Sound

Open Access Article

1 - Optimization of Geometry of Architectures to Achieve the Thermal Function with Thermo Acoustic Effect
Zahra Sokhandan Sorkhabi farshad nasrollahi Abas Ghafari

In this paper, geometries of architecture have been identified which convert maximum sound and oscillation energies to thermal energy without any kind of absorbers to minimize mount of noise in spaces through the geometry of space with absorbing the maximum sound energi More

In this paper, geometries of architecture have been identified which convert maximum sound and oscillation energies to thermal energy without any kind of absorbers to minimize mount of noise in spaces through the geometry of space with absorbing the maximum sound energies. Research has been done with COMSOL5.2 software and simulation method. The argument of this research has been done through the logical reasoning and with test developing in selective software and has been documented and resulted. In process of research, sound with 8000 HZ frequency that simulated a human speech, has been played in spaces with diverse form (changes in form of walls, ceilings) and same materials and has been calculated the mount of intensity, pressure and sound pressure level. Then mount of sound absorbing and converting to thermal energy has been simulated in spaces with applying the absorbing rate of air and results has been documented from temperature change dependence to geometry of spaces. It is so important that the walls, ceilings and floors were adiabatic and insulate completely from inside. In Simulation processes, air has been used as a material that is filled inside of simulated forms and there has been not any kind of other materials. By obtaining numerical results, the most suitable geometries are identified for producing heat through the sound oscillations and minimizing the noise. As a result, it was found that geometry of building make potential for Acoustic and thermal comfort from sound energy without any kind of absorbing materials inside of rooms. Heating changes simulated in two kind of geometries: pure volume and composite volume. Composite volumes have been choosing through the result of pure volume. Between pure volumes, Cylinder produced maximum temperature through the sound energies. Considering cylinder as a regular polygon with infinity corners and sides and making corners in composite volumes, heating changes oscillated due to corners between sides. Corners with angel about to 90 degree produce more heat compared with other corners. A plurality of corners with 90 degree and equal sides adjacent to angle in geometry of architectural spaces change the mount of temperature in increasing ways. Corners with obtuse angles cause higher temperature and corners with acute angles produce lower temperature. The highest temperature happens in geometries with 90 degree angles. Number of corners with obtuse and acute angles did not follow the definitive rules to produce heating or cooling in this study. The Best position for making consecutive corners in plans with right corners is the upper third of the height of Architectural spaces that produce high temperature. In compact geometries, the heat generated due to sound energies and oscillations are more than geometries with stretching in one direction. A Cube produces more heat than rectangle with same amount of height and volume. Composite of Cylinder and cube volumes in walls by maintaining the corners with 90 degree angles, lead to increasing the temperature. Filleted angles in walls of cubes and rectangles, with radius of ¼ of side of cube and more, make temperature increasing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Subjective Assessment of the Desirability of the Soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar and its Effectiveness from the Frequency and Reason for the Presence of People
Abbas Ghaffari Morteza Mirgholami Bita Shafaei

10.30495/hoviatshahr.2021.17353

The urban soundscape is a new branch in the field of urban studies, which is related to various sciences, including acoustics. Soundscape is the perceptual quality of the heard sounds. Its desirability is clarified by subjective assessment. In fact, studies in this fiel More

