Aristotle

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1 - Aristotle’s Essentialism and Brian Ellis’s Scientific Essentialism
مریم معیرزاده

Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this fi More

Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this field. This theorythat concerns to laws of nature was the most notable philosophicalachievements and metaphysical foundation for the science of that time.Aristotle was able to study species of plants and animals as a naturalkind because of variety and apparent difference between them. In hisview, any natural kind acts in goal-oriented. From this perspective,Aristotle’s essentialism has been criticism, so was not a serious activityon this topic till 20 century. Brian Ellis is formulated his scientificessentialism with offers to natural kinds and dispositional properties.He offers a variety of criteria for natural kind but he does not acceptbiological kind because it does not satisfy some of the criteria. Heclaims that his scientific essentialism is realistic. The natural kinds ofthis theory are in transition and interact to each other. What appearsdepends on a variety of roles of natural kinds that participating in theprocess. The paper presents two ideas of Aristotle and Ellis'essentialism and pays to new essentialism functionality. This studypresents why Ellis does not accept natural kind in biology even geneticstructure and unlike the traditional view, according to close relationshipbetween the definition and explanation, there is no such connection inEllis’s essentialism. Manuscript profile

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2 - The Greek Tragedy and the Place of the Gods with Aristotle
Eisa Nouri vayghan Shamsolmolok Mostafavi Esmaeel Shafiee

10.30495/pi.2022.19564

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the &l More

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle. The method is descriptive-analytical and library resources have been used. In this study we first examine some of the Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides’s tragedies and examine Aristotle’s vision in this regard. The main question of this study is: what are the causes of ignoring the role of “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle? The result of this study that can be used by researchers of philosophy and theatre show that the causes of ignoring the role of the gods in the event of tragedy by Aristotle are: realistic, logical and rational view of world phenomena, maintaining religious and moral principles and as well as belief in man as a creature of intellection and choice Manuscript profile

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3 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
موسی ملایری

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq More

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile

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4 - Concept of Feeling (Gefühl) in Schleiermacher's Early Works
بابک Broomandfar Sh Pazooki سید مسعود Zamani فاطمه Lajevardi

In Schleiermacher’s theological system, the concept of Feeling (Gefühl) has a significant role and the foundation of Religious Experience, in his view, is based on it. In this article, the most important question is related to the concept of Feeling from Schl More

In Schleiermacher’s theological system, the concept of Feeling (Gefühl) has a significant role and the foundation of Religious Experience, in his view, is based on it. In this article, the most important question is related to the concept of Feeling from Schleiermacher’s viewpoint with emphasis on his works up to 1792 C.E. Schleiermacher lived in a time when philosophers were faced with a kind of metaphysics and theology, that was so different from those of antiquity and the middle ages. Although the main themes of philosophy, such as God, the soul and its immortality, had not lost their focus; philosophers, looked at them from a different perspective, and this led to a revelation in the systems of Scholastic Theology. On the one hand, Schleiermacher is known as a famous priest, and on the other hand, he is known as a philosopher who is influenced by Kantian philosophy. He seeks to redefine religion according to the concept of “Feeling” in his philosophical theology to rescue it from its decline into Kantian morality. In his early treatises, under the influence of Aristotle and Greek philosophers, and the Kant’s transcendental philosophy, he tries to save Christian theology from the domination of Kant’s ideas and Enlightenment rationalism. Manuscript profile

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5 - The Tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab in Comparison with Aristotle Tragedy
Maryam Majidi

Dramatic literature beside the narrative literature and Epic literature are known as the main branches of literature which have been divided into two genres: comedy and tragedy. The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab as symbol of epic Iranian stories owns Aristotelian theatri More

Dramatic literature beside the narrative literature and Epic literature are known as the main branches of literature which have been divided into two genres: comedy and tragedy. The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab as symbol of epic Iranian stories owns Aristotelian theatric criterion. The mentioned tragedy is based on a theme which shows the will to find the father in a dramatic struggle. The present paper citing the Aristotelian theatric principles derived from Poetics studies and surveys dramatic factors in the tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab in order to clarify Aristotle’s viewpoint on dramatic literature. Thus the reader – of the paper – may obtain comprehensive understanding of this tragedy. Manuscript profile

