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Open Access Article
1 - Hydraulic properties under different water repellency levels
Nasrin Karimian Shoja Ghorbani Hassan TabatabaeiWater repellency increases soil infiltration opportunity time. Also soil hydraulic properties affects by soil water repellency. The main objective of this study was to compare the hydraulic properties of soils under different water repellency levels. Therefore, Three le MoreWater repellency increases soil infiltration opportunity time. Also soil hydraulic properties affects by soil water repellency. The main objective of this study was to compare the hydraulic properties of soils under different water repellency levels. Therefore, Three levels of water repellency (zero, weak and strong) were artificially created in a silty clay loam soil by adding urban sewage sludge (S0=0:100; S50=50:50 and S80=80:20 sludge weight: soil ratio). Soil water retention curve and water repellency were determined using sand box and pressure plate apparatus and water drop penetration time (WDPT) method, respectively. Van Genuchtens parameters (n, α, m, θs, θr) were determined using RETC software. The results showed that an addition of urban sewage sludge to soils led to an increased WDPT (61 and 25 times) in the water repellency Soils (S80 and S50) .water content corresponds to matric potentials has changed with increasing soil water repellency, also soil water retention curve has changed to biomodal curve in the repellent soils. It shows that the Van Genuchtens parameters affected by water repellency. Also, adding of urban sewage sludge on the soil hydraulic conductivity was significant (P ≤0.0001) and resulted in a decreased 33.80-46.20% in in soil hydrophobicity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effects of different levels of biochar on soil physical properties with different textures
Fatemeh Razzaghi ناهید رضاییBiochar is a charcoal made from biomass and animal manure, which is produced by thermal decompositionunder a limited or zero supply of oxygen. Therefore, the current research was conducted to evaluate the effect ofdifferent biochar levels on some soil physical and chemi MoreBiochar is a charcoal made from biomass and animal manure, which is produced by thermal decompositionunder a limited or zero supply of oxygen. Therefore, the current research was conducted to evaluate the effect ofdifferent biochar levels on some soil physical and chemical properties in four soil types under greenhouseconditions. The experiment was performed in completely randomized design with four levels of biocharproduced from wheat straw in 500oC (0 (as control), 25, 50 and 75 ton ha-1) and four soils having varioustextures (sandy loam, loam, clay loam and clay) in three replications. Forty days after mixture of soil and biocharand determination of soil moisture content at field capacity, other physical and chemical parameters (soilmoisture at permanent wilting point, bulk and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and cationexchange capacity) were measured by taking soil samples from the pots. The results showed that application ofbiochar enhanced soil physical properties. Increasing biochar levels from 0 to 75 ton ha-1 increased soil availablewater content, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity by 45, 13, 95 and 52 %,respectively. It is concluded that biochar can be used as a soil amendment in coarse textured soil to increasewater holding capacity and in fine textured soil to improve the drainage and infiltration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity in some soils of Ilam province using artificial neural networks and regression methods
علی حکمت زاد مسعود داوری محمدعلی محمودی کمال نبی الهیSaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the essential input for water flow and solute transport modelling, irrigation and drainage design, groundwater modeling and environmental processes. Direct measurement of Ks is possible, but that is usually time consuming, MoreSaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the essential input for water flow and solute transport modelling, irrigation and drainage design, groundwater modeling and environmental processes. Direct measurement of Ks is possible, but that is usually time consuming, tedious, expensive and impractical for larger scale studies. Also, these methods are partly unreliable because of soil heterogeneity and experimental errors. One solution to govern this problem is using indirect methods such as pedo-transfer functions (PTFs). Since PTFs have not yet beendeveloped to soils in the study area, this study evaluates and describes neural network and statistical regression PTFs to predict Ks from limited or more extended sets of the readily available soil properties. For this purpose, Ks from 95 points of Sirwan-Chardawel sub-basins in Ilam province were measured using Guelph permeameter. Also, some of the readily