Kuznets curve

Open Access Article

1 - Investigating the relationship between Traffic safety and economic growth in Iran
نادر مهرگان علی اکبر قلی‌زاده فریبرز محمدی

Road accidents and casualties resulting from the current one of thechallenges communities, which have large economic costs on the economy hasforced countries. Comparison of aspects of development of countries, mostvictims of this crisis in developing countries make up. More

Road accidents and casualties resulting from the current one of thechallenges communities, which have large economic costs on the economy hasforced countries. Comparison of aspects of development of countries, mostvictims of this crisis in developing countries make up. Unfortunately, Iran isamong the countries where the rate of accidents caused by inattention tosafety principles and other related factors has always ascending; so thatcurrent statistics show the severity of this issue in Iran.This study, aim to evaluate the relationship between road accidents andeconomic indicators in the form of the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis(EKC). Based on the hypothesis, the road mortality rate increases in the earlystages of economic growth and ultimately decreases because of technicalprogress, increasing in capital investment and improve care medical. Theresults show that the relationship between road accidents and per capitaincome is inverted U shape, and actually the Kuznets hypothesis hasconfirmed by Iranian data. The results also indicated that the capitalinvestment in the roads, making safe cars and education have an importantrole in reducing road accidents. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Economic Growth, Human Development and Environmental Pollution in the Selected Countries
منیره Dizji سلماز Gholami nejad

This research examines the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of selected countries. We used panel data and employed the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets, for 22 countries for the period 2005-1997. In this study, the level of water conta More

This research examines the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of selected countries. We used panel data and employed the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets, for 22 countries for the period 2005-1997. In this study, the level of water contamination is used as an index for pollution and GDP per capita for economic growth. The adjusted human development index that includes many social variables such as health, political rights, civil liberties, adult literacy are also considered. Other variables include theindustrial value-added share of GDP, population density and the degree of economic openness .The results show that:There exist an inverted U relationship between pollution and economic growth, which confirms the Environmental hypothesis of Kuznets.Environmental pollution has a negative relationship with the human development index and the degree of economic openness.Environmental pollution has a positive relationship with industrial value-added.JEL Classification: O15,O40,Z19 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Investigation of the Effect of Economic Factors on the Shadow Price of Road Accidents in Iran
Soheila Kaghazian Maryam Lashkarizadeh Yazdan Naghdi

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Open Access Article

4 - Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Timber Industry of Iran and Its Trade Partners
Zohre khalili Ardali Kamran Adeli Hamed Naghavi Maryam Asghari

10.22034/jest.2019.10903

Background and Objective: Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subje More

Background and Objective: Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subject literature following commercial liberalization, the transfer of polluting industries from countries with severe environmental policies to countries with mild environmental policies is increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the asylum hypothesis of wood industry pollution. Methods: using panel data and fixed effects approach in Iran and 16 wooden trading partners, during the period 1995-2015. Findings: In this study, panel data and software Stata were used to estimate model. The interactions of trade and per capita income have a positive coefficient of 6.50. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results support the pollution haven hypothesis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Factors Affecting the Consumption of Ecological Resources in Iran Using Economic Approach
Morteza Molaei Ehsan Besharat Mehrdad Mohammadi

10.22034/jest.2021.23758.3286

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indic More

Background and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indicator of natural resources degradation, factors affecting it is investigated in the form of natural resources degradation model for the period 1965-2011 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model; and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven hypotheses were tested. In this study, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), free trade index, urbanization, human development index, development of financial markets index were used as factors affecting the ecological footprint. Findings: Results show that per capita GDP, free trade, development of financial markets and urbanization have positive and significant impacts in long and short term periods, but human development has negative and significant impact on ecological footprint. These results confirmed Pollution Haven hypothesis; but the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed and the relationship between income and ecological footprint is in the form of N. The coefficient of Error Correction is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.99 meaning that ecological footprint corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 99% annually to reach at the steady state. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, economic growth in Iran leads to more natural resources degradation. Therefore, governments should pay special attention to development programs in order to be sustainable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for N2O Gas Emissions in Iran by ARDL Model
Mehdi Sadeghi Shahdani Aliakbar Mohammadi Samchouli Mohammad Javad Rastegari Koupaei

10.30495/jest.2022.57018.5232

Background and Objective: Climate change, such as the increase in hazardous N2O greenhouse gas, is always associated with various economic and developmental consequences. The environmental Kuznets curve indicates that the increase in greenhouse gases emissions until a c More