The urban soundscape is a new branch in the field of urban studies, which is related to various sciences, including acoustics. Soundscape is the perceptual quality of the heard sounds. Its desirability is clarified by subjective assessment. In fact, studies in this field seek to explain how people feel about the sounds they hear in urban spaces and how they perceive it as a whole. Numerous factors affect the desirability of the soundscape. The frequency and reason for the presence of people in urban spaces are among the factors affecting the quality of the urban soundscapes. Because different groups of people have different feelings and mentalities towards the urban sound landscape; therefore, necessary measures should be considered in planning and designing the urban soundscape for diverse groups. In the present study, the effect of this issue on the advantage of the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar has been studied. Based on the frequency and reason for the presence in Tabriz Bazaar, three categories of people can be distinguished like Bazaar merchants, citizens of Tabriz, and tourists. Bazaar merchants are present in space every day for a long time to perform essential activities. The citizens in Tabriz periodically go to Bazaar for optional work. Finally, tourists probably visit Tabriz Bazaar a limited number of times for optional and social activities. This study aims to discover the possible correlation between frequency and reason for the presence in Tabriz Bazaar and the desirability of its soundscape. This is followed by determining the quality of sound perception of each mentioned categories and what factors affect it. To clarify how different people, perceive the soundscape of Bazaar, a questionnaire was used in which 384 people from three groups were tested. The hours allocated for answering questions are the peak times of the presence of people in the Bazaar, which are the busiest and noisiest hours of the day. Spearman correlation between the proposed components is calculated and is statistically significant. Findings indicate that the higher the exposure to the soundscape, the less pleasant it is. On the other hand, people consider sounds pleasant or unpleasant, depending on the purpose for which they are present in Tabriz Bazaar and how often they visit. Therefore, Bazaar merchants clearly understand the soundscape of the market more unpleasantly than others. Tourists find it more pleasant than others due to their peace of mind and short exposure to the soundscape of Bazaar. For the citizens in Tabriz, the soundscape of the Bazaar is acceptable and has a median status between merchants and tourists. Considering the tourists' satisfaction with the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar, by presenting strategies, it is possible to increase the memorability of the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar and provide a platform for tourism development through the attractions of "Bazaar sound". The spaces of Tabriz Bazaar are quiet and comfortable in terms of sound, and the most important factor that reduces the sonic comfort and hurts the desirability of its soundscape is the sudden occurrence of sounds with differences in SPL. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Effects of Corporate Governance on financial soundness of Iran commercial banks
Hamid Tabaiezade Fesharaki mohammad Ebrahim MohammadPour Zarandi Mehrzad Minouei

The recent financial crisis has induced many discussions about stability of financial system, which is naturally dependent primarily on banks. Bank stability issue became crucial for both depositors and governments of different countries. This paper focuses on the corpo More

The recent financial crisis has induced many discussions about stability of financial system, which is naturally dependent primarily on banks. Bank stability issue became crucial for both depositors and governments of different countries. This paper focuses on the corporate governance of banks. In this paper we discuss the state of corporate governance in Iranian commercial banks and try to find a link between corporate governance mechanisms and financial stability indexes. We use Structured Estimation Modeling (SEM) and find that there are some relationships between auditing quality measures, characteristics of CEO and board of directors as measures of corporate governance mechanisms and asset quality measures, efficiency measures, profitability measures, liquidity measures and capital sufficiency as measures of financial stability in Iranian commercial banks. We report that the finding can improve the governance roles and performance evaluation of Iranian commercial Banks. This findings provide useful contributions for managers in making decisions in banking industry Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Arizona, cypress (Cupressus arizonica) wood extraction for a better acoustical performance
Soheila Zamaninasab amir lashgari Mehram Roohnia Ahmad Jahan-latibari Ajang Tajdini

In this research, the effect of soaking process and ethanol-acetone washing as well as fermentation pre-treatment by bread yeast in Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) has been investigated. The samples were subjected to pre-treatment with bread yeast and without pre-treatmen More

In this research, the effect of soaking process and ethanol-acetone washing as well as fermentation pre-treatment by bread yeast in Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) has been investigated. The samples were subjected to pre-treatment with bread yeast and without pre-treatment, washing with pure water and removal of extractives in organic solvent and subjected to dynamic test by forced vibration test in free-free beam. Both methods of soaking process and ethanol-acetone washing resulted in a significant decrease in density and vibration damping, while the values of acoustic conversion efficiency showed an increase. The amount of improvement of acoustic properties due to ethanol-acetone washing was more than water washing. Fermentation pretreatment increased the changes in both water washing and ethanol-acetone washing methods. The dynamic modulus of elasticity did not show any significant change water washing, ethanol-acetone washing and fermentation pretreatment. In general, the ethanol-acetone washed samples under fermentation pretreatment left the highest acoustic indices. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Analysis and evaluation of noise pollution in Karaj city
MAHSA ADL Leila Mahmoudi Shima Azizi Amin Taherianfar

10.30495/jest.2022.64103.5555

Background and Objective: In this paper, after examining the situation of noise pollution in the city of Karaj, priority areas have been identified to be the target of proper planning and management in terms of noise pollution control in the future (online monitoring sy More