available soil parameters were obtained. The accuracy and reliability of the derived PTFs were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean error (ME) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The highest correlation coefficients of 0.58 and 0.56 were found between Ks and geometric mean particle diameter and sand content, respectively. The results indicated that artificial neural network and regression PTFs can predict Ks with relatively good accuracy even if a few readily available soil properties are measured (rR-val= 0.85, RMSER-val= 6.81 mm/hr and rANN-test= 0.87, RMSEANN-test= 10.80 mm/hr). However, based upon results, the prediction accuracy of ANN model at both training and testing stages increased if more readily available soil properties are used (rtrain= 0.92, RMSEtrain= 4.36 mm/hr and rtest= 0.89, RMSEtest= 7.17 mm/hr). In general, it was found that ANNs method had better performance than linear regression model in predicting Ks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Study the Long-Term Effects of Industrial and Agricultural Uses on the Fluctuations of the Groundwater Level of Shazand Plain
Siamak Amiri Ahmad Rajabi Saeid Shabanlou Fariborz Yosefvand Mohammad ali IzadbakhshBackground and Aim: Nowadays, by increasing the water demand in different sectors, the withdrawal amount from groundwater resources is increasing leading to more drawdown of Markazi province aquifers. One of the most suitable methods for the optimal management of ground MoreBackground and Aim: Nowadays, by increasing the water demand in different sectors, the withdrawal amount from groundwater resources is increasing leading to more drawdown of Markazi province aquifers. One of the most suitable methods for the optimal management of groundwater resources is the analysis of the behavior of aquifers in various conditions using mathematical models. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of withdrawal for agricultural and industrial consumptions on the groundwater level of the Shazand plain located in Markazi Province and the impact of a 20% increase in irrigation efficiency of farms in the case of the development of under pressure and low-consumption systems using the GMS numerical model. Method: First, the conceptual and numerical model of the Shazand aquifer was executed in the GMS software and calibrated in the steady state. Then, the model was recalibrated in a transient state for the statistical period from October 2015 to September 2019. To examine the reactions of the model to the changes of important and effective parameters, the sensitivity analysis of the model was performed and the model was verified for the statistical period of October 2019 to September 2021. Then, the changes in the groundwater level in the aquifer under two reference management scenarios and increasing irrigation efficiency were investigated and compared. In the reference scenario assuming the continuation of the current conditions and in the efficiency increase scenario assuming a 20% increase in irrigation efficiency, the simulation of changes in the groundwater level in the entire Shazand plain for the upcoming 20 years from October 2021 to September 2041 was carried out. Results: Based on the obtained results, the RMSE error value related to the steady state recalibration is about 0.7 meters and the average RMSE error value in the transient state in all months of simulation in two recalibration and validation periods is less than 0.6 meters, which shows the high accuracy of the model in simulating the groundwater level in the whole plain. The sensitivity analysis showed that the changes in specific yield and hydraulic conductivity parameters have the greatest effect on the fluctuations of groundwater in the whole plain. The results showed that in the reference scenario, the drop in the groundwater level at the end of the 20-year operation period is 3.95 meters. In the scenario of a 20% increase in efficiency, with the reduction of extraction from wells due to the increase in irrigation efficiency, the amount of drop will reach 2.76 meters, in which case the amount of drop will be mitigated by 1.2 meters. Conclusion: According to the results, the highest drop in the groundwater level in both reference and increase in efficiency scenarios in the central areas of the plain is 9.2 and 6.9 meters, respectively, and the lowest drop in the western areas of the plain is 1 and 0.5 meters, respectively. Considering that the agricultural sector has the greatest impact on the level drop in the aquifer in the central areas of the plain, it is better to focus management plans to control withdrawal from the aquifer, such as increasing efficiency or modifying the cultivation pattern, on this sector. In case of the implementation of systems under pressure and increasing efficiency in the plain, the amount of drawdown in the region will be mitigated to some extent, but the problem will not be solved and it is necessary to implement supplementary programs to cultivate high consumption plants instead of high consumption crops and in the industry sector instead of extracting groundwater, treated municipal wastewater should be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effect of land abandonment on variation of soil water infiltration parameters
