List of Articles International Trade

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  1 - Advantages and disadvantages of swap contracts
  Mokhtar Mahmoudi Ebrahim Shoarian Yousef Molaee
  10.30495/jlap.2021.18975
  AbstractSwap as one of the new methods of international trade can have a great impact on solving the country's economic problems. This contract has become widespread in the field of international trade. But no research has been done on its advantages and disadvantages i More

  AbstractSwap as one of the new methods of international trade can have a great impact on solving the country's economic problems. This contract has become widespread in the field of international trade. But no research has been done on its advantages and disadvantages in Iran. The present article examines the issue using library resources and answers the question: What are the benefits of swap contracts? And what effect can it have on the country's economic development? It concludes that the swap can prevent the negative impact of price changes on the value of assets and cover the risk of commodity, currency and interest rate fluctuations. Swaps reduce the cost and time of moving goods and currency, and boost the country's transportation, eliminating intermediary currency and using the national currency, and making sanctions ineffective. So the swap has a very positive effect on economic development, but there are also criticisms of it, which is that this contract increases crude sales and reduces domestic production and the value of the national currency. But the important point is that in addition to economic benefits, swaps have significant benefits in political convergence. Communicating with countries around the world through swaps provides political and security benefits, as well as access to the consumer markets for the sale of Iranian goods. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Insurance of Foreign Investment: An International Trade Law Approach and Islamic Jurisprudence
  Fatemeh Asary
  Foreign investment provides the country with economic growth. Thus, the entry of goods into the country has triggered a request for national currency that would lead to an increase in the value of the national currency. Foreign investment can be a surefire way to achiev More

  Foreign investment provides the country with economic growth. Thus, the entry of goods into the country has triggered a request for national currency that would lead to an increase in the value of the national currency. Foreign investment can be a surefire way to achieve goals. The investor's assurance is a prerequisite for the implementation of the project. Therefore, the funds are insured against deliberate or unintentional threats and incidents of the victim and, at the same time, people in the country should be insured in the event of possible accidents. The legislator did not pay enough attention to the issue of the coordination of foreign investment insurance, and this has created legal uncertainties. But at the same time, according to the contracts and subcontractors of the insurance contract in these types of contracts, which are emphasized in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, the filler is a vacuum in this field. Also, lack of information about legal issues and failure to observe certain points in the contracts, and the lack of coordination of internal laws of our country with international law resulted in non-payment of damages by the insured, which was also resolved with the pre-investment agreement. However, the legislator needs to take a step further. The investor must be aware of the legal credibility of the probable loss of insurance by the insurer in accordance with the domestic laws of the host country and international law. Manuscript profile
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  3 - The Obstacles to Iran's Permanent Membership in the World Trade Organization
  Iman  Pak Sima Seyed Bagher  Mir Abbasi Mohammad Sadeghi Seyed Taha Mousavi Mirkalai
  10.22034/sej.2023.1978643.1536
  The aim of the present research is to examine the obstacles existing in Iran's laws for accepting commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that Iran's problems in joining the WTO stem from More

  The aim of the present research is to examine the obstacles existing in Iran's laws for accepting commitments to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that Iran's problems in joining the WTO stem from both internal and external factors. Apart from the current problems and instabilities prevailing in Iran's economy, some domestic laws also fail to align with WTO regulations. For instance, Article 44 of the Constitution, which enforces state ownership and monopolies in significant sectors such as industries, mines, banking, radio and television, shipping, aviation, etc., underscores the overbearing presence of government and semi-government entities in the economy, while relegating the private sector to a marginalized role in economic activities. Furthermore, due to the absence of a single exchange rate, regulations related to foreign insurances, insufficient support for foreign investment in Iran and high import tariffs, some other domestic laws not only fail to conform to WTO regulations but also contradict them significantly. In Iran, due to access to foreign currency resources derived from oil exports, the foreign trade sector has not developed properly and proportionately to the needs, resulting in various problems. The emergence of these issues and the potential decrease in oil export revenues in the future underscore the significance of the foreign trade sector and its presence in global markets. Therefore, increasing production, enhancing export capabilities and competitiveness on a global scale, and benefiting from the facilities of the WTO are raised as necessities. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Investigating the Impact of Financial Development Indicators and Economic and International Trade Performance on the Stock and Financial Markets
  Sara Maleki Mehrzad  Minoie MirFeiz Falah Shams
  One of the goals of researchers and policymakers is to find measures to achieve economic growth. Financial development is one of the policies that many economists recommend in order to achieve economic growth and development. From this perspective, financial development More

