Campbell

Open Access Article

1 - Simulating unsteady soil evaporation under variable water content based on Campbell's two-parameter retension model
Raziyeh Aghajani Mehdi Homaee Mohammad Bybordi

Large areas in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and imposed to serious water shortage. In such areas, not only the available water resources are restricted, but the climatic conditions that are influencing evaporation acting more intensively. The obje More

Large areas in Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and imposed to serious water shortage. In such areas, not only the available water resources are restricted, but the climatic conditions that are influencing evaporation acting more intensively. The objective of this study was to estimate evaporation from bare soil at presence and absence of impervious layer, water table and free drainage. The amount of evaporation is also estimated using the parametric model proposed by Zarei et al., (2009) based on Campbell’s retention model. For this purpose, some PVC constructed lysimeters were filled with soil samples and packed carefully. The amount of evaporation was measured three times a day by weighting the lysimeters. The proposed model of Zarei et al.,(2009) based on Campbell’s retention model was further verified against the collected experimental data to estimate evaporation from water table drawdown. Model verification indicated that the maximum (98.8) and minimum (84.8) efficiencies belong to 150 and 75 centimeters of water table depths, respectively. The results, with slightly underestimation, indicated a reasonable agreement between the measured and model output data. The small underestimation between measured and predicted values can be attributed to moisture loss as vapor, soil shrinkage and errors in digital scale measurements. The predicted instantaneous evaporation values provided better agreement with the experimental data as the water table depths were increased. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The analysis of the educational background of "Aladdin AbulShamat" from the Hezar-O-YekShab Collection;based on the theory of the "hero journey" by Joseph Campbell
Mitra Hajizadeh Reza Ashrafzadeh Seyed Majid Taghavi Behbahani Taghavi Behbahani

10.30495/dk.2021.684900

Hezar-O-YekShabis one of Fakhri's fictional works originated in various oriental cultures especially in Iran. This work is very beneficial in terms of teaching, and if it is based on a solid theory, the results obtained from it will be scientifically and documented. In More

Hezar-O-YekShabis one of Fakhri's fictional works originated in various oriental cultures especially in Iran. This work is very beneficial in terms of teaching, and if it is based on a solid theory, the results obtained from it will be scientifically and documented. In this research, the ethical functions of the narrative of "Aladdin AbulShamat" have been explored using the principles of the "Jericho Travel" from Joseph Campbell, in particular the components of "departure" and "intimacy". The reason for choosing this theory was the educational capacity of Campbell's opinion, revealing a new dimension of a literary work in the field of education. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The results of the study show that Aladdin, by inviting a person called MahmoodBalkhi, who is an expression of the old wise, is an adventurous journey and goes individually through the numerous moral tests issued by internal and external factors. The results of these tests, which are presented below, are the following: a sense of worldly affiliation; self-confidence and assurance of their existential capacities; commitment and commitment to fulfill the covenant and promise; avoidance of pride and self-esteem and thinking About yourself; A companion to well-behaved humans; The importance of returning to yourself and respecting the family institution; Removing the blindfolds of ignorance; Understanding the reality of reality; Attending the right people; Gaining useful powers such as dignity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Studying “Garmabeh- the bathroom” as the threshold level move in the fiction called “the son of the merchant and the city of the voiceless people” in the book entitled “Hasht Behesht- 8 paradises” written by Amir Khosro
Mahbobeh Pouragha Ramin Sadeginejad Maryam Mohammadzadeh

10.30495/dk.2022.694810

The narrators of common myths need unknown and strange atmosphere to color their narrations with secrets. This atmosphere can isolate the hero from the real world and joins him to a magical and mythical world which is known as the threshold passage. Undoubtedly one of t More

