ایرانیان

Open Access Article

1 - Dihghāns and Islamic Conquests
شهرام امیری

As the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and peopl More

As the representatives of the social middle class in Iran before Islam,Dihghāns had an active role in the inner changes of the society;particularly in Sassanid era that they were a joining link betweencentral government, Arian aristocrats, Zoroastrian priests, and people.From the beginning of Islamic conquests and then during the first andsecond centuries after Hijra, their role became more prominent as theyconducted most of the economical and social changes in Islamic Iran,and protected the old Iranian culture and transmitted it to nextgenerations. This role is investigated in this article. Manuscript profile

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2 - A Critique on Mas‘ūdī’saccount about the Iranians Regard to K‘abah in pre-Islamic Period
سید حسن مهدیخانی سروجهانی

Abu’al-Hasan ‘Alī ibn Husayn Mas‘ūdī (d. 345 AH), provided a report in his two well-known works (Murūj al-dhahab and al-tanbīhwa’l-ishrāf), indicates that the ancient Iranians, including Sāsān ibn Bābak, went to Ka‘bah to make a pilgrimage More

Abu’al-Hasan ‘Alī ibn Husayn Mas‘ūdī (d. 345 AH), provided a report in his two well-known works (Murūj al-dhahab and al-tanbīhwa’l-ishrāf), indicates that the ancient Iranians, including Sāsān ibn Bābak, went to Ka‘bah to make a pilgrimage and carried gifts. According to this story, name of Zamzam well is derived from the Persian word-zamzam- means whisper. The present study examines significant points of Masudi’s narrative and compares it with those from other sources on history of Iran and Mecca in pre- Islamic period. It is concluded that the report about the Iranians regard to K‘abah in pre- Islamic period had not been mentioned in the works from other historians before Mas‘ūdī and also those who wrote about history from a critical point of view after him. Therefore, the aforementioned narrative is not common and valid and probably emanated from Sho‘ūbīs inIslamic era. Manuscript profile

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3 - British India and Anti-Colonial Discourse in Contemporary Iran: The Causes of the Beginning and Spread of Anti-Colonial Beliefs among Iranians
Farhad Hajari Abdolrahim Ghanavat Mohsen Massumi

10.30495/jhcin.2023.22306

Although Iran has never been formally colonized, the anti-colonial ideology was disseminated there. The root of Iranian anti-colonial thoughts, often, has been studied in the context of the history of the relations between Iran and European powers such as Britain and Ru More

Although Iran has never been formally colonized, the anti-colonial ideology was disseminated there. The root of Iranian anti-colonial thoughts, often, has been studied in the context of the history of the relations between Iran and European powers such as Britain and Russia. The current research suggests a new opinion and assumes that Iranian used the experience of British colonial in India to form and propagate the anti-colonial discourse. Since the second half of 19th century, a variety of texts concerning British rule in India has written in Persian. A content analysis of these works and the social conditions in which they were embedded indicate that the anti-colonial discourse in Iran was because of fear of loss of national and religious identity and so, they tried to use the British colonial adventures in India for publicizing the anti-colonial ideology.   Manuscript profile

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4 - Fluctuations of Iranian-Islamic Identity (From the Beginning till Tamer lane Invasion)
منصور Tarafdari

Iranians national identity is rooted deeply to Iranian cultureand civilization; such a culture and civilization which by virtueof numerous archeological evidences, its great achievementsdate back to at least 5th millennium B.C.Taking advances, of this rich heritage and More

Iranians national identity is rooted deeply to Iranian cultureand civilization; such a culture and civilization which by virtueof numerous archeological evidences, its great achievementsdate back to at least 5th millennium B.C.Taking advances, of this rich heritage and millennialachievements of civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc., Arianswho entered Iran about first millennium B.C., laid thefoundation of a noble and strong civilization and culture thatthough showing flexibility in confrontation with Arab and Turknations, did not lost its nobility. By the entrance of Islam intoIram and as a result of the efforts of various groups, graduallythe “Itanian-Islamic Identity”was formed. But this newly formedidentity was just growing when the Turkish invasion unbalancedthe situation and exposed this nowly-established identity toserious challenges. Manuscript profile

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5 - Scientific products in the fields of accounting and finance in Iran at the Web of Science (2003-2013)
Fatemeh Geramirad Mahdi Mohammadi Narges Sarlak

This paper studies the status the scientific products in the fields of accounting and finance in Iran at the Web of Science (2003-2013) by data that recorded in the ISI database. According to findings during years studied, about 227 titles of format, 217 titles (95%) of More