  One of the goals of researchers and policymakers is to find measures to achieve economic growth. Financial development is one of the policies that many economists recommend in order to achieve economic growth and development. From this perspective, financial development is an engine for economic growth, and policymakers should focus on creating and expanding financial institutions and markets. The present study examines the impact of financial development and economic performance indicators including economic growth and international trade in developing and developed countries in the long run from 2001 to 2018. Data collection has been done by two methods, library, and field, to complete the literature and research background, refer to libraries and researches, and for financial and economic data, including financial development indicators in two sections: Bank- Index and Capital Markets Stock-Index, as well as figures for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and international trade from the World Development Index (WDI) databases, are used. Developed countries, due to their technology and power in production, can carry out their industrial production and export to developing countries. However, developing countries do not see long-term equilibrium relationships for economic growth and international trade. Manuscript profile
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  5 - The Evolution of International Political Economy
  mohsen Jalilvand
    Mohsen Jalilvand       [1]     Abstract: International political economy is a term that combines the major disciplines of the humanities, including politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and compara More

    Mohsen Jalilvand       [1]     Abstract: International political economy is a term that combines the major disciplines of the humanities, including politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and comparative politics. The basic element of this dynamic and inherent knowledge is that it proceeds in a two-way interaction. Schools and theories are derived from these characteristics. In this article, we have tried to deal with the evolution of international political economy from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present and its impact on human society. [1] - Assistant Professor, International Relations, Department of Law, Hashtgerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran, mohsenjalilvand1351@gmail.com Manuscript profile
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  6 - The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in the Economic Prosperity and International Trade of Developing Countries
  Ensiyeh Hajimohammad Mansour Atashaneh Abo Mohammad asgarkhani
  The technological growth of developing countries, creating new markets, has transformed production and innovation processes. On the other hand, it has increased the competitiveness and increased the export of their industrial products to world markets and has threatened More

  The technological growth of developing countries, creating new markets, has transformed production and innovation processes. On the other hand, it has increased the competitiveness and increased the export of their industrial products to world markets and has threatened the comparative advantages. The globalization of trade competition has led developed countries to pursue other strategies based on intellectual property rights to maintain their competitiveness and share in international markets. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of intellectual property rights in the international trade of developing countries and to answer the question, what is the role of intellectual property rights in the economic prosperity and international trade of developing countries? In response to the question, it is hypothesized that intellectual property rights in knowledge-based companies play an effective role in the economic development of developing countries. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Evaluation of relationship Between stock Market Development and Economic Growth in IRAN: nonlinear approach
  Zahra Sadeghi Kelidsar Akbar Mirzapour Babajan
  Given the importance of economic growth and development in a country, recognizing the factors affecting growth is of great importance. Among the factors affecting economic growth and development, the development of the stock market has attracted the attention of most sc More

  Given the importance of economic growth and development in a country, recognizing the factors affecting growth is of great importance. Among the factors affecting economic growth and development, the development of the stock market has attracted the attention of most scholars and statesmen and efforts have been made to develop the stock market in different countries. Given the controversial views in this regard, the impact of stock market development on economic growth in each country should be made according to the country's information. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stock market development on world economic growth and modeling the relationship between them. For this purpose, linear and nonlinear regression model of generalized torque panel was used. The dependent variable of gross domestic product growth and independent variable included the development of the stock market and control variables including foreign direct investment, total investment, free trade, and inflation. The results showed that the effect of financial development on economic growth depends on the country under study and the model used. Manuscript profile
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  8 - The right to terminate the contract in jurisprudence and law
  Peymane Eslami naser masuodi
  The purpose of this research is to examine the right to terminate the contract in Iranian and English jurisprudence and the principles of international commercial contracts. One of the legal institutions that has been neglected in Iran's laws and has not been consi More

  The purpose of this research is to examine the right to terminate the contract in Iranian and English jurisprudence and the principles of international commercial contracts. One of the legal institutions that has been neglected in Iran's laws and has not been considered in Iran's civil law, but has had precedents in jurisprudence, is the institution of the right to terminate a contract. This institution is different from the right of rescission or the condition of rescission and rescission of the contract and has its own characteristics and conditions that are considered in English law. The right to terminate the contract is different from the right to cancel the contract, because cancellation has a retroactive effect, but terminating the contract terminates the contract and is used to destroy a valid contract. Contrary to Iran's laws, which require the obligation to perform the obligation and the right to terminate the contract at the same time, in international documents, the obligation to perform the obligation and the right to terminate the contract are concurrent. In other words, in order for the obligee to enjoy the right to terminate the contract, it is not necessary for him to request the compulsion to fulfill the obligation and in the assumption of the excuse of the compulsion, he can terminate the contract, but only with the obligee's failure to fulfill the obligation, which is equivalent to the basic non-fulfillment of the obligation. If it is an obligation, it will have the right to terminate contract. Manuscript profile
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  9 - Investigating Heckscher-Ohlin Theory in Iran-Germany International Trade: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach
  sara pandazmay seyed Abdolmajid Jalaee Mohsen Zayandeh Roodi
  Abstract The study of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is crucial for countries seeking comparative advantage, taking into account the production methods and technology of these countries. Iran also needs to develop a model for the production and export of goods, as well as i More