Background and Objective: Climate change, such as the increase in hazardous N2O greenhouse gas, is always associated with various economic and developmental consequences. The environmental Kuznets curve indicates that the increase in greenhouse gases emissions until a country's development is directly related to that country's level of production and inversely related after development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental Kuznets curve for N2O greenhouse gas emissions in Iran. Material and Methodology: The method of answering this problem is quantitative and through econometric analysis of time series data in the period 1960 to 2017 and the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) has been used to study and analyze variables. Findings: The results of the dynamic model show us that the area under cultivation has a negative effect and gross domestic product (GDP) and exports have a positive effect on N2O emissions. GDP2‌ also has a sign opposite to its root, and the inverse quadratic relation is established. As a result, the assumption of the Kuznets curve in Iran isn’t rejected. Discussion and Conclusion: The maximum point of the chart for Iran in terms of GDP per capita will be around $7,500. Therefore, if we go beyond this amount, N2O emissions will decrease. At present, the country's GDP per capita is about $6,900 and we are on the upward trajectory of the Kuznets Curve. As a result, reducing N2O emissions will have a negative impact on Iran's growth. Thus, it isn’t possible to implement some policies to reduce these greenhouse gas emissions without major consequences in various sectors of the economy.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Investigating the effect of economic factors on environmental degradation using the 3SLS panel approach (Selection of Developing and Developed Countries)
shima parsa mohammadreza zare mehrjerdi maryam ziaabadi hossein mehrabi boshrabadi

10.30495/jest.2022.50983.4999

Background and Objective: Following the increase in environmental pollution caused by economic growth, environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policy makers. Because environmental pollution leads to adverse environmental effects such a More

Background and Objective: Following the increase in environmental pollution caused by economic growth, environmental challenges have become one of the most important concerns of policy makers. Because environmental pollution leads to adverse environmental effects such as climate change and global warming, and ultimately threatens human life and ecosystem destruction. Therefore, studying the impact of factors affecting environmental degradation is of particular importance. Material and Methodology: This study intends to analyze the impact of economic factors affecting environmental degradation during the period 1995-1995, using time series data from 26 selected developing countries and 17 selected developed countries. Therefore, in order to investigate the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve in the studied countries, the coefficients of the variables in the three equations of ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic growth have been estimated by the system of equations simultaneously with panel data (panel 3sls). Because in this method, due to the simultaneous estimation of the equations, the estimated coefficients have a higher accuracy. Finding: The results of estimating the coefficients of the model using the three-stage least squares technique with panel data indicate that the existence of the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in developed countries cannot be confirmed because the coefficients of GDP and squares are negative and positive, respectively. But, in developing countries, the coefficients of GDP and squared variables have been positive and negative, respectively, which confirms the existence of the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in these countries. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the variable of energy consumption in both developed and developing countries has a positive and significant effect on environmental degradation, while the variable of trade openness in developing and developed countries has a negative and significant effect on pollution and ecological footprint. Therefore, it is suggested that due to the high importance of the environment, along with planning and policy-making for higher economic growth, the enactment of environmental laws and the use of environmentally friendly technologies should be considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Environmental Kuznets Curve Determination Using Simultaneous Equation System: A case study of Iran
Mahdieh Mosannen Mozafari Mahmoud Sabuhi2

The experience of developed countries shows environmental pollution increases by increasing GDPper capita and there is a level of GDP that pollution will decrease. Relationship between GDP percapita and pollution could be shown by Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In t More

The experience of developed countries shows environmental pollution increases by increasing GDPper capita and there is a level of GDP that pollution will decrease. Relationship between GDP percapita and pollution could be shown by Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In this study, EKC wasestimated and the level of GDP per capita expected the pollution was decreased, and it was calculatedwith ARIMA model. Results showed that, pollution will decrease at 6,509,720 Rial of GDP per capita.Decreasing the current GDP per capita-20685870, 2002- will happen in 17 years time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Effect of population growth, human capital and petroleum products on environmental pollution in Iran
Ali salmanpour

10.22034/jest.2019.13714

Abstract Background and Objective: Survey environmental pollution is an important issue of environmental economics. Environmental pollution is the most important problem facing humanity in the present age. With increasing population, the rate of changes in the environme More

Abstract Background and Objective: Survey environmental pollution is an important issue of environmental economics. Environmental pollution is the most important problem facing humanity in the present age. With increasing population, the rate of changes in the environment intensifies especially if the population does not have knowledge of how to protect the environment, this problem increases. The role of human resources in the production process and therefore the quality of the environment from the perspective of economic theory, have been significant changes over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of petroleum products, human capital and the population on environmental pollution in the Iranian economy during the 1357 to 1393. Method: In this study, Environmental pollution model is estimated by using an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), this model, CO2 emissions are considered as indicators of environmental pollution. Findings: The findings of the long-term model show Banerjee, Dorado and Master t-test, for models was -3.35 and long-term relationship between variables was confirmed. Including error correction model coefficients showed that 41.53 percent of imbalance is a period of adjustment in the next period. The model tries to adjust its medium speed. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show a positive relationship between oil consumption, population and national income on environmental pollution. The results showed a negative relationship between human capital and environmental pollution as well. Therefore, it is suggested by reducing the consumption of petroleum products subsidies and to encourage consumers to use clean energy reduce the amount of environmental pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Analysis the Kuznets Curve in industry sector of Iran
Roya Seifipour