This paper studies the status the scientific products in the fields of accounting and finance in Iran at the Web of Science (2003-2013) by data that recorded in the ISI database. According to findings during years studied, about 227 titles of format, 217 titles (95%) of articles, 7 titles (3%) of review articles, 3 titles(1%) of conference articles and 3 titles (1%) of books are indexed from Iranian Authors and researchers at the Web of Science database. The subject of "operations research management science" with 66 articles placed at the first level. The language of all papers is English. The maximum of the scientific productions are recorded for 2013 and the minimum are recorded for 2005. Tehran University with 63 publications was introduced as the most productive university and Reza Raei, Gholam Reza Jafari and Meysam Beglou were identified as the most active authors. Iranian authors have the higher cooperation with American authors (9 articles) .Canada, England, Malaysia, Turkey, Germany are placed in the next level. . EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS is a publication that published most of the Iranian articles. Manuscript profile

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6 - A comparative look at the effects of Fame in Arabic Literature
Seyed Hossein Mousavi nejad Fariborz Hosynjanzadeh

Here I want to introduce Iranian celebrities in Arabic literatures. In order to achieve this purpose, I study periods of literature history and finally it was found that Iranian contribution in formation of Arabic literature was impressive. By entrance of Islam to Iran, More

Here I want to introduce Iranian celebrities in Arabic literatures. In order to achieve this purpose, I study periods of literature history and finally it was found that Iranian contribution in formation of Arabic literature was impressive. By entrance of Islam to Iran, many followers turned to it. And the association of Arabs and Iranian people caused the mutual influence on both countries culture. This influence is less visible in Umayyad caliphate. Because Umayyad caliphate, prefer Arabs to non-Arabs especially Iranian people. And this preference causes less contribution of Iranian in literature domain in that period. This humiliation finally led to down fall of Umayyad. After revolution of Abu-Muslim Khorasani, the ground for Umayyad downfall and formation of Abbasid caliphate was provided. Abbasid begin their insurrection by accepting Ahl-Al-Bayt and enjoy the total support of Iranian. This matter had beneficial consequences for Iranian; they gain important positions in Abbasid caliphate. This high contribution and elation in their position had a great effect on emergence of religious, literary and scientific faces. In this study we will be familiar with some of these celebrities which most of them are literary people. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Transformations of Iran’s National Identity in the Islamic Era (Since the Advent of Islam to Iran until the Safavid Dynasty)
Majid Abbaszadeh Marzbali

10.22034/sej.2021.1928461.1325

The purpose of the present study is to review transformations of Iran’s national identity since the advent of Islam to Iran until the Safavid dynasty. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that as the Iranians gradually accepted Islam, More

The purpose of the present study is to review transformations of Iran’s national identity since the advent of Islam to Iran until the Safavid dynasty. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that as the Iranians gradually accepted Islam, a new movement through organizing the new collective and national identity in different aspects began based on their former heritage combined with Islamic principles. After the advent of Islam to Iran, Persian government was replaced with Islamic state and the religion of Islam replaced Zoroastrianism within 3 centuries. Iran-shar or the kingdom realm collapsed and Iran was deprived of political and national unity for almost 9 centuries. However, from intellectual and cultural aspects, Iran’s national identity was sustained through other identity elements and so Iran survived as a concept and Iranians, due to their nationality, language, common historical memories, and special customs, were still distinguished from Arabs. After some centuries of political disunity in Iran, the Safavids could bring back integration to Iran and revive and consolidate its national identity. Manuscript profile

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8 - Ferdowsi, Epic and Lesson Teacher* (A Reflection on the Educational Role of Shahnameh Stories)
Maryam Rezabeigi ali salimi

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is even though throughout the war and canvas cover, but there are lots of educational remarks, regarding taking lessons from the world. This great masterpiece, in describing the life of kings and heroes, has expressed the most beautiful and in More

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is even though throughout the war and canvas cover, but there are lots of educational remarks, regarding taking lessons from the world. This great masterpiece, in describing the life of kings and heroes, has expressed the most beautiful and instructive about the life and death. This book, all over, is Hakim warm breath that with the entire artist, join Iranian reason rather with Islamic beliefs and has balanced combination of human thoughts about education. In place of this immortal work, prosperity, and then ending King's life have been seen with the lesson's approach, Tous Hakim, amidst the history of their, has been linked happiness’s to the failures. Because his attitude is inspired by deep religious insight, Death of his views is as a ladder for the transfer of house to mortal remains. Moreover, he looked to the world as meaningful rewards is distinguishing feature of the prevailing thoughts of the Shahnameh. Although this idea has been proposed in the Islamic beliefs, But Ferdowsi, Inspired by the wisdom of ancient Persia, it highlights this aspect of the criminal act, so that most of his champions in the world to reach their great deeds.   Manuscript profile

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9 - Phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe
Faramarz Motamad Dezfouli Hasan Mohaddesigilvaii Ali Zahed