The narrators of common myths need unknown and strange atmosphere to color their narrations with secrets. This atmosphere can isolate the hero from the real world and joins him to a magical and mythical world which is known as the threshold passage. Undoubtedly one of the best places to include the heroes in unknown issues and topics is the bathroom (Garmabeh). The understanding and analysis of such a secret atmosphere is the basic precondition to reveal the myths and to achieve their hidden messages. One of the very useful tools to reveal such issues in myths is the theory of “a single hero journey” posed by Joseph Campbell. The major goal of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of “Garmabeh” as the threshold passage time. In this research, “Garmabeh” in the story called “the son of the merchant and the city of voiceless people” written by Amir Khosro Dehlavi has been analyzed as the threshold passage. The results showed that Amir Khosro has acted very cleverly and successfully in using the secret atmosphere of Garmabeh as the threshold passage and also the comparison of it with pass rituals and triple sections of the traditional bathrooms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Analysis and interpretation of the hero's mythology in Kelidar Dowlatābādi , based on Joseph Campbell's theory
Reyhane Faramarzi Kaffash Ali Eshghi Sardehi hasan Delbari Abolqasem Amirahmadi

The myth is the result of thought and belief of mankind and one of the main elements of the construct of the culture and identity of nations. American mythologist, Joseph Campbell presents a similar pattern and structure for all myths of the world. The current paper, us More

The myth is the result of thought and belief of mankind and one of the main elements of the construct of the culture and identity of nations. American mythologist, Joseph Campbell presents a similar pattern and structure for all myths of the world. The current paper, using a descriptive, analytical and overview based on Campbell's model, concludes that the the Great Persian novel. Kelidar has a structural epic infrastructure similar to that of the other novels heroic all around the world. A pattern based on which Gol Mohammad, the champion of Kelidar is a human hero who was born again, and departure, initiation and return the level of intuition, perception of sanctity following his own way, approaching the myth heroic status. Dowlatābādi has used myth heroic capacity in narration and structural cohesion as well as creation of new meanings in behavior such as refusal of invitation. Given the type of myth heroic function in Kelidar, it can be said that the work has gone through a superficial approach to the past myths, and has regained and rebuilt them, and has been able to present a time-consistent pattern. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Passing through the Nine Bisheh of Shahriar-nameh: An Approach Based on Campbell’s Theory of Monomyth
marzieh mashalian leila hashemian

10.30495/dk.2020.678943

Joseph Campbell (1904-1987) was an American mythologist who worked in the field of comparative mythology and religion. The notion of ‘hero’s journey’ was first proposed by Campbell in his book titled ‘The Hero with a Thousand Faces’. Based More

Joseph Campbell (1904-1987) was an American mythologist who worked in the field of comparative mythology and religion. The notion of ‘hero’s journey’ was first proposed by Campbell in his book titled ‘The Hero with a Thousand Faces’. Based on the structural similarity of all myths, he proposes a fundamental patterns that underlies all mythic narratives. In spite of being subject to cultural and temporal variations, this pattern remains essentially the same. According to his theory of monomyth, the hero leaves his society following an invitation and, having embarked upon a journey, he goes through stages such as the call of the envoy, rejection of invitation, acceptance of invitation, following a guide, passing the threshold, seeking help, test, reward, elixir, and return. Osman Mokhtari’s verse book of ‘Shahriar-nameh’ is a perfect example of hero’s journey. In this story, the hero that represents the will of a nation travels to another country while successfully overcoming numerous obstacles and tests to defeat evil creatures and show the superiority of Iranian wisdom over other nations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analyzing the Status of Repentance in the Story of the Old Woman and Malekshah in Attar's Tragic Tales Based on Joseph Campbell's Archetype of "the Return of the hero
Masoome RouhaniFard Mehdi Mahouzi Shahin OjaqaliZade

The mysterious tale of the Old Woman and the Kingdom of AlbArslan in Attar’s MosibatNameh(Tragic Tales in Persian) has a great capacity for various decoding readings. The tale of the Old Woman and Malek Shah can be studied based on Campbell’s theories. One of the approp More

The mysterious tale of the Old Woman and the Kingdom of AlbArslan in Attar’s MosibatNameh(Tragic Tales in Persian) has a great capacity for various decoding readings. The tale of the Old Woman and Malek Shah can be studied based on Campbell’s theories. One of the appropriate methods for understanding the mysterious structure of this tale is Campbell’s archetype of the hero’s journey. The hero is evoked to another land and thus starts his journey. In the course of his journey through the world he loses the only property in his life and stands against Malek Shah in an audacious fight and urges him to return the righteous properties of the peasants and finally frightens him of passing the bridge and encountering the grandeur of God. Eventually when the hero attains his rights he prays to God that Malek Shah is forgiven so that he could achieve perfection and maturity. Malek Shah is changed in sleep and returns to his previous status while carrying the Elixir of Life with him so that he could impart it on peasants and friends. In these journeys the trudging hero sets foot on a dangerous journey by answering the call of the albino dean of the kingdom to save the peasants of Iran. After passing various stages of battle, the hero not only succeeds in his mission and gains material blessings, but also attains a kind of self-recognition and spiritual perfection that in addition to being the function of the hero is based on Campbell’s theories on “the hero’s journey” that leads to a change in his land through praying and obeisance to God and by asking for God’s help. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Analysis of the "Hero's Journey" in Faramarzname epopee on the model of Joseph Campbell
khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama

Joseph Campbell influenced by Jung, raised the pattern of "Hero's Journey" in literary criticism. He believes that ancient myths and stories have one structure that the structure is more or less quantifiable in stories.In this structure, he give the three, separation, i More

Joseph Campbell influenced by Jung, raised the pattern of "Hero's Journey" in literary criticism. He believes that ancient myths and stories have one structure that the structure is more or less quantifiable in stories.In this structure, he give the three, separation, initiation, return steps for the symbolic hero’s trip that it can be examined in Faramarzname epopee. This article by analytical method and in literary criticism attempts for reviewing and explanation of the symbols of mythical and psychological constructive components of Faramarzname epopee in the context of the analysis of the Hero's Journey.The study, to be paid to the antiquity human mind and taking full advantage of the symbols, examined the Campbell's Hero's Journey pattern example with a slightly different structure.The results indicated that the archetype "Faramarz" is the hero’s pattern which traveled to India voluntarily by hearing the voice of the invitation to achieved themselves that is the ultimate goal.He was encountered in the departure with assist symbolic representatives such as Rostam and Bijan. , Talking wolf, Ebullient snake, thirty thousand rhinos, nooshdar and Kidd Hindi which are his inside Shadows .Then, with the passage of rites of passage and freedom from domination mother achieved to Lordship and finally he could brought ultimate blessing for magic people. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Analysis of Jungian Archetypes Elements of Hero Journey in the Story "Talkhoon" by Samad Behrangi
raheleh abdolahzade borzu mohammad ghaderi moghaddam mohammad reihani

This study, based on the theory of Joseph Campbell's monolithic theory, analyzes the symbols of the story "Talkhoon" by Samad Behrangi. Campbell, for the mythological heroes' journey, attempts to find individuality, a pattern that has been composed of three main stages More

This study, based on the theory of Joseph Campbell's monolithic theory, analyzes the symbols of the story "Talkhoon" by Samad Behrangi. Campbell, for the mythological heroes' journey, attempts to find individuality, a pattern that has been composed of three main stages of departure, initiation and return. Behrangi depicts thedeparture of self-conscious nightingalein the form ofTalkhoon’ssymbolic journey. Ah is a messenger who, through a businessman, invites Talkhoon (self-conscious) to travel. Talkhoon and unconscious (the young man) in the first stage crossing the threshold and before they pass through the road of trials, they get married (magical marriage). With the young death, Talkhoon with the help of Ah who has appeared in the wise old man, begins another journey from the slave market with the messenger and fights with greed and lust dragons through the path of initiation and after kneeling with self-dragon, with chicken feather and water, which is a symbol of the "final blessing" of his journey, returns to revive his unconscious. His return, with the help of the "messenger", shows his freedom going and coming through two self-conscious and unconscious worlds. This symbolic story has much to do with Campbell's theory; with the difference that the meet is done twice. Once before passing through the initiation, and once again successfully passing through the road of trials and after receiving the final blessing. Manuscript profile

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9 - Analysis of the "Hero's Journey" in the Amir Arsalan Namdar based on the theory of Joseph Campbell
Neda Reyhani

The hero is one of the oldest archetypes, and other archetypes are associated with meaning. Therefore, recognizing this archetype is a good guide for receiving and analyzing Campbell's reincarnation theory. In this research, the author intends to study and analyze the n More