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6 - Comparison of Langinus' treatise with Nezami Oroozi's book of "Chahar Maghaleh"
Ali Bazvand Arash Amrayi

This article examines the similarities between Nezami Oroozi's "Chahar Maghaleh" and Langinus' "Treatise". Langinus is one of the greatest critics known as Aristotle. In his literary and critical theory, he examines the characteristics of a literary work by proposing th More

This article examines the similarities between Nezami Oroozi's "Chahar Maghaleh" and Langinus' "Treatise". Langinus is one of the greatest critics known as Aristotle. In his literary and critical theory, he examines the characteristics of a literary work by proposing the category of "excellent model" and, in fact, shows the character of a literary masterpiece. Langinus believes that a literary work with its characteristics can be considered as an excellent example and model, and this excellent model is not limited to a literary genre. Nezami Oroozi Samarghandi, the author of "Chahar Maghaleh" in both the secretary's and poetic articles, believes that special circumstances can exalt a literary work. The present article explains Langinus' views and their conformity with the perspective of Nezami Oroozi. In the meantime, of course, it should be noted that the artistic and critical views of Iranian poets and writers are subject to certain rhetorical principles and foundations that may be different from the intellectual and rhetorical foundations of Western writers, but this study only seeks to find similarities that can be seen in these two works. Perhaps the analysis of these similarities can reveal the common sources in the two works and show signs of the presence and influence of Aristotle's views in both books. Manuscript profile

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7 - A Comparative Study of the Critical Ponderations of Qudāme-bin-ja`far, Aristotle and Plato
Abbās Madani

Qudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow h More

Qudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow his way. Manuscript profile

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8 - Critical Criteria in Seven Elements of Poetries (Comparative Analysis)
Mohammad Etemadi Rahim Ansari Pour

Since the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could More

Since the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could be manifested in the best way. Obviously these features are different in each poem and poet's taste; while they are different from person to person or even from one society to another. The mentioned features stand beside seven elements which are language of poetry, artistic experience, poetic emotion, effort's level, complexity degree of poetry, music and form balance and the application of these features determine the goodness of a poem. The method of the present paper is analytical – descriptive. Manuscript profile

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9 - A Study of Sensory Cognition from the View of Aristotle and Sohrewardi
Majid Ehsanfar Hossein Falsafi

The purpose of the present study is to review sensory cognition from the view of Aristotle and Sohrewardi. The method of research is descriptive-analysis and in this regard first, the Aristotle's view about sensory cognition was studied and then, Sohrewardi's view was e More

The purpose of the present study is to review sensory cognition from the view of Aristotle and Sohrewardi. The method of research is descriptive-analysis and in this regard first, the Aristotle's view about sensory cognition was studied and then, Sohrewardi's view was explore by two effective criticisms from Sohrewardi on Peripatetic school of philosophy, one in terms of methodology and another about sensory cognition. Finally, the Peripatetic school of philosophy and Illuminationism were analyzed and it was revealed that Sohrewardi's critique of Aristotle's view about sensory cognition is fundamental. The results showed that a critical review of Aristotle's sensory epistemology can lead to a new and more consistent guideline.      Manuscript profile

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10 - The relationship between pleasure and the meaning of life from the point of view of Aristotle and Mulla Sadra
zahra ganjipour farajollah barati meysam amani

One of the fundamental concerns of humanity since its inception has been the question of the meaning of life. Meaningfulness has two connotations: purposefulness and value. Certainly, the meaning of the meaning of life depends on the type of worldview and perspective of More