In this search, our goal is the phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe at two centuries ago. The statistical population consisted of Iranian travelogues who went to the top and based on literary history, three travelogues of Mir More

In this search, our goal is the phenomenological study of Iranian women features in their itineraries to Europe at two centuries ago. The statistical population consisted of Iranian travelogues who went to the top and based on literary history, three travelogues of Mir Abdul Latif Shooshtari (1805), Mirza Asalah Shirazi (1815) and Mirzahadi Alavi Shirazi (1813) were selected as the sample. The research design is descriptive-analytical that qualitative method and a phenomenological approach are studied. This itinerary is a representation of Iranians first encounter to the new world. Representing the new age women pictures is one of the most important cognitive elements of such itineraries. The Qajarid society knew no image but a traditional woman, but these itineraries, pawed the pavement for the women acquaintance and their cultural and social presence in that society at the constitutional age by introducing and portraying of the modern woman. These itineraries, besides introducing the “European women”, describe the changes in women's role, and their husband finding methods as well as the changes in the families' structure and the women problems, and the ability of modern women versus traditional women element is seriously concentrated on. As each of the itinerants find this ability in a triplet of “flagrancy”, “unchastity”, and “perfection”, according to their lived and phenomenological experience. They see the new women models, who have reached to being subject and indepenance, carrying one of these valuations in their phenomenological experience, and reflect it in their itineraries. Manuscript profile

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10 - Hejab (Veil) in Different Nations, Religions and Faiths
آیت Shokati فاطمه Hajighassemloo

In this paper after defining Hijab literaral meaning it was investigated from The Old and New Testaments (Judaism and Christianity), Zorasthorian and Islam view points and among various nations such as the Arabs, Ancient Iranians…. The Hijab aim in Islam was ment More

In this paper after defining Hijab literaral meaning it was investigated from The Old and New Testaments (Judaism and Christianity), Zorasthorian and Islam view points and among various nations such as the Arabs, Ancient Iranians…. The Hijab aim in Islam was mentioned as well. Finally the essential difference of Islamic Hijab compare to veil in other religions was highlighted. Manuscript profile

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11 - Theology and Its Systematic Uses in Mythical and Heroic Periods of Shahnameh- e- Ferdowsi
Ahmad Amini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Khalil hadidi

In this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or descri More

In this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or described it? So, after considering the mythical and heroic poems of this great work, I discovered that he has been an enamoured worshipper of God. He believes that Godliness is the source of prosperity and safety and Godlessness causes adversity and pain. Divine magnificence and wisdom brings about honour and pride; and selfishness and ingratitude cause humiliation and affliction. He believes that human being has a God-seeking nature, so, ancient Iranians were never atheist. Thus, Ferdowsi was in search for a utopian society based on monotheism which he called spiritual being of man and he ignored otherwise. Manuscript profile

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12 - Reflection on Iranian pilgrimage in the tenth and eleventh centuries with emphasis on the Safavid and Ottoman reiations
alireza falahati shahrbanoo dalbari ardeshir asad beygi

With the rise of the Safavids(907-1135 AH)and the spread of Shiism in Iran,a turbulent period of conflict with the Sunni Ottomans began(1222-1922)One of the issues that always exacerbated the hostility of the two countries was the issue of Hajj and how the Ottomans trea More

With the rise of the Safavids(907-1135 AH)and the spread of Shiism in Iran,a turbulent period of conflict with the Sunni Ottomans began(1222-1922)One of the issues that always exacerbated the hostility of the two countries was the issue of Hajj and how the Ottomans treated Iran's pilgrimage.As the land of Hejaz was under Ottoman rule and the Iranian pilgrims had to pass through their territory to go to the Hajj,they encountered many difficulties along the way and on the land of Hejaz.So that they were sometimes even forbidden from performing the Hajj.During this period, the differences between the two governments made the Hajj an arena for Shia and Sunni divisions. Both governments attempted to politically exploit this religious ritual by relying on the hajj issue.They tried to show Islam their friendship and gain legitimacy for themselves. In this descriptive-analytic study,we examine how the Iranian Hajj with emphasis on the relationship between the Safavids and the Ottomans is concerned, and whether the relationship between the two governments has influenced Iranian pilgrimage.Or was the pilgrimage to the Hajj beyond political and religious strife? The findings of this study show that the pilgrimage of Iranians in the tenth and eleventh centuries was overshadowed by the Safavid and Ottoman political relations. Manuscript profile

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13 - The role of Iranian elites and poets in the scientific - literary movement of the era of Akbar Shah Gorkani (1556-1605)
Rohama Bordbar mahmood seyyed Reza Dehghani

10.30495/hstr.2023.1982931.1842

Akbar Shah as the greatest Mughal king of India, in order to complete his policy of free thinking and religious tolerance in the multi-religious and multi-ethnic society of India, he ordered prominent works of Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and other religions in the fields More