AbstractBackground and Purpose: In the development process, economic activities are associated with positive and negative environmental effects in countries. What is observed physically and in the present is the production of the product and the resulting growth in econ More

AbstractBackground and Purpose: In the development process, economic activities are associated with positive and negative environmental effects in countries. What is observed physically and in the present is the production of the product and the resulting growth in economic activities. While by assessing the environmental activities of economic activities and recognizing its direct and indirect negative effects on society now and in the future, the net effects of economic activities can be identified.Material and Methodology: The industrial sector is fundamental to economic growth. The industrial sector's share of total economic activity equals 16 percent. Sometimes its activities are accompanied by the destruction of the environment. This article examines the factors affecting CO2 emissions with an emphasis on the industrial sector by using the ARDL and FMOLS methods for the years 94-1360.Finding: The results of this study confirm EKC Technology. In other words, by increasing the value added of industry, the emission increases but its slope decreases (inverse u shape). With increasing fossil fuel consumption and globalization, emissions will increase.Discussion and Conclusion: Compare the results of the short-run and long-run model showing the sensitivity of Co2 emissions to fossil fuel consumption and the long run globalization index is larger than the short run.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Information and communication technology and environmental quality (Evidence from the countries of the Economic Co-operation and Development Organization)
Maryam Taiiari mahmood mahmoodzadeh Mir Hossein Mousavi

10.30495/eco.2023.1983218.2741

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of information and communication technology on the quality of the environment (publication pollutant gases, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases) and ecological footprint (from three aspects of the effect individual, More

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of information and communication technology on the quality of the environment (publication pollutant gases, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases) and ecological footprint (from three aspects of the effect individual, country reserves trend and land type) in member countries of the Economic Co-operation and development  Organization is using the panel data method in the time period of 1992-2018.The results showed Expanding the use of ICT  in the mentioned countries has a positive effect on improving the quality of the environment And It has reduced the emission of carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases and ecological footprint.Furthermore, the consequences of ICT on the quality of the environment in the long term have been more than in the short term. Therefore, the findings showed that the substitution effect of ICT (substitution of online activities) compared to Income effect (increased leisure time from the substitution effect and increased travel demand) in the case study has been dominant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Effect of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and International Business on Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran
taghi torabi Amin khajooeipour samaneh tarighi mohammadreza pakravan

Abstract Nowadays the people all over the world are increasingly worried about the emission of greenhouse gas and the environmental changes resulted. Since Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the main source of pollution and emission of greenhouse gas, this paper is to study the r More

Abstract Nowadays the people all over the world are increasingly worried about the emission of greenhouse gas and the environmental changes resulted. Since Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the main source of pollution and emission of greenhouse gas, this paper is to study the relationship between the emission of this gas caused by energy consumption, economic growth and international trading in Iran during 1971-2011 based on environmental biology Kuznets Curve in practice. So, auto-distribution method with vast stops is used. The results represent that the use of energy, real gross national production per person and the rate of economy openness has a positive and significant effect on the emission of CO2. Furthermore, for the acceleration of short-term dividend pattern adjustment toward long-term balancing, error correction pattern is used. The coefficient estimated for ECM is -0.49 representing that imbalance of CO2 emission can be adjusted after two years by changing the level of energy consumption, national gross production and the rate of economy openness. By considering the increase of CO2 emission in Iran, it is necessary to make new environmental policies to decrease environmental destruction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Impact of Human Development on Environmental Sustainability in Selected Oil Exporting Countries
Mahshad Arab Marjan Damankeshideh Ahmad Jafari Samimi Alireza Daghighi Asli Ali Esmaeilzadeh Maghari

In the broadest sense, sustainability means the ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time. To maintain the sustainability and sustainable development of society, we need to meet the demands of today's generation without compromising the needs of fu More

In the broadest sense, sustainability means the ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time. To maintain the sustainability and sustainable development of society, we need to meet the demands of today's generation without compromising the needs of future generations. Sustainability has three dimensions: economic, social and environmental, the latter having the most decisive weight. In the 2000s and 2010s, multiple experimental studies were conducted on sustainability employing an experimental model based on the Kuznets curve. Moreover, in recent years, the two concepts of human development and sustainability have been extensively addressed in the development literature. Various studies have considered human beings as a substantial factor in the development of different societies. The composite index of human development has various dimensions that may affect sustainability and specifically environmental sustainability. Plus, exorbitant oil revenues in oil-producing and exporting countries have had a significant impact on human development in these countries. Therefore, we can classify these countries into three groups of oil-rich countries with high human development, oil-rich countries with medium human development and oil-rich countries with low human development. In this paper, to investigate the impact of the human development index in 35 major oil-exporting countries around the globe, we applied the panel data method and Kuznets function for the data from 2010 to 2019. The result of the econometric model estimation demonstrates that the greater the human development index, the higher the environmental sustainability in these countries. Manuscript profile

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