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Open Access Article
1 - Arab Conquests and the Legitimacy of the al-Rashidun
Mostafa Gohari FakhrabadiThe legitimacy of the early caliphs was seriously challenged by the lack of consensus among the Ummah and their strong competitors. On the other hand, Abu Bakr's first act after solving the problem of murtads (apostates) was the beginning of the conquests, which brought MoreThe legitimacy of the early caliphs was seriously challenged by the lack of consensus among the Ummah and their strong competitors. On the other hand, Abu Bakr's first act after solving the problem of murtads (apostates) was the beginning of the conquests, which brought in great wealth and prosperity. There seems to be a strong link between the conquests and the reputation and legitimacy of the caliphs. This study first examines the role of conquests in legitimizing the rule of the first three caliphs and then discusses its closure during the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS) and its effect on the emergence of government issues. The findings of this study indicate that the benefits of the conquests played a major role in the satisfaction of the Arabs with the caliphs' rule, but the government problems had been grown since the relatives of Uthman got the profits and then the conquests during the caliphate of Imam Ali (AS) were closed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Calling Iranians to Islam from the first Muslim’s invasion To the Kadisīyyah Battle
آذر آهنچیCalling followers of other religions to Islam (dacwa) has mostly beenaccompanied by one of these three alternatives: to accept Islam, to payJizya, or to enter into a war. Proposing to accept Islam upon toIranians is reported by various sources. The content of these repo MoreCalling followers of other religions to Islam (dacwa) has mostly beenaccompanied by one of these three alternatives: to accept Islam, to payJizya, or to enter into a war. Proposing to accept Islam upon toIranians is reported by various sources. The content of these reportsare of two distinctive aspects: the formal and objective aspect of theevents, the religious spiritual aspect associated with approaches andinsights of the reporters. Different reports of the same event andcontradictory ideas in these reports raise some questions: Were theMuslims able to invite the Sassanids forces to accept Islam before anywar? What kind of options may have come up regarding the threealternatives? And why the main sources have considered “dacwa” as amain issue? What is the reason for the differences between the reports,and what are the motivations of the contradictory ideas? The presentarticle investigates “dacwa” of Iranians or more precisely of theSassanids to Islam with the purpose of revealing the difficulties ofhistorical reports. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Dihghāns and Islamic Conquests
شهرام امیریAs the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and peopl MoreAs the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and people.From the beginning of Islamic conquests and then during the first andsecond centuries after Hijra, their role became more prominent as theyconducted most of the economical and social changes in Islamic Iran,and protected the old Iranian culture and transmitted it to nextgenerations. This role is investigated in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - -Hyecho’s Diary and Its Implications for the Historical Studies of Iran and Islam
Iman TajiThis article reviews the most important implications of the Hyecho’s diary for the historical studies of Iran and Islam. Hyecho was a Korean monk who travelled to India, central Asia, and Iran in the 8th century. Although what is remained from his book is just som MoreThis article reviews the most important implications of the Hyecho’s diary for the historical studies of Iran and Islam. Hyecho was a Korean monk who travelled to India, central Asia, and Iran in the 8th century. Although what is remained from his book is just some fragmented parts, it contains important information regarding with historical studies of Iran and Islam. In fact, he was a contemporary observer of the Arab’s conquests in Iranian plateau which make his observations valuable for the historians. In this paper, parts of this book which are related to the Iran and Islam will be reviewed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Investigation of the Components and Political-Social Aspects of the Hypothesis of Book Burning in Iran by the Muslim Conquerors