Akbar Shah as the greatest Mughal king of India, in order to complete his policy of free thinking and religious tolerance in the multi-religious and multi-ethnic society of India, he ordered prominent works of Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and other religions in the fields of religious, historical and literary to be translated into Persian language. In this way, during his period, a translation movement was launched in which Iranians living in India played a prominent role, so that Iranian elites, translators and poets can be considered the main pioneers of this translation movement.The purpose of this article is to study the role of Iranian elites in the scientific-literary movement of Akbar Shah's era, and accordingly, the main question of the research is, in which fields and disciplines did Iranian elites play a role in the scientific-literary movement of Akbar Shah's era?The findings of the research show that the Iranians living in India were not only the promoters of science and literature in the period of Akbar and the subsequent Mughal rulers, but also greatly helped the growth, expansion and deepening of the Persian language in India. The research method in this article is the descriptive-analytical method and the method of collecting information is the library method. Manuscript profile

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14 - Shiite political role in the Kashmir (1288-735 AD. QAR)
ahmadreza behniyafar

Kashmir, which is located on north Indian subcontinent, due to its historical, geographical and strategic situation has invariably been drew attention. Shia is one of groups which has played role in political history of Kashmir and the developments which is resulted fro More

Kashmir, which is located on north Indian subcontinent, due to its historical, geographical and strategic situation has invariably been drew attention. Shia is one of groups which has played role in political history of Kashmir and the developments which is resulted from it. Starting point of arrival of Shias and gaining political power in Kashmir is immigration of Iranian to the territory from mid-8th century of hegira. Thus the paper, through historical method based on qualification and analysis, seeks to determine Shias’ role in political development of Kashmir in the Shah Miri, Chak and Mughal dynasty eras from 735 to 1288 of hegira. Findings of the paper shows that governance of Shia during the era has led to reduction of political crisis in Kashmir, development of Shia culture and giving an Iranian nature to the territory, especially through promotion of Persian language and literature Manuscript profile

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15 - Medicine in Qajar Iran Based on Western Travelers Itineraries
mohammad tayebi hamid kavyani

Based on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. The More

Based on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. They thought that magic and charm could be of more benefit in disease prevention than clever care. However, setting aside the unaware and untrained pseudo-physicians, it is to be noted that there were physicians all around Qajar Iran who had been attending to scientific methods of medicine education and had gone so much further than their own time but lack of supervision over physicians’ activities, unaccounted entry of greedy people into the realm of medicine, and disappearance of specialization in treatment led the medicine science to superstition and being unscientific and left the scientific medicine in a weak and helpless position. The superstitious and reactionary ideas about Iranian medicine and treatment methods are cited in this research to show the general condition of Iranian physicians and medicine during Qajar era so that we could find out the why and how of regression in medicine and treatment methods of Iranian during the said era and its lagging behind the modern medicine. Therefore, through a comparative method and comparing the existing sources this research aimed to reflect the reality of medicine in Qajar Iran. Manuscript profile

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16 - Some of the historical development of ancient Persia
hosien elahi

With the advent of Zoroastrianism, the evolution of ideas and Community-based instruction and data occurred on this wise Where the equality of man, his freedom and the role of speech and opinion Krdar Iranians living Nick as a basic income and that was the reason rather More

With the advent of Zoroastrianism, the evolution of ideas and Community-based instruction and data occurred on this wise Where the equality of man, his freedom and the role of speech and opinion Krdar Iranians living Nick as a basic income and that was the reason rather Iranian society. Self-esteem and respect for the individual and social progress and development of society and to spread within the political, economic, social and emotional provided. Iranians history on this test, which was founded on the basic questions and answers to create a happy life and love for all people and especially their efforts in their geographic area and education of their children based on the dynamics of self-respect, to add community Home and family and ethnic groups are respected and world affairs based on social justice and fight against ignorance and ignorance among all human beings based on their nd were convinced that this is converging and the divergence of human civilizations were around and justice and security and freedom to all people and all they asked for. and committed to human freedom in thought and thought and came to respect his wishes. Manuscript profile

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17 - sdt
mohamadnabi salim

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18 - A brief introuduction to the book " JahanNamayehJadid", and it's contribution to the iranians recognition about European countries
abbas hashemzadeh

Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European  books and literature under  the supervi More

Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European  books and literature under  the supervision of the professionalists. Translating this outstanding works played an  important role in improving the understanding of Europe for the Iranian people. One of the brilliant achievements of this era was Compiling a book entitled "JahanNamayehJadid", compiled from translating of European historical and geographical books after Amir kabir′s assignment as Ambassador  inArzanat. Arroum. The latterimprovedIranian  recognition about European countries. In this article, we attempt to explain the contribution of this book to the  awareness among the Iranians.     Manuscript profile