The hero is one of the oldest archetypes, and other archetypes are associated with meaning. Therefore, recognizing this archetype is a good guide for receiving and analyzing Campbell's reincarnation theory. In this research, the author intends to study and analyze the novel of the Amir Arsalan Namdar based on the theory of Joseph Campbell. Campbell sees life as a journey in which the protagonist must, while being aware of his or her strengths and weaknesses and identifying his or her inner desires and secrets, take individual action. The three main parts of the hero's travel theory are departure (separation), approach (return), and return. The element of travel and during its stages by the hero is one of the central elements of the plot of the story in Amir Arsalan's novel.. Amir Arsalan, with his inner call to join his beloved, fights with Shirgovia, Alhahak Div, Reyhaneh Jado, Fooladzreh Div, and his mother, etc. They take it and lean on the throne of victory and supremacy. Manuscript profile

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10 - An Analysis into Homay's journey to China in Homay and Homayoun poems by Khaju Kermani based on the ancient theory of the "The Hero's journey" by Joseph Campbell
Parvane fereydooni morteza razaghpoor

10.30495/farsij.2021.685687

Art and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics More

Art and literature have a special place in Campbell's mythology, which is one of the most important study objects. Single myth is one of the mythological methods in the field of literature and art, both in the field of creation and in the field of understanding. Critics turn to a single myth to understand the works created in this way. Campbell has been more involved with literature than any other art. The ancient model of Hero's Journey by Campbell is written on three general lines of narrative- separation, arrival, and return, along with seventeen sub-categories, which ultimately pave the way for the hero's psychological development.The present study is a analytic-comparative study that was conducted in the statistical population of Homay and Homayoun poems, and analyzed Homay's journey to China based on Joseph Campbell's "Hero's Journey" theory. And the result of the study indicates that at the end of the journey, the hero has reached a psychological development and self-knowledge and gained identity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A Study on Hero’s Metamorphosis in Firdausi’s Shahnameh
Mosayyeb Ashki

Mythological hero as one of the components of ancient mythology has a significant role in shaping the evolution of the myth’s story. Heroes play a major role in Firdausi’s Shahname (Epic of the Kings) in which the most of the stories in this epic has been b More

Mythological hero as one of the components of ancient mythology has a significant role in shaping the evolution of the myth’s story. Heroes play a major role in Firdausi’s Shahname (Epic of the Kings) in which the most of the stories in this epic has been borrowed from ancient mythological tales. This paper is based on Joseph Campbell the metamorphosis in which heroes in the Shahnameh are examined in terms of Campbell’s Hero’s metamorphosis or change including: The first human being and the hero, the hero infancy, the fighter hero, the lover hero, the dictator empire, the saver hero, and the departure of hero. Results show that metamorphosis or change of epic heroes in Shahname is compatible with Campbell’s theory to some extent, although; it does not match in some points like the lives of heroes which are not depicted from beginning to end. So, not whole life of the hero but some parts of it can be adapted to Campbell's model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Studying the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” written in “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi based on Joseph Campbell’s “The hero’s journey” myth pattern
mahbobeh poraga Dr.ramin sadeginejad Dr.maryam mohammadzadeh

  Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This patter More

  Joseph Campbell, American mythologist, according to the viewpoints of Gustave Young, has dealt with hero’s journeys in different cultures and has proposed a pattern for such journeys in his book entitled: “multi-thousand facet hero”. This pattern has many sufficiency elements to analyze literary works. The book “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)” by Amir Khosro Dehlavi is one of the works that can be compared with the pattern proposed by Joseph Campbell. The present research has dealt with investigating the anecdote: “Roman Merchant’s son and the city of dumbs” in a book written by Amir Khosro Dehlavi called “Hasht Behesht (Eight Heavens)”. The results showed that there has been a complete correspondence between all elements in this story and the pattern posed by Joseph Campbell except the two elements of “meeting the God or the lady or return to childhood joys” mentioned before the stepping of the hero in “tests’ roads”, reported in introduction and the step: “receipt of help from outside” before the stage called: “passing through the threshold level of heavenly life into the normal world” in the return part which are presented by Campbell as a probable period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Analysis of the mythological story "Malik Mohammad, Malik Ahmad and Malik Jamshid" based on Joseph Campbell's theory
Marjan Aliakbarzadeh zehtab

10.30495/jaa.2023.2002356.1020

Manuscript profile

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14 - The study of epic themes of Shah Ismaeil and Golzar’s story regarding the analytic psychology of Jung and Campbell’s unique myth theory
Atikeh Rasmi Sakineh Rasmi