Amir Masoud Ghaiumi Mohamadi Shoja Ghorbani Dashtaki Faez Raiesi Pezhman TahmasbiInfiltration parameters are the most important indicators of soil quality. Soil water infiltration is one of the key properties for designing irrigation systems, hydrological studies, water resources management, drainage projects and soil conservation practices in water MoreInfiltration parameters are the most important indicators of soil quality. Soil water infiltration is one of the key properties for designing irrigation systems, hydrological studies, water resources management, drainage projects and soil conservation practices in watershed scale. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of land abandonment on infiltration parameters in semi-stepped rangelands located in Karsanak, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran. For this purpose, five types of land uses including pasture, agriculture, 3-5, 10-15 and 25 years-long abandonment were selected and the infiltrated water was measured in six replicates by tension infiltrometer apparatus. The results indicated that land use changing led to reduce soil organic matters, soil aggregate stability, soil pores connectivity and to disarranging soil natural pores. Consequently, the negative and significant effect of land use changing on parameters of water infiltration was deduced. Average saturated hydraulic conductivity in pastures (7.4 mm/h) was almost twice of that for agricultural land use (4.4 mm/h). In addition, the sorptivity experienced 30 percent reductions in agricultural lands compared to pastures. However, because of the land abandonment i.e. restoration of vegetation and macro aggregate formation and increasing aggregates stability, the infiltration process was improved such that saturated hydraulic conductivity of the 25 years-long abandonment improved from 4.38 to 6.09 mm/h. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effect of Different Ratios Municipal Wastewater Applied in Irrigation Water on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
Alireza Ameri Najme YazdanpanahThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different combinations of waste water and well water with the approach of using unconventional water on some physical and chemical properties of soil. For this purpose، a factorial experiment was conducted in MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different combinations of waste water and well water with the approach of using unconventional water on some physical and chemical properties of soil. For this purpose، a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three factors. The main factors include irrigation with waste water to well water ratio in 5 levels including I1 (control: irrigation with well water)، I2 (75% well water and 25% waste water)، I3 (50% well water and 50% waste water)، I4 (25% well water and 75% waste water) and I5 (irrigation with 100% waste water)، the second factor includes two soil depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm) and the third factor includes the duration of irrigation in 5 levels (zero، 1، 2، 3 and 4 months). The results showed that soil salinity، pH and organic carbon increased with increasing irrigation time. The highest increase in salinity was observed after 4 months in I5 treatment with about 37% increase compared to the control treatment. The amount of organic carbon in treatments I4 and I5 in the surface layer increased by about 60% compared to the subsurface layer. However، waste water consumption improved hydraulic conductivity compared to well water، so that its amount increased in I5 treatment، at surface and subsurface depth by 76.7% and 80%، respectively، compared to the control treatment. The findings of this study showed that the use of treated wastewater as one of the unconventional water sources، despite increasing soil salinity، can increase organic carbon and improve soil permeability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - پهنهبندی هدایت هیدرولیکی با استفاده از روشهای مختلف زمین آمار (مطالعه موردی منطقه شاوور)