One of the fundamental concerns of humanity since its inception has been the question of the meaning of life. Meaningfulness has two connotations: purposefulness and value. Certainly, the meaning of the meaning of life depends on the type of worldview and perspective of each philosopher. The present research seeks to examine the answer to the question of whether pleasure is related to meaningfulness or not. Does pleasure require pleasure to achieve the meaning of life? This research compares and contrasts the theories of Aristotle and Mulla Sadra on the relationship between pleasure and the meaning of life. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method is used to analyze the concepts. The most important philosophical bases that distinguish and differ between these two philosophers are the question of equivocation of existence. Aristotle does not believe in the equivocation of existence. From Aristotle's point of view, pleasure and happiness are a constant for all human beings and he does not believe in different levels of pleasure. He considers happiness to be limited to this world and exclusive to the rational part of man. He considers the way to reach meaning to be limited to the realm of virtue. However, Mulla Sadra, based on the principle of equivocation of existence, believes that pleasure has different levels, with intellectual pleasure being superior to sensory pleasure and being higher in terms of rank and existential dignity than the world of sense and matter. Mulla Sadra considers happiness to be related to the physical and spiritual dimensions, so Mulla Sadra believes in comprehensive happiness. He considers the way to reach meaning to be wisdom, imagination, and inner forces. He considers the way to reach happiness to be a human voluntary action. He considers the true example of happiness to be in the afterlife. Manuscript profile

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11 - Analysis of the virtue of wisdom in Shāhnāmeh based on Aristotle's theory of ethics of virtue
zinat jahani Kimia Tajnia Ismail Eslami

10.30495/pars.2021.685481

  Epic literature plays an important role in the moral education of society and Hakim Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh as the greatest national epic of Iran and the world, has always played a role in cultivating moral virtues, especially among Iranians. One of these virtues i More

  Epic literature plays an important role in the moral education of society and Hakim Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh as the greatest national epic of Iran and the world, has always played a role in cultivating moral virtues, especially among Iranians. One of these virtues is wisdom. The manifestations of wisdom as a virtue in Shāhnāmeh can be put under two headings, first, innate and instinctive wisdom, and second, acquired wisdom. To explain these two kinds of wisdom, Aristotle's theory of moral virtue or the threefold knowledge, emotion and will has been used as a philosophical and theoretical framework. For each of the three cases, example has been quoted from Shāhnāmeh. In this research, the author has used a descriptive-analytical method and library studies to analyze the virtue of wisdom in Shāhnāmeh based on Aristotle's theory of virtue. The results indicate that the concept of wisdom and rationality used in both realms have been expressed in Shāhnāmeh; In other words, Ferdowsi in his moral and educational teachings, by informing, motivating and manifesting wisdom and rationality in practice, has provided the ground for promoting and cultivating wisdom as a moral action. His work in this regard has a philosophical and educational basis.           Manuscript profile

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12 - Struggle for Recognition: The Tragedies of "Rostam and Sohrāb" and "Oedipus the King"
حسین محمدصالحی دارانی

      The tragedies of "Rostam and Sohrāb" and "Oedipus the King" have certain points in common. There is a "struggle for recognition" in both. According to the legend of Shāhnāmeh, after years without any real knowledge of one another, Rostam and Sohr More

      The tragedies of "Rostam and Sohrāb" and "Oedipus the King" have certain points in common. There is a "struggle for recognition" in both. According to the legend of Shāhnāmeh, after years without any real knowledge of one another, Rostam and Sohrāb (father and son) face each other in battlefield, on the opposing sides. Rostam does not recognize his own son, and Sohrāb does not know his father. Likewise, in "Oedipus the King", on the road to Thebes, Oedipus meets Laius, his true father. Unaware of each other's identities, they quarrel over whose chariot has right-of-way. Oedipus's pride leads him to murder Laius. Manuscript profile

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13 - The Story of Rostam and Sohrab: An Analysis Based on Aristotelian Ethics
Zolfaqār Alāmi leilā Āghāyāni Chāvooshi

The aim of present article is to study the story of Rostam and Sohrab based on moral virtues in the thoughts of Aristotle. According to Aristotle, virtue is a praiseworthy ethical habit between excess and negligence. Some of these virtues are courage, honesty, nobility More

The aim of present article is to study the story of Rostam and Sohrab based on moral virtues in the thoughts of Aristotle. According to Aristotle, virtue is a praiseworthy ethical habit between excess and negligence. Some of these virtues are courage, honesty, nobility and hauteur. In the present article, after a cursory examination of the Aristotelian approach to moral virtues, they are studied in the story of Rostam and Sohrab. The analysis of the story shows that there is a considerable correspondence between virtues and moral conducts of the characters of the story and Aristotelian virtues. It also shows that moral codes have an important function in Shāhnāmeh and the behaviors of Iranian heroes. The moral behaviors of Sohrab, considerably correspond to Aristotelian virtues. Manuscript profile