10.30495/irll.2021.682502

The story of "Shah Ismail and Golzar" is one of the collections of "Ashiqlar" stories and is influenced by the story of Shah Ismail Safavi and one of the most famous stories of Azerbaijan. The hero and his horse "Qamardai" were born with the mythical apple and the praye More

The story of "Shah Ismail and Golzar" is one of the collections of "Ashiqlar" stories and is influenced by the story of Shah Ismail Safavi and one of the most famous stories of Azerbaijan. The hero and his horse "Qamardai" were born with the mythical apple and the prayer of the poor man. The hero grows up away from real life in a dark world, but in adolescence, he is called to individuality by stepping into a bright world in order to find the talent for individualism. This story is very rich in archetypes and mythological themes, and therefore corresponds to all stages of the hero's journey, except "refusal to return", and on the other hand, it has given that popular literature was a manifestation of archetypes, five key archetypes. Jung Analytical Psychology, that is, the self, the anima, the animus, the shadow and the mask fully reflected in it. This article analyzes mythology and psychoanalysis while classifying the elements of the story in the Arne-Thompson method in a descriptive-analytical way. Manuscript profile

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15 - Analysis of Common Myths of Initiations (Regeneration or Initiation) and its Comparison with Avesta
Masoomeh Mahlooji Mahabadi Hamidreza Shayeganfar Mehrangiz Owhadi

Initiation rituals that prepare individual to move from one stage of life to the next, are all mythological. Initiation includes physical, mental and psychological dimensions and is associated with rituals that intend to help the individual to cope with his new responsi More

Initiation rituals that prepare individual to move from one stage of life to the next, are all mythological. Initiation includes physical, mental and psychological dimensions and is associated with rituals that intend to help the individual to cope with his new responsibility in society. In all religions there are different rituals for the stage of initiation, which are in line with individual growth or acceptance of a new position. This research, which is based on library studies and has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, analyzes the initiation rituals of different cultures. By examining the mentioned types of ceremonies such as puberty, travel, spiritual death, sacrifice, etc., in Avesta and comparing them with world examples, it was determined that the stages of transition exist in all religious and non-religious professions and drinks and their analysis shows common points with other cultures. Manuscript profile

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16 - Comparative Criticism of Awareness of the Tow Hero in The Novel "When Nietzsche Wept"
Raheleh Abdollahzadeh Borzoo

                According to Campbell's monotheistic theory, the path to individuality is going through an internal or external journey. In this story, two scientists are unknowingly involved in More

                According to Campbell's monotheistic theory, the path to individuality is going through an internal or external journey. In this story, two scientists are unknowingly involved in despair; one wishes for freedom and the other wishes for friendship.Brewer is a physician, and Nietzsche is a patient who refuses to accept help, even for treatment. Inevitably, Brewer, pretending to be frustrated, obtains Nietzsche's consent to be hospitalized to cure his frustration. Brewer frees himself from obsessive thoughts and tastes freedom by learning to live in the present and willing his destiny.Nietzsche, who sought to find a way beyond his treatment, uses Brewer’sself-confession method to forgetSalome; But, despite finding a same-level friendship, he chooses solitude and returns to create the book that matured in his mindwhen he saw Salome.Brewer also returns to his family life, medicine and culture after receiving the final blessing of the trip,but this time, he has freely chosen it. Manuscript profile

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17 - The Myths of Siavash and Kotan Utunnai: A Comparative Study in Persian and Far East Mythologies; Based on Joseph Campbell's Approach
Saeed Akhavāni Fattāneh Mahmoudi

  Today's human interpretation of mythology suggests that myth is more than fiction. In the age of pre-science and pre-philosophy, the answers to questions of human beings could be found in myths. One of the issues raised about myth, is the similarity of the myths More