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19 - The Development of Knowledge Management (ID infrastructure, tools and areas of knowledge)
Omid Ardalan Asghar Mohammadi Fateh Sayyad Mehdi Alvani

  The main purpose of this article, the development of a comprehensive model of knowledge management in Iranian banks is wisdom. For this reason, a both qualitative and quantitative approach separately in the completed pattern has been followed. In a small phase, t More

  The main purpose of this article, the development of a comprehensive model of knowledge management in Iranian banks is wisdom. For this reason, a both qualitative and quantitative approach separately in the completed pattern has been followed. In a small phase, through exploratory factor analysis identified 14 infrastructure knowledge management And their correlation with knowledge management cycle through Pearson test was 36%.Also, in qualitative phase and by interviewing bankers, were asked to express the knowledge domains Bank The four areas of marketing, risk management, customer service, and human resources have been identified as areas of knowledge. Then take part in a questionnaire phase of the sample (n = 148) were asked to determine the extent of the use of knowledge management tools in the bank, Type the necessary tools to improve their above mentioned four areas. By counting the frequency of responses, 8 marketing tool, 14 Tools for risk management tool for the customer 15, and 8 for the field of human resources bank, was diagnosed applicable. Based on the model map of the Article 14 knowledge management infrastructure can facilitate knowledge management cycle in four areas. Manuscript profile

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20 - Political-economic strategies of Umayyads and their agents towards Iranians
Ahmad abasinia hasan shadpoor mohammad salim

With the domination of the Umayyad dynasty over the political system of Islam, many Islamic values such as; Equality, justice and human dignity were ignored. The policy of the Umayyad caliphs was based on the sovereignty of the Arab people and the humiliation of other s More

With the domination of the Umayyad dynasty over the political system of Islam, many Islamic values such as; Equality, justice and human dignity were ignored. The policy of the Umayyad caliphs was based on the sovereignty of the Arab people and the humiliation of other subordinate nations; In such a way that they did not treat other citizens of the Islamic Caliphate fairly, except for the Arabs, who knew all the social and economic advantages. This research intends to answer the question with descriptive-analytical method, what kind of economic policies did the Umayyad caliphs use in dealing with the Iranian people and what were the consequences? The research findings indicate that the economic policies of the Umayyads based on the implementation of the policy of economic sanctions, confiscation of property of Iranian dissidents, as well as the occupation of private lands and the collection of unfair taxes that imposed great economic pressure on Iranian citizens. Therefore, in response to legal inequality and the violent and boastful policies of the caliphate, the Shuabiyah movement was formed by the Iranian element and reacted differently to the wrong practices of the caliphs in various political, social and economic dimensions. Manuscript profile

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21 - Iranian food and clothing in the Umayyad era
amirahmad momeniha mohammad sepehri Houshang Khosro Beigi

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the ch More

The arrival of Islam in Iran had profound and profound effects on the body of this institution, so that the political, social, cultural, economic, and livelihood structures of the people underwent fundamental changes. The main question of the research is what was the character of Iranian food and clothing as elements of social, cultural and livelihood structure of the Umayyads? It has been hypothesized that part of the ancient Persian text continued in the early Islamic centuries. During the period under review while maintaining some of the national and social traditions and traditions, Iranian society had the greatest influence on the Umayyad in the area of Iranian food, while preserving ancient traditions and local foods, and part of the Arab diet. And Iranian food diversity also changed Arabs' eating habits, so in this part of the tradition we see the influence of both sides on each other. This research will explain the subject under the descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

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22 - بررسی جایگاه سیاسی و فرهنگی ایرانیان با تأکید بردو دورۀ خلافت اموی و عباسی
دکتر زهرا الهویی نظری دکتر فریبا پات

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23 - جستاری در نقش شیعیان ایرانی کوفه در طول قرن اول هجری
دکتر سید علاء‌الدین شاهرخی

Manuscript profile

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24 - هویت فرهنگی ایرانیان و اسلام در قرون نخستین هجری
دکتر سید علاء‌الدین شاهرخی

Manuscript profile

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25 - Hadith and Historical Criticism of the Orientalist views on the Emergence of Shi’a
Nabiallah Pourhasrat Shilsar Mohammad Hossein Tavanayi Sareh Dini AbdolMajid TalebTash

Contrary to the common belief and opinion of Shiites, who believe that the origin and emergence of Shiism was in the time of the Prophet (pbuh) and coincided with the emergence of Islam, a group of orientalists, based their own ideology, consider the Shiite religion as More