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14 - Aristotle on personal identity and mind- body problem
mozhgan محمدی malek hosseini

The problem of mind-body is one of the most complex philosophical issues that, in the opinion of thinkers, if there is enough answer to this question, many complex and difficult philosophical issues will be solved, and human beings will achieve a comprehensive knowledge More

The problem of mind-body is one of the most complex philosophical issues that, in the opinion of thinkers, if there is enough answer to this question, many complex and difficult philosophical issues will be solved, and human beings will achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the nature of mankind. In addition to the ontological and causal problems posed by the mind-body issue, this issue faces mental issues with important questions such as the nature of personal identity and its relation to the body and the brain. The inability of theories in explanation due to mental and physical characteristics has led some to raise the issue of returning to the Aristotelian interpretation of mind or soul as body form. In spite of the many criticisms that Aristotle's theory posed, how he faced the problem of mind-body it helps us, to answer questions about what constitutes mental phenomena and physical states, and how is the interaction of our body and mind. His views also have many strengths points in solving the problem of personal identity. Manuscript profile

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15 - Metaphysics in Avicenna’s Philosophy: Based on the First Essay of Kitāb Al-Shifāʾ
سیدصدرالدین طاهری معصومه سلیمان میگونی

Debate over an independent philosophical field under the title of Metaphilosophy is rather a new one and has particularly begun with Kant’s serious reflections on the cognitional nature of philosophy and by the 1960s reaches its climax as a serious issue. However, More

Debate over an independent philosophical field under the title of Metaphilosophy is rather a new one and has particularly begun with Kant’s serious reflections on the cognitional nature of philosophy and by the 1960s reaches its climax as a serious issue. However, from the outset of philosophical thinking in Greece– although sporadically– debate over the nature of philosophy and its subject, method and end has been one of the important issues of philosophy. Aristotle, as will be discussed in this article, on several occasions reflects on the nature of philosophy and enumerates its main subjects such as “being as being” and “separate substance”.  Afterwards, Avicenna elaborately explained this issue in the first essay of Kitāb Al-Shifāʾ, especially in the first two chapters of it. He elaborates it, on the one hand, by a negative approach and discusses things which are not the subjects of philosophy but are its problems, such as God and the Cause of causes, and on the other hand, by an affirmative approach discusses the subjects of philosophy, such as “being as being” and “separate substance”. This article tries to survey Avicenna’s views on the subject of philosophy and its relation with separate substance, physics and mathematics.  In fact, it criticizes the Avicenna’s Metaphilosophy of Kitāb Al-Shifāʾ. Manuscript profile

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16 - Analysis of tragedies in Shahnameh based on the Aristotle’s Mythos
Peiman Reihani Nia Khalil Baygzade

Aristotle divided tragedy into six formative elements and mythos or plot is the most important one.  In shahnameh plot plays a pivotal role in tragedies and bears considerable resemblance to Aristotle’s mythos.  The purpose of this research is to discuss More

Aristotle divided tragedy into six formative elements and mythos or plot is the most important one.  In shahnameh plot plays a pivotal role in tragedies and bears considerable resemblance to Aristotle’s mythos.  The purpose of this research is to discuss this issue according to Aristotle’s views employing descriptive analytic approach to indicate that most tragedies in Shahnameh correspond to Aristotelian mythos and its constituent elements such as recognition, transformation and catastrophic event or downfall.  Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a tragedy which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect.  The existence of recognition, transformation and catastrophic fate of the protagonist encourage the reader to reread times and times again tragedies of Shahnameh.  Therefore the everlasting appeal and the secret of survival of Shahnameh owes itself to its strong plot greatly corresponding to mythos of Aristotle although as far as narrative structure is concerned in parts for instance forecasting in the beginning of tragedies and domination of destiny and final fate discrepancies exist. Manuscript profile

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