  Abstract The study of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is crucial for countries seeking comparative advantage, taking into account the production methods and technology of these countries. Iran also needs to develop a model for the production and export of goods, as well as imports of materials and goods, in order to develop and develop its trade relations with Germany. To achieve this, the effect of the relative abundance of labor and capital on the exports of both countries of Iran and Germany is studied in the form of a computable general equilibrium model and the use of the GTAP software. The results of various scenarios show that in the sectors of agriculture, industry and mining, services and oil and gas, which indicate the sectors of oil and non-oil exports in the economy of Iran and Germany, exports of services and industry and mining sectors, respectively, have the greatest effect on economic growth of both Country has Accordingly, it is proposed to accelerate the economic growth in both countries by focusing on strengthening non-oil exports, with emphasis on industrial and service exports. Manuscript profile
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  10 - Study of the Effects of Globalization on Iranian Caviar Export
  Abolghasem Barghandan Kamran Barghandan Mohammadreza Naeemi Abdolghafoor Mohammadzadeh
  Globalization is integration of national economies in global economy and infers on increasing the flow of goods and services. In this study the consequences of globalization were studied through the analysis of Level of International Trade index (LIT) in the caviar expo More

  Globalization is integration of national economies in global economy and infers on increasing the flow of goods and services. In this study the consequences of globalization were studied through the analysis of Level of International Trade index (LIT) in the caviar export equation. The required data were gathered from Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Statistical Yearbook of fisheries, Statistical Yearbook of the International Monetary Fund, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and different issues of Central Bank of Iran over 1974-2007. The results showed that domestic production of caviar have significant and positive effects on its export. In addition, sign of level of international trade variable in the estimated model is positive and indicates trade restrictions remove lead to increase in caviar export. Manuscript profile
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  11 - اهمیت تجارت در استقرار و توسعه روابط بین الملل
  Ibrahim Sanjar
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  12 - Challenges facing UNCTAD in the International Trade Trends: Before and After the Cold War
  Alireza Jeyrani Hokmabad Roya Khezri
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  13 - A Study of the Impact of Joining WTO on Export of Chemical Industry in Iran (Case Study: Pharmaceutical Products)
  Sahar Shokri Oranus Parivar Bijan Safavi
  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations. The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of joining WTO on export of pharmaceutical products. Here the researchers have used Integration More

  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations. The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of joining WTO on export of pharmaceutical products. Here the researchers have used Integration of International Trade (IIT) as a globalization index. The estimation by OLS method indicates that joining WTO has a positive effect on the export of pharmaceutical products Manuscript profile
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  14 - Parallel arbitration in international trade law and ways out of it with emphasis on jurisprudence
  zohreh safavi homami mosa mosavi zenoz seyed baqer mirabbasi
  10.30495/alr.2022.1936783.2129
  Background and Aim: The case is heard in two or more courts in parallel for various reasons, including the confidentiality of the arbitration process and it is done quickly and at a lower cost. These advantages have led to a serious challenge, which is parallel and mult More

  Background and Aim: The case is heard in two or more courts in parallel for various reasons, including the confidentiality of the arbitration process and it is done quickly and at a lower cost. These advantages have led to a serious challenge, which is parallel and multiple handling, which seems to be open to criticism. The arbitration process may be accompanied by another arbitration or simultaneous adjudication in a national or international court.Method: In this article, the authors will explain the subject in a descriptive-analytical manner.Findings and Results: Among the disadvantages of this method are the delay in the proceedings and the increase in costs and the issuance of contradictory verdicts. Parallel litigation can also violate the principle of legal certainty and challenge the validity of arbitration as a form of dispute resolution. The purpose of arbitration is achieved only when it can resolve the dispute between the parties. If, when there is a dispute in the proper examination, a similar or identical claim is under consideration in another arbitral tribunal or there is a possibility that it will be presented in another court, the arbitral tribunal has failed to fulfill its purpose and mission. Manuscript profile
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  15 - The law applicable to Iran's international commercial arbitration and comparative comparison with China's international commercial arbitration law
  Mahnaz Momeni atefe amininia behzad Saedi
  10.30495/alr.2022.1957378.2345
  AbstractThe most difficult part of determining the applicable law is the question of the substantive law applicable to international arbitrations. Undoubtedly, arbitration in our time is one of the effective tools to achieve the two main goals of commercial law, namely More