محمد سلاخ پور عباس ملکی علی مختاراندر مطالعات طرح ‎های آبیاری و زهکشی برای زهکش‎ های زیرزمینی، ضرورت دارد اطلاعات حاصل از نمونه برداری نقطه‎ ای به سطح شبکه تعمیم داده شود. لذا بر اساس داده ‎های چاهک‎ های مشاهده ‎ای موجود، وضعیت داده ‎های هدایت هیدرولیکی (K) در مناطق مجاور برآو Moreدر مطالعات طرح ‎های آبیاری و زهکشی برای زهکش‎ های زیرزمینی، ضرورت دارد اطلاعات حاصل از نمونه برداری نقطه‎ ای به سطح شبکه تعمیم داده شود. لذا بر اساس داده ‎های چاهک‎ های مشاهده ‎ای موجود، وضعیت داده ‎های هدایت هیدرولیکی (K) در مناطق مجاور برآورد شود. در این تحقیق بر اساس داده‎های 49 عدد چاهک مشاهده‎ ای احداث شده در دشت شاوور در استان خوزستان، داده‎ های نقطه‎ای به روش چاهک (ارنست)، به سطح شبکه تعمیم داده شد و سپس با استفاده از روش‎ های علمی شامل انواع روش کریجینگ، تیسن و میان‎ یابی وزنی، میزان دقت روش‎ های مختلف درونیابی با هم مقایسه شد. با توجه به مختصات موقعیت جغرافیایی چاهک‎ های مشاهده‎ای، نقشه رقومی ضریب آبگذری محدوده مطالعاتی، با استفاده از نرم افزار Civil 3D، تهیه شد. سپس مراحل مدل سازی فضایی در محیط نرم افزاری ArcGis و ArcMap انجام شد. به جهت مقایسه با سایر روش‎ های آماری از نرم افزار GS+ استفاده شد. با ترسیم روش ‎های دیگر آماری توسط نرم افزار GS+ و ArcGIS و ArcMAP ،روند تغییرات مکانی در حالت کریجینگ معمولی، از کم ترین خطا برخوردار بود. لذا در این تحقیق، برای پهنه‎بندی و تعمیم هدایت هیدرولیکی از روش میان‎یابی کریجینگ معمولی استفاده شد. در نهایت، در این پژوهش منطقه مورد مطاله در سطح 11500 هکتار به روش کرینجینگ معمولی به سه ناحیه ضریب هدایت هیدرولیکی با وسعت های 2300 هکتار کمتر از دو متر بر روز،7900 بین دو تا سه متر بر روز و 1300 هکتار بیشتر از سه متر بر روز پهنه‎بندی شد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل شده، محاسبه فاصله کارگذاری زهکش‎ های زیرزمینی در سه ناحیه 50،70 و 80 متر برآورد شد. همانگونه که ملاحظه می شود، چنانچه در تخمین محدوده گستره طرح جهت ضریب آبگذری، از روش غیر معتبر و دارای خطا استفاده شود، چه بسا باعث تشدید هزینه در طرح‎ های شبکه های زهکشی به سبب خطای برآورد فاصله کارگذاری زهکش‎ های زیرزمینی شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - بررسی شیب خط نشت در خاکریز کانالهای آبیاری شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت میاناب با استفاده از مدل SEEP/W
فرخ فلاحت حسین فتحیان بهروز دهانزادهیکی از مشکلات شبکههای آبیاری موجود پدیده نشت و تراوش میباشد. مسئله تراوش آب و کنترل آن در کانالهای آبیاری یکی از مهمترین مسائل در طراحی، ساخت، نگهداری و بهرهبرداری از اینگونه کانالهاست. در این تحقیق، میزان و خط آزاد نشت از کانال آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب واقع در حوضه کارون Moreیکی از مشکلات شبکههای آبیاری موجود پدیده نشت و تراوش میباشد. مسئله تراوش آب و کنترل آن در کانالهای آبیاری یکی از مهمترین مسائل در طراحی، ساخت، نگهداری و بهرهبرداری از اینگونه کانالهاست. در این تحقیق، میزان و خط آزاد نشت از کانال آبیاری و زهکشی میاناب واقع در حوضه کارون با استفاده از مدل ریاضی دو بعدی Seep/w شبیهسازی شد. نتایج نشان میدهد که زمانی که عمق جریان در کانال اصلی برابر و یا بیشتر از 69 / 1 متر باشد، خط آزاد نشت دیواره پائین دست خاکریز را قطع میکند و احتمال ایجاد پدیده Piping وجود دارد. با افزایش عمق جریان آب در کانال اصلی، شیب خط نشت افزایش مییابد. ضریب هدایت هیدرولیکی تاثیری بر خط آزاد نشت ندارد و تنها عاملی که روی خط آزاد نشت تأثیر میگذارد، رقوم سطح جریان آب در کانال اصلی میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Abrasive Strength, Porosity and Permeability of Silica Fume Concretes
Abolfaz Shamsayi Mohsen nacharchi Saber piroti Kamal rahmaniAbstract Today following the development of construction of hydraulic structures like dams, the matter of concrete durability used in these kinds of structures has gained paramount importance. One of the important factors of concrete durability in these structures is i MoreAbstract Today following the development of construction of hydraulic structures like dams, the matter of concrete durability used in these kinds of structures has gained paramount importance. One of the important factors of concrete durability in these structures is its resistance against abrasion due to the crash of particles carried by water. To enhance the abrasion resistance of concrete, different methods have been offered and investigated by researchers and one can refer to the following to name a few. Using aggregates resistant to abrasion, reducing the water-cement ratio, using nanocilica microcylis in concrete, suitable and on time seasoning. In the present research the following experiments have been done on concrete samples. -The abrasive strength of block samples of 15×15×15 cm for 28 past days using Sand Blast Method. -The hydraulic conductivity coefficient of cylinder samples with the height of 10cm., and 10cm., in diameter, 28 past days using Penetration Method. The results of abrasion experiments showed that by reducing water-cementratio from 0.50 to 0.33, the abrasive strength of concrete improves as far as 30.94 %. The permeability experiments showed that; By reduction of water-cement ratio from 0.50 to 0.33, the hydraulic conductivity coefficient of the concrete is reduced from 39.88 × 10 m/sec to 2.49 × 10 m/sec., and the porosity of concrete is reduced from 13.90 % to 13.10 %. The above results show that reducing water-cement ratio results in increasing abrasive strength and increasing the hydraulic conductivity coefficient and reducing porosity of silica fume concrete. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Laboratory Investigation on the Influence of Cyclic Water Injection Pressure on Sands Hydraulic Conductivity
H Es-haghi Sharabiani M Gharavi
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