Safia RezaeiThe purpose of the present study is critical investigation of the hypothesis of book burning in Iran by the Muslim conquerors. Accordingly, the main research question is how much the hypothesis of book burning and destruction of books by the Muslim conquerors is compati MoreThe purpose of the present study is critical investigation of the hypothesis of book burning in Iran by the Muslim conquerors. Accordingly, the main research question is how much the hypothesis of book burning and destruction of books by the Muslim conquerors is compatible with historical evidences and reason as well as objective, cultural, and documentary facts. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results indicated that from political and social perspective, the subject of book burning and destruction of books by the Muslim conquerors can be interpreted that Islam's instruction and the Muslims' scientific improvement left no further opportunity for the presentation of the Iranians' sciences so their books were extinguished as a result of negligence to their fields of science. It means that the general policy of Islam is based on consideration for science and knowledge and that the Muslims had become so rich by the knowledge of valid references so other branches of science that were not needed gradually were extinguished and just sciences with dignity and state were developed by the Muslims. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Conquering Fars regions from Muslim entry to the end of the Rashidun caliphs
Jalil Khoshhal Mirza Mohammad Hasani Hasan ShadpoorFars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for MoreFars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for the conquests and the name of the conquerors of the Fars regions. It represents the insurrections of the inhabitants of these regions after each conquest. The purpose of this research is Study of conquest process in Fars and different reports among Islamic writers in the conquest years and the name of the conquerors of the Fars in the Rashidun caliphs' era. The research question is: What reasons is there for the different reports in the year of conquest and the names of the victors of these furnaces from the time of the second caliph to the end of the Rashidin caliphate? Research methodology is descriptive-analytical. this result was obtained that to the collapse of the Sassanian Empire, change the internal structure of government and disorder and the collapse of government, heavy tribute (Bāj) and tax (Kharāj), misbehavior of caliphate agents in five Fars regions, cruelty and brutality of some conquerors in conquering regions, also internal disagreements among Muslim Arabs, and tribal rivalries to achieve more power, they caused to rebel the people of Fars. They were suppressed by different commanders and conquerors in different years. So, they were registered different reports about the conquest years and the name of the conquerors in the resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The role of Mughira bin Sha'ba in the attacks of Muslim Arabs on Iran
Gholamali Salim gandomi ghafar porbakhtiar Abdolaziz MovahedMughira bin Shuba is one of the elite Arabs from the Thaqif tribe, who has played an important role in many important accidents of the early days of Islam. Since various sources mostly mention Mughira as a veteran politician, no independent research has been done on his MoreMughira bin Shuba is one of the elite Arabs from the Thaqif tribe, who has played an important role in many important accidents of the early days of Islam. Since various sources mostly mention Mughira as a veteran politician, no independent research has been done on his military performance. Meanwhile, to know exactly the thoughts and ideas of Maghira, we should also pay attention to his military activities.Because according to fragments of documents, in addition to being present in the political and social arenas, Mughira accompanied the Prophet in many of the Islamic conquests, and in overseas wars to confront the two empires of Iran and Rome in great conquests such as Qadisiyah , Nahavand and Hamedan, which led to the complete occupation of Iran, were present and this presence has left a noticeable impact on his performance during his chancellorship in Basra and Kufa. Some consider his progress in the field of management , due to his presence in fronts outside the peninsula and his familiarity with Iranian and Roman culture.Now, in this research, we are looking for an answer to the question, what role did Mughirah bin Shuba play in the conquests that led to the conquest of Iran? Based on this hypothesis, it seems that Mughira was in charge of the negotiating team before the Qadisiyah war and was present in the conquest of Nahavand and Hamadan as a high-ranking commander Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - From Fararod to Tabaristan: Continuity of the Islamic conquest in the northern front