Contrary to the common belief and opinion of Shiites, who believe that the origin and emergence of Shiism was in the time of the Prophet (pbuh) and coincided with the emergence of Islam, a group of orientalists, based their own ideology, consider the Shiite religion as a historical event after the death of the Prophet (pbuh) which emerged during the Saqīfah of Bani Sāʿidah process; and some of them also consider the Shiism to have been fabricated by the Iranians against the Muslim Arabs’ domination on Iran. Other orientalists acknowledge the Arabic origin of Shiism, but believe in the influence of Iranian culture on this religion. The present research seeks to prove the Shiism is the original Islam and its emergence is on the third year of the prophetic mission simultaneous with the slogan of monotheism by using the Qurʾan verses and Nahj al-Balāghah, narrations, evidences, and historical documents. This paper criticizes the works of some orientalists with an analytical and descriptive view.  Manuscript profile

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26 - Iranian Strategic Culture and the Limitations of Washington's Coercive Diplomacy against Tehran
Majid Gholampour Ghaffar Zarei Ali Mohammad Haghighi

10.30495/pir.2021.686948

This study is to "evaluate the impact of Iranian strategic culture on Tehran's response to Washington's coercive diplomacy. The question is, "How has the strategic culture of Iran affected its response to Washington's wills i.e. giving up the ideals of the Islamic Revol More

This study is to "evaluate the impact of Iranian strategic culture on Tehran's response to Washington's coercive diplomacy. The question is, "How has the strategic culture of Iran affected its response to Washington's wills i.e. giving up the ideals of the Islamic Revolution. The findings of the study, obtained through an inferential methodology and analyzed relying on the power of individual understanding, show that the nine components of Iranian strategic culture in regard of diplomacy and defense, including "martyrdom", "resistance", "emphasis on deterrence", tactical flexibility, "Strategic ambiguity", "strategic patience", "self-reliance", "strategic loneliness and a sense of vulnerability" and "the mission of the leadership of Islam and the region" and its 5 characteristics including "achieving the truth of trust", "courage" , "rationalism", "intelligent and thoughtful leadership" and "hybrid and multidimensional nature has led Iran to understand the extravagant and self-reinforcing nature of coercive diplomacy and the importance of resisting US pressure and to prevent an onset for the domino of being blackmailed by US. Thus, the interactions between Iran and US during the past four decades have been based on either the principle of "privilege for privilege" or "reciprocity." Manuscript profile

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27 - Analysis of scientific production "Economy - Business," in Science Citation Index (ISI web of science)
Davoud Gorjizadeh

Purpose: In recent years, researchers review and analyze information and scientific products have been concerned subject to international, national and The Institute's. Economics and commercial sciences, discussed the knowledge’s related to economics and business. More

Purpose: In recent years, researchers review and analyze information and scientific products have been concerned subject to international, national and The Institute's. Economics and commercial sciences, discussed the knowledge’s related to economics and business. The analysis of scientific production in economics and business are also important in promoting and developing country. Methodology: This study method is a quantitative and use assessment of science techniques. This research studied Iranian researcher’s scientific products in the period 1990 to 2010. Conclusion: The results show that the growth of Iranian scientific papers in the fields of “economics-Business” in the study period has an acceptable amount, and 76% of the Iranian scientific productions were written inside the organization. Also Iranian researchers published more than fifty percent of its scientific productions in these fields in the qualified and first ranking journals and a high percentage of articles, "Economics-Business" (93%)  Iranian researchers as the main author. Compared with Iran’s scientific products with two    rival in the Middle East, Egypt and Turkey in the fields "economics-trade" The results showed that Iran has considerable growth, but Turkey from Iran in this field has outdistanced and Egypt is third .   Manuscript profile

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28 - Study and evolution of life and collective spaces of Iranians in the era of Al-Buwayh
Hedieh Dabiri Leila zare

Collective space as one of the building blocks in shaping urban spaces has always played an effective role in creating an ideal city and the formation of spaces in the body of cities for human interaction has always been one of human needs since the beginning of mankind More

Collective space as one of the building blocks in shaping urban spaces has always played an effective role in creating an ideal city and the formation of spaces in the body of cities for human interaction has always been one of human needs since the beginning of mankind. . An external look at the history of Shiism shows the existence of different periods with many ups and downs in this school. At some points in history, Shiism has been in decline and pressure, and some periods are considered the peak of Shiism. Naturally, the existence of Shiite governments has played an undeniable role in the culmination of the Shiite religion that the growth and scientific and social excellence of the Shiite religion in some periods has been the result of the existence of powerful Shiite governments. The emergence of the Buwayhids and their rise to power in the Islamic world can be considered as one of the peak periods of Shiism in life and the creation of collective and urban spaces. This research has been written in a historical-analytical method with the aim of examining the evolution of life in the era of Al-Buwayh and how to create collective and urban spaces of Iranians at that time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Investigate effected factors on enhancement of enhancement of cultural identity of youth in Eilam
طاهر سلیمانی علی رضا صامت عباسعلی قیومی اسماعیل کاوسی

The aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate effected factors on enhancement of cultural identity of youth in Eilam. The research population comprised 1750 employees in cultural organizations in Eilam out of whom a sample 315 wa More

The aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate effected factors on enhancement of cultural identity of youth in Eilam. The research population comprised 1750 employees in cultural organizations in Eilam out of whom a sample 315 was randomly selected, based on Morgan Table, to participate in the study. The research data were collected using a researcher-made five-point level Likert scale questionnaire comprising 4 factors and 44 items tapping the participants’ responses were. Therefore, 350 questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. Having distributed and collected the questionnaires, we analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptively, features like absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance of background and main variables were estimated. Inferentially, correlational tests, multiple regression and spirman used indicated that cultural heritage, religious heritage, political heritage and historical heritage had a significant effect on Quality of Guestcarees services at 4 Stars hotels in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Investigate the effect of globalization on Iranian political culture
Ali akbai Talebi Matin Esmaeil Kavousi Abbasali Ghayoumi

The aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate the effect of globalization on Iranian political culture. The research population comprised 35000 students in Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch out of whom a sample 384 was More

The aim of the current applied, descriptive and correlational study was to investigate the effect of globalization on Iranian political culture. The research population comprised 35000 students in Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch out of whom a sample 384 was randomly selected, based on Morgan Table, to participate in the study. The research data were collected using a researcher-made five-point level Likert scale questionnaire comprising 3 factors and 44 items tapping the participants’ responses were. Therefore, 400 questionnaires were distributed among members of the target population. Having distributed and collected the questionnaires, we analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptively, features like absolute and relative frequency, mean, standard deviation and variance of background and main variables were estimated. Inferentially, correlational tests, multiple regression and spirman used indicated that cultural globalization, political globalization and economical globalization had a significant effect on Iranian political culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Investigating the Familial Lived Experiences of Iranian living in Canada
Mohammad Soory Kiumars Farahbakhsh Ebrahim Naeimi

This study aimed to investigate the familial lived experiences of Iranian living in Canada. In 2019, 16 Iranians living in Canada who were at least 18 years old and resided for one year were selected by purposive sampling method and in-depth interviews were conducted. T More

This study aimed to investigate the familial lived experiences of Iranian living in Canada. In 2019, 16 Iranians living in Canada who were at least 18 years old and resided for one year were selected by purposive sampling method and in-depth interviews were conducted. The study design was qualitative using semi-structured interview and observation method and analysis was performed by grounded theory approach through method of open, axial, and selective coding among the basic concepts of 57open codes, 5 axial codes (family avoidance, intergenerational gap, separation, new challenges, and self-actualization) and 2 selective codes (deconstructionism, independence, and individual growth) were selected. The findings showed that a set of conditions such as the type of behavior of immigrant families in the past and the difference between lifestyles and attitudes of generations can damage the intergenerational relationship and make people avoid the family structure. On the other hand, experiences of being away from home, can deepen people's attitudes toward life, and can be significant in the development of their personality and independence in their life decisions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - culture-specifics in iranian values:a study in three samples of three generations
Mohammad Taghi Delkhamoush Mehrnaz Ahmadi Mobarakeh

the aim of the study was to identify culture-specifics of Iranian values and to explain the origins of Iranian specific value model in terms of causal impacts of socio-political conditions. In three separate studies, three age groups (15-17, n=1532; 18-28, n=600; 24-62, More

the aim of the study was to identify culture-specifics of Iranian values and to explain the origins of Iranian specific value model in terms of causal impacts of socio-political conditions. In three separate studies, three age groups (15-17, n=1532; 18-28, n=600; 24-62, n=821) were assessed using the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS; Schwartz, 1992) and the 40-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40; Schwartz et al. 2001). Through separate Smallest Space Analyses (SSA) regarding value structure relations for all samples and comparing them with the original model (human basic values; Schwartz, 1992, 1994) crosscultural differences were recognized. As it was expected there were some deviancies from theoretical model which represent the impact of Islamic-revolutionary ideology within socio-political arena: (1) the dynamics relations of higher order dimensions of selftranscendence and self-enhancement were in conflict with all three samples, (2) similar to Eastern Europe samples, a location of socio-political values were formed in self-transcendence dimension, (3) moderate value was removed from tradition and religion values, and (4) in examining the differential impacts of socio-political atmosphere on younger generations in relation to adults, it was found that adolescents did not come to a coherent and continuous understandings of self-transcendence values in two levels of close relations (benevolence) and extended relations (universalism).     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - صلاحیت دادگاههای ایران در طلاق ایرانیان مقیم خارج از کشور
بهشید ارفع نیا