  Today's human interpretation of mythology suggests that myth is more than fiction. In the age of pre-science and pre-philosophy, the answers to questions of human beings could be found in myths. One of the issues raised about myth, is the similarity of the myths of various tribes and civilizations. Thus, the question arises: what is the reason of the similarity of myths among the unrelated tribes? By using the analytic-comparative method, the present article tries to compare the myth of "Siavash" in Iran with Kotan Utunnai, an epic belonged to Ainu (the indigenous people of Japan).  In the research, the archetype of hero's journey, proposed by Joseph Campbell, as the theoretical basis, and the triple steps of hero's journey, as the variable of the study, are considered. The results show that the people who lived in the age of myth, regardless of their different languages and cultures, had common epistemological and ontological foundations that are represented in myths. Manuscript profile

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18 - The Mythological Functions in Madan a-Dorar; An Analysis Based on Joseph Campbell’s Theory
ramin moharrami soraya karimi mahin panahi

10.30495/mmlq.2021.680949

Many of the themes in Madan a-Dorar, written by Mohammad Soleiman Morshedi, are consistent with mythological concepts, and mythological ideas play a significant role in shaping the contents of this biographical and mystical book. Madan a-Dorar is about the life and myst More

Many of the themes in Madan a-Dorar, written by Mohammad Soleiman Morshedi, are consistent with mythological concepts, and mythological ideas play a significant role in shaping the contents of this biographical and mystical book. Madan a-Dorar is about the life and mystical experiences of Hajji Nasser Din Omar Morshdi. The present research attempts to study the mystical experience and stages of suluk (spiritual journey) of Naser al-Din Omar Morshedi based on the theory of Joseph Campbell by using analytical-comparative method. The aim of the present study is to investigate the degree of compatibility of the themes of the book with Joseph Campbell's theory and to show the cases in which mystical themes correspond to mythical themes. The results show that the mythological sanctity of the hero in Madan a-Dorar is the same as that of the gods and archetypes. According to Campbell's theory, the journey of the hero can be explained in three stages: departure, initiation and return. Morshedi, as a hero who seeks individuality, begins his spiritual journey with the call of a deer; he experiences the rebirth by crossing the threshold and exiting the womb of the cave. Finally, he passes the rite of initiation and returns and achieves a holy manifestation. At the end of this spiritual journey, the hero reaches a position beyond contradictions, and God is manifested to him in everything. In his mystical experience, Morshedi repeats the mythological patterns. Many of Madan a-Dorar anecdotes are consistent with the components of Campbell's hero's journey and only in some components there are differences. Manuscript profile

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19 - The Hero's Journey in Kār-Nāmag ī Ardashīr ī Pāpakān: A Mythological Approach
Mokhtar Ebrahimi

10.30495/mmlq.2021.682687

Kār-Nāmag ī Ardashīr ī Pāpakān (The Book of the Deeds of Ardeshir, Son of Papak), a mythological and epic text in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language, introduces the founder of the Sassanid state as a hero and a mythological figure. The main question of the present resear More

Kār-Nāmag ī Ardashīr ī Pāpakān (The Book of the Deeds of Ardeshir, Son of Papak), a mythological and epic text in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language, introduces the founder of the Sassanid state as a hero and a mythological figure. The main question of the present research is why and how this text confronted with the rival, Parthian discourse, and tried to dominate its own discourse. The important hypothesis of the research is that human, natural and supernatural forces in this narrative, in coordination with each other, have presented a new discourse that refers to another type of thought and, consequently, another kind of lifestyle. In the narration of Kār-Nāmag, by the efforts of himself and his allies, as well as with the help of other characters and absorbing his competitors, the hero engages in a continuous battle. The present study, with a mythological approach and based on Joseph Campbell's hero's journey steps, examines the influential factors leading to the complex path to victory. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain the reason for the hero's journey. Through the narration of Kār-Nāmag, it becomes clear how the country saved from disunion and the kingdom of Iranshahr maintained its cohesion. Each of the characters in the book plays a role in leading Iranshahr back to national unity and is reminiscent of the role of the Iranian mythological liberation figures. Manuscript profile

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20 - The Analysis of the Story of Sheikh Sanān Based on Campbell's Theory of Monomyth
Mohammad Reihāni raheleh abdolahzadeh borzoo

According to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth, after a ritual invitation, the hero gets separated from his society, begins his journey, learns through ritual forces in an unknown land, is taught the ritual of initiation and returns for reforming his society. The jou More