BEHROZ CHOKAN mohammadnabi Salim mirzamohammad hasaniOne of the reasons for the tendency of the Muslim Arabs to conquer Trans-Nahar and Khwarizm was that they were not able to conquer Tabaristan in the beginning of the conquests, and when they realized that the Chinese were connected with Tabaristan through Farad, and als MoreOne of the reasons for the tendency of the Muslim Arabs to conquer Trans-Nahar and Khwarizm was that they were not able to conquer Tabaristan in the beginning of the conquests, and when they realized that the Chinese were connected with Tabaristan through Farad, and also, the presence of the Turks in the northeastern and southern regions of Tabaristan. Khwarazm doubled the difficulty of the conquests, they decided to seize the area of Suq al-Jishi of Tabaristan in order to prevent the advance of the Chinese and Turks. But the geographical conditions of this region, such as: impassability, dense forests and swampy area, high humidity and continuous rains, as well as the resistance of the people, made the work of conquest difficult.This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library studies, tries to answer the question that the process of occupying the north and northeast of the Iranian plateau took place based on what process? Studies show that due to the threat of non-Muslim influence in strategic areas of Iran and the necessity of connecting the conquered areas to the route of conquests and emphasizing the territorial integrity of Iran, the Islamic Caliphate was able to control Fararod and Tabaristan areas by sending numerous troops and attracting the target areas. In a symmetric time frame, he took possession. However, despite the Umayyad campaigns, the Abbasids gained the fruits of their conquest of Tabaristan and tied the fate of this region to Khorasan and Mavarlanhar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigating the factors of progress and hindrances of the slow conquests of Muslim Arabs across the Nile during the Umayyad caliphate
Ali Asghar Ahmadi nabi Mansor amani abdolaziz movahedHowever, during the Caliphate of Osman, with the conquest of Khorasan and the death of Yazdgerd III, the last Sassanid king, preparations were made for the entry of Muslims into Central Asia. F. During the reign of Muawiyah, Muslims were able to achieve considerable pro MoreHowever, during the Caliphate of Osman, with the conquest of Khorasan and the death of Yazdgerd III, the last Sassanid king, preparations were made for the entry of Muslims into Central Asia. F. During the reign of Muawiyah, Muslims were able to achieve considerable progress in that region, but what is certain is that the attacks of Muslim Arabs on Mawra al-Nahr until this time were carried out in a hostile manner and for the purpose of looting resources, but according to reliable reports, they had definite control over Mawra al-Nahr until The second half of the Umayyad era was delayed, since Abdul Malik Marwan took power. With the arrival of one of the Umayyad generals named Qutiba, a new chapter in attacks on Central Asia began. Qutiba bin Muslim Bahli was able to capture many parts of Trans-Nahr during ten years. Without a doubt, it can be said that from the beginning of the arrival of Muslims in this land, a series of factors directly affected the progress of the conquests, and in front of a group of obstacles Also, in this process, the process of conquests faced problems in some areas and hindered the progress of Muslims. This article aims to answer this basic research that what were the causes of progress and the reasons for the slowness of conquests in Trans-Nahr? Therefore, , look for the factors of progress and obstacles of Islamic conquests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - 'A'isha and Traditions of the Companions: The First External Criticism of Hadith
yahya Mirhoseini kamal sahraei ArdakaniAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addit MoreAisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), is known as one of the most important transmitters of Hadith in terms of quantity, due to her long life with the Holy Prophet (PBUH), her great influence among the companions, and the meeting of many of her followers. In addition to narration, she also played a role in understanding and criticizing Hadith; To the extent that she was considered one of the serious critics of narrations. Aisha, who introduced herself as one of the most knowledgeable in the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH), also dealt with the pathology of narrations. Some of these refinements are related to the identity and totality of the Hadiths, which are called external criticism in textual criticism. This descriptive study deals with her efforts in this field; The one that was later categorized in the science of Hadith with the term Ja'l wa Waḍ' (forgery), and was also included in the discussions of the ‘Ilal al-Hadith (problems of Hadiths). Criticisms can be expressed in this classification: confronting the entry of Arab superstitions, confronting the myths of neighboring regions, confronting false citations, correcting narrations about religious rulings, as well as opposing narrations that could weaken the position of women in society. The result of the article, in addition to showing the role of Aisha in the critique of Hadith and her verbal and practical confrontation with the narrations that some of the companions quoted inappropriately from her point of view, can show the first rules in the field of Hadith criticism. Manuscript profile
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