Ardabil Province, Iran
Jaber Sharifi Amrali Shahmoradi Ehsan Zandi Esfahan Farzaneh Azimi Motem Allah-Verdi Nouri Dolat Mommadi -
Open Access Article
31 - Soil Organic Carbon Content and Stocks in Relation to Grazing Management in Semi-Arid Grasslands of Kenya
Hillary Rotich Richard Onwonga Judith Mbau Oscar Koech -
Open Access Article
32 - Comparing Soil and Phytomass Carbon Sequestration in Two Land Uses: Rangeland and Cropland (Case Study: Mahallat, Galcheshmeh Region, Iran)
Farhad Derakhshan Nourollah Abdi Hamid Torangzar Abbas Ahmadi -
Open Access Article
33 - Indigenous Rangeland Management Systems on Carbon Sequestration in Semi-arid Areas of Eastern Ethiopia
Ahmed Mohammed Kassa Retta Mekete Tahir Abebe Fereja -
Open Access Article
34 - Estimation of Soil Carbon Sequestration Rate in Steppes (Case Study: Saveh Rudshur Steppes)
M. Mahdavi H. Arzani M. Mesdaghi KH. Mahdavi J. Mahmodi M. Alizadeh -
Open Access Article
35 - Mapping Soil Organic Carbon Using IRS-AWIFS Satellite Imagery (Case Study: Dehaghan Rangeland, Isfahan, IRAN)
Hossein Purghaumi Sayed Jamaledin Khagehedin Reza Jaafari Ali Purghaumi
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024