Multilateralism

Open Access Article

1 - A Comparison of the Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches of the United States towards the Nuclear Program of Iran
Hamed Ameri Golestani Behroz Shojaee

Abstract: Iran’s nuclear program is one of the major issues in the relationship of Iran and the United States after the Islamic Revolution. The United States different and ambiguous positions towards the nuclear program of Iran have played a significant role in pr More

Abstract: Iran’s nuclear program is one of the major issues in the relationship of Iran and the United States after the Islamic Revolution. The United States different and ambiguous positions towards the nuclear program of Iran have played a significant role in prolongation and ups and down of the problem. The two approaches of unilateralism and multilateralism are among the most important positions. During George Bush (Junior) presidency, the United States was pursuing unilateralist policies and playing the role of a hegemon. In the last years of Bush administration due to weak policy in the Middle East, it changed into multilateralism. With the arrival of Obama into White House, the United States pursued multilateral policies in various areas including Iranian nuclear program. The outcome of this policy was negotiation with Iran on nuclear program and cooperation with the 5+1 group of countries and a change in Iran’s position. The present article by a comparative approach wants to compare the two approaches of the United States. The main question of the article is “how can we compare the approaches of Bush administration and Obama administration about Iranian nuclear program?” The underlying hypothesis is that the comparison of the policies of the two administrations shows that hegemony and militarism is the indicators of unilateralism and international cooperation and institutionalism are important indicators of multilateralism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Logic and Worldview of Foreign Policy of Rouhani's Administration
mohammad mahmoodikia

Abstract: With the victory of Hassan Rouhani in Iran’s presidential elections and coming into power the so called moderate movement thinking one can observe a different kind of policies in both domestic and foreign policy fields. In the new policies of Rouhani go More

Abstract: With the victory of Hassan Rouhani in Iran’s presidential elections and coming into power the so called moderate movement thinking one can observe a different kind of policies in both domestic and foreign policy fields. In the new policies of Rouhani government, one can notice multilateralism, interaction with international community and breaking isolation caused by the United Nations Security Council resolutions. This approach led to a prolong negotiations with 5+1 countries and the conclusion of Joint Comprehensive Program of Action (JCPA) which seemed to open up Iran’s relations with many countries. Besides it seemed that the above agreement could be a good model for solving other issues related to the differences of Iran and the West. The present article argues that the logic behind the policies of Rouhani government is largely influenced by multilateralism. The components of this line of thinking are derived from a particular world view inspired by religious values existing in Iran domestic context and an anti-hegemonic belief of Iran in international scene. The finding of the study shows that the principle and belief of Rouhani government is a foreign policy based on a kind of “anti-hegemonic multilateralism”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Moving from Multilateralism 1.0 to Multilateralism 2.0 in the context of the European Union
saeedeh moradifar javad Rekabi sharbaf

10.30495/pir.2021.682853

The presence of non-state actors, such as the European Union, in international relations, has revolutionized the nature of multilateralism. This development has led to the emergence of a new type of multilateralism called multilateralism2.0 or modern multilateralism. Th More

The presence of non-state actors, such as the European Union, in international relations, has revolutionized the nature of multilateralism. This development has led to the emergence of a new type of multilateralism called multilateralism2.0 or modern multilateralism. This concept is taken from Web 2.0 and its main features are the diversity of multilateral organizations, the growing importance of non-governmental actors such as regional organizations, multipolar order, and open system. The authors, therefore, seek to introduce the concept of multilateralism as a metaphor for understanding the role of the European Union in the evolving context of international relations. This article seeks to answer this question: how the EU has been at the forefront of this kind of multilateralism. The authors argue that entry into multilateralism2.0 requires the role of regional actors. The European Union, as a regional player with membership in the United Nations and the G8, has been able to lead the way in modern multilateralism. In fact, in order to redefine its role in the context of the international system, the European Union has sought to adapt to these developments. In this article, the authors tried to evaluate the question and hypothesis of the article in a descriptive-analytical manner. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The impacts of Donald Trump's policies on the fulfillment of the American Dream in international system
Mohammadreza Asl Javadian Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin Seyed Ali Tabatabaei Panah

10.30495/pir.2022.1949115.3431

Since Donald Trump took office as US president, the American foreign policy experienced a new era and the discourse approach chosen by the US government, according to some pundits, challenged the foundations and structures the US foreign policy had built as a hegemon in More

Since Donald Trump took office as US president, the American foreign policy experienced a new era and the discourse approach chosen by the US government, according to some pundits, challenged the foundations and structures the US foreign policy had built as a hegemon in the world. This paper tries to explain the repercussions of the Trump administration's measures on the "American Dream" at the global level through an explanatory formative method. The question of the paper focuses on the impacts of Donald Trump's policies on the fulfillment of the "American Dream" in international system. It is hypothesized that by disregarding the multi-polar order which governs the international relations and also the US withdrawal from international treaties and obligations, the "American Dream" is weekend and has diminished US position in the international system. The results show the Trump administration in the dimensions of multilateralism include; Abandoning international law and establishing unilateralism, NAFTA reform, withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, Trans-Pacific Partnership, and JCPA, review of coalitions, alliances and military commitments, disregard for liberal economic values, review of security commitments India and the Pacific, etc., undermined the American dream. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers toward America: Accompanying or Balancing? (Case Study: BRICS)
Seyed Ahmad Fatemi Nejad Samaneh Shafi Zadeh Fatemeh Daneshvar

Abstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to stre More

Abstract: BRICS is a group of emerging powers consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa who are pursuing a revisionist foreign policy in challenge to the United States unilateralism in international relations. This group of countries is trying to strengthen economic, political and demographic potentials of themselves and can constitute the as main poles of a multi-polar structure of future world. Meanwhile the attempt of this group of countries for creating a multilateral system is a usual practice in international relations which is based on their potentials. The question raised by the present article is what is the foreign policy of BRICS towards the unilateralism practiced by the United States in international relations? The underlying hypothesis is that BRICS has chosen a kind of revisionist policy based on soft balancing against the United States unilateralism. The theory of soft balance should be a suitable approach to examine the hypothesis through two variables, i.e. “disparity of power” and “economic dependency”. Finding of the study shows that BRICS is indirectly trying to strengthen multilateralism in international relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Change and Continuity in Foreign Policy of Brazil towards Islamic Republic of Iran
Esmaeil Shafiee Abdol Rahman Afshari Neda Shahnori

Abstract: The present article wants to study change and continuity in Brazilian foreign policy in her relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article by a descriptive-analytical method examines the role of Brazil in international political scene and its impact More

Abstract: The present article wants to study change and continuity in Brazilian foreign policy in her relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The article by a descriptive-analytical method examines the role of Brazil in international political scene and its impact on nuclear dossier of Iran. The nuclear program of Iran not only has been an important issue for the world big powers but the medium powers also have tried to enter it and mediate in the issue in order to increase their influencing power in world arena. One of these medium powers is Brazil which in a short span of time entered the nuclear dossier of Iran and took certain measures in this direction. The present article tires to find out the causes of entry of a medium power from a distant geographical region into the nuclear issue of Iran. Brazil by presenting new ways for nearing the viewpoints of Iran and 5+1 group of countries tried to play active diplomatic role. But Brazil could not break the Western countries and their allies’ consensus against Iran and eventually followed the path decided by the big powers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Comparative Study on the Obama and Trump Administrations’ Foreign Policy Approaches
Saeid Khosravi Zahra Emami

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Viral World War (VWW): Where do COVID-19, Multilateralism and the International Law Stand?
Adib Bazgir

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Requirements of Iranian Energy Diplomacy in International Political Economy
Akbar Sadeghi Seyyed Jalal Dehghani Firouz Abadi Hadi Ajili

Energy diplomacy can be considered as part of the macro-energy policy of Iran in different periods. This will provide the necessary resources to maintain and increase Iran's share in the global economic market. Energy as a geopolitical variable has opened a special plac More

Energy diplomacy can be considered as part of the macro-energy policy of Iran in different periods. This will provide the necessary resources to maintain and increase Iran's share in the global economic market. Energy as a geopolitical variable has opened a special place to power relations in the contemporary global system and access to energy resources for all levels of global hierarchy of power has become strategic. Hence, each of the actors in the global system is seeking a meaningful definition of the position of their energy diplomacy in the world. In the meantime, Iran, with its second largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world's second largest strategic energy ocean center, has an important place in global energy developments.This paper tries to study the issue of energy diplomacy as one of the strategic necessities of Iran. The hypothesis of the paper emphasizes that the use of energy diplomacy provides the necessary ground for reducing international constraints on Iran. The methodology of this paper is based on the approach of international political economy (interdependence). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Comparing Study of Strategies of the EU and U.S. in relation to Combat with Terrorism
Ardeshir Sanaie

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the More

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism, Sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism?  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Effects of September 11 Incident on Russia’s Position in the International System (2001-2010)
SeyedMohammad Tabatabaie Razieh Hazrati

Abstract September 11 incident leaded to some principle changes in international security and many see it evens more important than the results of the Cold War. This incident not only changed the structure of international system, but made countries to redefine their f More

Abstract September 11 incident leaded to some principle changes in international security and many see it evens more important than the results of the Cold War. This incident not only changed the structure of international system, but made countries to redefine their foreign relations. US relation with its rival in Cold War, Russia, entered into a new stage. The question studied in this paper is: “what are the effects of 9/11 on Russia`s position in international system?” The hypothesis is that the 9/11 incident leaded to an increasing role of Russia in the international system according to the security and political requirements of the US. In this article, the reasons of cooperation between Russia and US is based on offensive realism, US security and its political requirements of the after 9/11 and its effects on the increasing importance of Russia`s position in international system are carefully studied.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Multilateral Culturalism: An Interactive Model in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Maryam Derakhshandeh lazarjani mohamadreza dehshiri

  The present era in the world of communication and the move towards global civilization has made cultural diplomacy a special manifestation of the elements and components of foreign policy and the effective and sustained engagement in today's world. One of the re More

  The present era in the world of communication and the move towards global civilization has made cultural diplomacy a special manifestation of the elements and components of foreign policy and the effective and sustained engagement in today's world. One of the requirements of this diplomacy is a multilateralist approach to foreign policy that is rooted in the theory of constructivism aimed at building friendly and lasting relationships through an approach of cooperating mechanisms between governments and inviting their communities to learn from each other in constructing cultural attitudes. The article answers the question of how the multicultural approach to cultural foreign policy in the international arena promotes the Iranian mobility? Within the framework of the analytical-descriptive approach to the hypothesis that the paper seeks to test is multilateral cultural foreign policy through the promotion of the dynamics of material and spiritual structures based on the dialectical synthesis of Iranian, Islamic and modern identity layers within the context of a super-discourse. An identity in the name of the Islamic Revolution, as well as an interactive-understanding view of cultural complementarity and synergy within the framework of international institutions, fosters the promotion of Iranian mobility on the international scene. Manuscript profile

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