  AbstractThe most difficult part of determining the applicable law is the question of the substantive law applicable to international arbitrations. Undoubtedly, arbitration in our time is one of the effective tools to achieve the two main goals of commercial law, namely speed and security. So that today this method has been developed to meet the mentioned goals and meet business needs and has benefited from new and uniform principles and rules in order to facilitate and grow trade and economic relations as much as possible. The divergence of opinions and theories in this regard is very obvious. However, it is theoretically accepted that the arbitrator should first pay attention to the will of the parties to the contract and then, if the parties have not determined their law, in the light of the principles and legal rules of the appropriate law. Therefore, the substantive law governing the contract of origin of the dispute is determined either by the parties or by the arbitral tribunal.The Islamic Republic of Iran, which seeks economic development and increase its trade relations, has tried to lag behind these developments by drafting the International Commercial Arbitration Law and amending the Arbitration Rules of the Civil Procedure Code, as well as the establishment of arbitration organizations and institutions. نماند. The People's Republic of China, as a country that has taken great strides in economic development in recent years, has followed the same procedure in order to resolve its trade disputes. Manuscript profile
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  16 - Definition of investment in foreign contracts and international jurisprudence with emphasis on ICSID votes
  Amirhosein baghaee leila raisi
  10.30495/alr.2023.1972751.2483
  Field and Aims: The basis of the establishment and continuity of any legal rule is to maintain its dynamics over time, and any rule that does not have the ability to adapt to its internal and surrounding realities will inevitably stagnate. The concept of foreign investm More

  Field and Aims: The basis of the establishment and continuity of any legal rule is to maintain its dynamics over time, and any rule that does not have the ability to adapt to its internal and surrounding realities will inevitably stagnate. The concept of foreign investment is one of the important opportunities in the field of achieving progress in many fields in connection with the projects of the countries in different dimensions, and specific legal mechanisms have been determined for this issue in the international laws and domestic laws of each country. This concept has been defined and explained with the passage of time, firstly in the framework of various international treaties, which are increasing in number. The daily increase of international treaties in the field of foreign investment leads to the widening of relations between governments and, as a result, the occurrence of more disputes between them. In this context, the question is raised, what is the definition of foreign investment and how does the judicial procedure with emphasis on ICSID votes affect foreign investment?Method: This research was done using descriptive analytical method.Finding and Conclusion: Arbitration is considered as a suitable way to resolve commercial disputes. The Washington Convention, as the founding document of the Accidence Arbitration Authority, did not state any definition of the concept of investment, and this authority, relying on different interpretation techniques, tried to determine the meaning of investment, and this caused many theoretical differences around the issue of investment has created. Manuscript profile
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  17 - The right to terminate the contract in jurisprudence and law
  Peymane Eslami naser masuodi
  The purpose of this research is to examine the right to terminate the contract in Iranian and English jurisprudence and the principles of international commercial contracts (UNIDRO).One of the legal institutions that has been neglected in Iran's laws and has not been co More

  The purpose of this research is to examine the right to terminate the contract in Iranian and English jurisprudence and the principles of international commercial contracts (UNIDRO).One of the legal institutions that has been neglected in Iran's laws and has not been considered in Iran's civil law, but has had precedents in jurisprudence, is the institution of the right to terminate a contract. This institution is different from the right of rescission or the condition of rescission and rescission of the contract and has its own characteristics and conditions that are considered in English law. The right to terminate the contract is different from the right to cancel the contract, because cancellation has a retroactive effect, but terminating the contract terminates the contract and is used to destroy a valid contract. Contrary to Iran's laws, which require the obligation to perform the obligation and the right to terminate the contract at the same time, in international documents, the obligation to perform the obligation and the right to terminate the contract are concurrent. In other words, in order for the obligee to enjoy the right to terminate the contract, it is not necessary for him to request the compulsion to fulfill the obligation and in the assumption of the excuse of the compulsion, he can terminate the contract, but only with the obligee's failure to fulfill the obligation, which is equivalent to the basic non-fulfillment of the obligation. If it is an obligation, it will have the right to terminate the contract. Manuscript profile