According to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth, after a ritual invitation, the hero gets separated from his society, begins his journey, learns through ritual forces in an unknown land, is taught the ritual of initiation and returns for reforming his society. The journey appears with some symbols and symptom in the form of archetypes. According to the theory of Jung, it is an instance of facing conscious and unconscious. By using descriptive method the present article tries to analyze the story of Sheikh Sanān regarding to Joseph Campbell's theory of monomyth and Jungian symbols. Sheikh Sanān, the symbol of unconscious, is separated from his people and motherland the call of the unconscious at night; then is taught by anima of existence in West, the symbol of unknown land of unconscious, and finally he is worthy of  reconciliation to unconscious of soul. The daughter is symbol of anima of Sheikh Sanān; she teaches love and its finer points to him; in return Sheikh Sanān hands over knowledge and faith, as symbols of conscious, to her. In this journey, 400 devotees, as the elements of conscious, surrender to will of unconscious. The return of Sheikh Sanān from Rome to Mecca is a symbol of individuality and perfection and corresponds to Campbell's theory of hero's return to home.   Manuscript profile

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21 - An Analysis of Archetype of Hero's Journey Based on Campbell’s & Jung’s Thoughts
Mohammad Tāheri Hamid Aghājāni

  Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing an More

  Based on Carl Jung’s thoughts, Joseph John Campbell (1904 –1987), proposed the theme of “hero's journey” that opened a new horizon in archetypal literary criticism. Campell’s ideas in archetypal criticism can be used in comparing and analyzing stories, especially archetypal epic ones. The seven labors of Rostam (Haft-Khane Rostam) in Shāhnāmeh can be studied from Campbell’s point of view. Rostam had to pass the seven labors (Haft-Khan) to save Iranian commanders upon his father’s command, Zal. In this journey, besides obtaining material and spiritual gifts, Rostam reaches self-discovery and spiritual perfection. Manuscript profile

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22 - The Role of Myth and Gender (Heroine) in the Works of Bahrām Beyzāii
Akbar Shāmiyān Sārookalāii Maryam Afshār

In the works of Bahrām Beyzāii, sometimes structures and functions of myth, for example, the stereotype of hero, have been transformed. Some mythologists, like Joseph John Campbell in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, have extensively noticed role of hero and his More

In the works of Bahrām Beyzāii, sometimes structures and functions of myth, for example, the stereotype of hero, have been transformed. Some mythologists, like Joseph John Campbell in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, have extensively noticed role of hero and his journey. Campbell identifies ten stages in a hero’s journey, noting that all of the stages have to occur in every heroic story. But Bahrām Beyzāii changes this pattern with reducing the status of hero and raising the dignity of heroine. Ra’na in the film of Qaribé va Meh (1974 - The Stranger and the Fog), the wife of miller in the theater of Marg-e Yazdgerd (1979 - Death of Yazdgerd), Tārā in the film of Charike-ye Tārā (1979 - Ballad of Tārā), Khanoom Bouzrogh and Mahorukh in the film of Mosāferān (1992 - Travellers) and Golroukh in Sagkoshi (2001 - Killing Mad Dogs) wisly examine and salavage, and transformed into a heroine. So the role of myth and gender are brought into prominence in his works.     Manuscript profile

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23 - Criticism of the archetype of the Hero in the story of Jamshid and Khorshid based on the View Point of Jung and Campbell
Behnaz Ali Mirzaee M. Jalaloddin Kazzaz i

Abstract         Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different More

Abstract         Joseph Campbell, based on Jung ideas and by introducing the archetype of the hero's travel, has opened a new door in the criticism of the archetype and showed that the hero's travel in the narrative works of different people, follow the similar pattern.Campbell's pattern includes the three sections of departure, attainment and return. Therefore, the writers of this article want to investigate the story of Jamshid and Khorshid from Salman Savaji based on the archetype and unimyth of Campbell . Jamshid, with the response to a mysterious call, to understand himself and his internal anima and with the guidance of old wiseman sets off a difficult journey  and traverses the hard stages and finally joins Khorshid and returns to China; and in this way brings prosperity to his homeland . Besides the remission of this world, Jamshid attains a kind of self awareness and this is the harmony with the speculation of " the archetype of the hero's travel ". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Analysis of the Kurdish Tale "Shirzad Shirdil" Based on Joseph Campbell's Theory of the Hero's Journey
Marjan Aliakbarzade zehtab