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Open Access Article

34 - Intercultural Communication between Afghans Living in Iran and Iranians Based on the Co-Cultural Theory
hasan bashir mohamadjavad keshani

The presence of Afghan immigrants in Iran, as the largest ethnicity of immigrants in Iran, goes back to many years ago. Now, a portion of them have children in Iran, and the third generation of these immigrants feels a sense of belonging to Iran as their birthplace. Thi More

The presence of Afghan immigrants in Iran, as the largest ethnicity of immigrants in Iran, goes back to many years ago. Now, a portion of them have children in Iran, and the third generation of these immigrants feels a sense of belonging to Iran as their birthplace. This generation is moving in a direction; in which they are having more demands from society. The commonality of these two nationalities in language, religion, and some of their culture has made the type of social interactions more complicated. Little attention, humiliation, and being looked down upon are the least of the experiences that have exerted damages to these people, which in response, these three generations have chosen different approaches of compromise, conformity, and isolation. In this qualitative study, 20 Afghan immigrants living in Bumehen, near the capital Tehran, are interviewed with the Gudykunst & Orbe’s theoretical framework and their behaviors are analyzed based on the co-cultural theory. The result shows that the third generation of Afghan immigrants, unlike previous generations who traditionally chose the approach of compromise, chooses the conformity approach and sometimes in a more limited manner, they choose the approach of isolation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Anxiety Management/Uncertainty in Intercultural Relationships of Afghan Students in Iranian Universities: A Qualitative Study
hasan bashir Mostafa Mostafavi

The coexistence of Afghans with Iranians has a long history. The two countries' neighborhood in terms of geography, cultural affinity and cultural commonalities has led to more communication in recent decades. Language, religion, and cultural commonalities have provided More

The coexistence of Afghans with Iranians has a long history. The two countries' neighborhood in terms of geography, cultural affinity and cultural commonalities has led to more communication in recent decades. Language, religion, and cultural commonalities have provided them with opportunities such as higher education. But relations between Iranians and Afghans, despite their commonalities, also have cultural differences. Based on the theory of "anxiety management / Gudykunst uncertainty and cross-cultural adaptation of strangers" as a new approach to intercultural communication with the aim of our interaction with the stranger (another); And its maintenance at the desired level - somewhere between the maximum and minimum thresholds - is considered to establish an "effective connection" with the "other". The research method is qualitative and was conducted with 15 Afghan immigrant students living in Tehran and their behaviors were analyzed according to Gudykunst theory. The results showed that Afghan students in Iran have positive and good feeling and have less problems with Iranians in terms of cultural communication in the university environment, they feel less discrimination against themselves and believe that as their level of awareness increases; Anxiety management in dealing with Iranians is strengthened and they predict with more certainty about the host community. Raising awareness, education, media programs can be offered to increase cooperation and empathy between Iranians and Afghans on a large scale and reduce the level of differences between them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - A Short History of Arabs in the Southern Khorasan ( Arab Khaneh region)
Yousof Amouzgar

The first section of this article deals with  issues such as the Arab-Iranian relations in the very early days, their migration towards certain regions of Iran, how and in what manner Arabs entered Iran especially in the Khorasan Province, the conquest of this regi More

The first section of this article deals with  issues such as the Arab-Iranian relations in the very early days, their migration towards certain regions of Iran, how and in what manner Arabs entered Iran especially in the Khorasan Province, the conquest of this region in the first century Hegira, and also the conflicts and wars between them. Next, Arab-Iranian relations after the conquest of Iran during the reign of rightly guided Caliphs, Omavids, Abbasid, feudal systems, Safavid, the condition of their residence and settlement in South of Khorasan, significant tribes and clans in this part of land is pointed out. Finally, Arab Khaneh region whose residents speak Arabic is introduced, and their characteristics in many aspects in particular language and dialect, is investigated. Also different views regarding the Arabs of this region are debated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Believe in Astovidatu or demon of death and examining its reflection in Shahnameh
Ardeshir Sanchooli

Demons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs.  Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and dest More

Demons and demonic creatures are indispensable part of mythology and are the integral part of ancient Persian beliefs.  Indeed, our ancestors for every malice and evil deed and phenomena believed in a particular demon and revelation of any of these demonic and destructive elements were related to a corresponding demon.  A phenomenon named Astovidatu or demon of death is one such example.  Although after coming of Islam this belief had lost its original vigor, yet its reflection could be clearly seen in certain works particularly in Shahnameh all the more reason for Ferdowsi’s use of imageries in connection with the concept of death.  It is the purpose of this article to compare these imageries with information that exists regarding the demon of death, a belief already existed before Islam in Zoroastrian religion and to prove and demonstrate that the creation of those imageries consciously or unconsciously were under the influence of Astovidatu.   Manuscript profile

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