10.30495/jaa.2024.2006999.1031

The present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner based on field studies in the field of popular literature, examines the oral and Kurdish tale "Shirzad Shirdil," which has not yet been fully documented, based on Joseph Campbell's (1904-1987 More

The present article, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner based on field studies in the field of popular literature, examines the oral and Kurdish tale "Shirzad Shirdil," which has not yet been fully documented, based on Joseph Campbell's (1904-1987) theory of the hero's journey. It aligns the stages of the tale with this theory and also addresses some of its symbols. The importance of the present subject is due to the cultural-literary value of folk tales and the interdisciplinary position of Campbell's theory. The main question is: How and to what extent do the stages of this tale correspond to the hero's journey? The hypothesis is that although this tale does not have all the stages of Campbell's hero's journey, it has most of them. Based on the research findings, since Shirzad is accompanied by the older dimension of his existence – Malek-Ahmad - both dimensions must necessarily attain transcendence. Therefore, to complete the hero's journey, the repetition of a stage such as the meeting with the goddess, the passage through the belly of the whale, the ultimate boon, the apotheosis, and the master of two worlds is sometimes manifested. Additionally, this tale lacks the stages of the hero's refusal of return, the magical flight, and the rescue from without. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The archetypal criticism of the hero’s journey in the story of "the seven trials of Esfandyar” based on Joseph Campbell’s theory
raheleh abdolahzade borzu Mohammad Reihani

The subject matter of this research is the analysis of the symbols used in the story of the seven trials of Esfandyar based on the theory of individuation process by Jung which finds expression in Joseph campbell’s theory of monomyth.  In order to attain indi More

The subject matter of this research is the analysis of the symbols used in the story of the seven trials of Esfandyar based on the theory of individuation process by Jung which finds expression in Joseph campbell’s theory of monomyth.  In order to attain individuation, Campbell has considered a pattern for mythic heroes’ journey consisting of three main stages of departure, initiation, and return.  The journey of Esfandyar in seven trials is examined according to this pattern and its minor stages.  The Persian consciousness portrayed in Esfandyar’s profile is after Touran which is his unconscious.  He journeys to this land.  He who is a symbol of archetypal hero, attempts to unite with his unconscious within.  With the aid of a wise mentor and occult forces, first in the seven trials Esfandyar accompanies the shadow, and then upon initiation and overcoming the carnal soul with three animas within attains unity.  With a blessing acquired from this journey he returns to his society to gain power promised from the consciousness to reform and improve the society.  The fact that Esfandyar later confronts Rostam and steps on a way with no return states the fact that in his exemplified journey he could not have united with his unconscious.  Denied of the individuation process, together with his incomplete quest to reach wholeness, is the reason why he could not ascend the throne and unfortunately perishes half way through life.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The analysis of the quality of the awakening of the hero within in character of Seyavash and Kay Khosrow based on the theory of Pearson- K. Marr
Mohammad Javad Assarian Sayyed Ali Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Hossein Sardaghi

Without a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers.  Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human More

Without a doubt Shahnameh is a universal text whose humane ethical system goes far beyond the race and geographic barriers.  Hence it is not surprising to see the rare capacity of Shahnameh to accommodate so many characters and to attribute world symbols and human character archetypes to them.  This research is based on the psychological and archetypal approach used by Carol S. Pearson and Hugh K. Marr in the theory of “Awakening the hero within” and Joseph Campbell’s theory in “The hero’s journey”.  Descriptive analytic method was used to prove the above theories in life stories of Seyavash and Kay khosrow in Shahnameh.  The result of this analysis seems to suggest that their lives begin with the archetype “orphan” becomes intrinsic in them despite the changes brought about in their characters and in their life condition, this archetype almost evolves symbolically with death in Siayvash.  The outward and objective expression of this evolutionary transformation and awakening is manifested in Kay Khosrow in the form of “sage” archetype which leads to his awakening.  Therefore the process of Ferdowsi’s characterization from Seyavash to Kay Khosrow  both from the aspect of cycle of life and death ( Plant god and martyre in Seyavash’s being to fertility goddess and life in Kay Khosrow’s being) and the quality of the here’s journey are complementary. Manuscript profile

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