Background and Objective: In this paper, after examining the situation of noise pollution in the city of Karaj, priority areas have been identified to be the target of proper planning and management in terms of noise pollution control in the future (online monitoring sysytems ….). Material and Methodology: In the present study, after detailed identification of noise pollution sources in Karaj and considering the time and financial constraints of the project 108 noise monitoring stations with morning, noon and night frequencies in three seasons of autumn and winter 99 and spring 1400 to investigate noise pollution and the equivalent sound level of Karaj was selected. After analyzing the results and data of sound measurement in SPSS and Excel software and their statistical description, zoning maps of equivalent sound level in Karaj city by IDW interpolation (distance based weighting) method with the help of software GIS software was provided.     Findings: Comparing the results of Karaj city with the Iranian sound standard showed that 90% of the equivalent sound level is higher than the residential standard, 84% higher than the residential-commercial standard, 70% higher than the commercial standard, 52% higher than the commercial-industrial standard. And is 31% higher than the industry standard. Karaj sound level zoning also showed that regions 1, 8 and 9 have the highest noise pollution and regions 3, 4, 6 and 7 face the lowest noise pollution. Discussion and Conclusion: The present study shows the increasing trend of noise pollution in Karaj, especially in some areas, the need for systematic and continuous monitoring of noise pollution, conducting more detailed studies and more comprehensive studies of noise pollution (characteristics, seasonal fluctuations, Noise pollution boundaries, etc.), Setting up and establishing online voice monitoring systems, using fences and sound barriers should be on the agenda. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Investigating the amount of attention paid to environmental components in the science textbooks of the first secondary school based on Shannon's entropy method
Mohammad Hassan Bazoobandi Gholamreza Mazloom Lotfollah Mahdavi

10.30495/jest.2023.66588.5649

Background and Objective: Today, one of the environmental problems facing the development of technology in the world is environmental pollution. And without a doubt, the science textbooks of the first high school course are one of the official platforms for environmenta More

Background and Objective: Today, one of the environmental problems facing the development of technology in the world is environmental pollution. And without a doubt, the science textbooks of the first high school course are one of the official platforms for environmental education. The current research was conducted with the aim of examining the content of science books of the first high school course, in terms of attention to environmental components. Material and Methodology:  This research is of applied type. In which, the science textbooks of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades of the academic year 1399-1400 have been examined. which totals 45 chapters and 450 pages. The examined samples include texts, images, questions and book activities that have been studied using Shannon's entropy method. This study was carried out using a content analysis checklist tool that has four environmental components: water, air, soil and sound, in 1400, and its content validity was confirmed by subject experts and its reliability coefficient was 91/36. The percentage is estimated. Fidings: The results of the research indicate that environmental components have been given little attention in science books of the first secondary school. The most attention is in the book of sciences of the seventh grade and the least attention is related to the book of sciences of the eighth grade. Discussion & Conclusion: In these books, in the field of the four environmental components, the most attention has been paid to the air component and the least attention to the sound component. Also, the highest coefficient of importance was related to the soil component with (Wj=0.308) and the lowest coefficient of the sound component (Wj=0.199). Among the different sections of science books, the highest coefficient of importance is related to biology chapters (Wj=0.329), followed by chemistry and physics chapters, and the most important coefficient is related to geology chapters. (Wj=‌0.176) is less than the others. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Study of Noise Ppollution in Wildlife Crossing Khojir National Park
Minoo Moshtaghie Mohammad Kaboli Mahmood Karami Zohreh kasmaie Zahra Samai

Development in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise poll More

Development in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise pollution could be observedwhen threaten species inhabiting in specific area and decreasing of them is the result of this kind ofpopulation. It seems the construction of subways for wild life is important in order to protect and keepthem away from road accidents during building of Parchin-pasdaran corrective road in khojir nationalpark. Therefore, the major aim of this project was to measure the equivalent sound level in wildlifecrossing.By completion of questionnaires and field observations, it has been found that three days of the weekare the most traveling days. The noise pollution has been measured by Castle 440 instrument in eightsubways and two stations in each channel during four hours time. For this purpose parametersincluding Leq, max and min equivalent sound level, height and width of flood channel were measuredin this project.Measurement of equivalent sound level was carried out on Wednesday, Monday and Saturdayrespectively. With regard to the obtained regression and also negative correlation between entrancearea and center of the flood channel with equivalent sound level, the amount of noise can beanticipated. The present flood channel area is 4.2 m2 and the standard area for future wildlife crossingis 35 m2.It can be concluded that wildlife crossing which in under construction does not cause any importantnoise pollution for wildlife. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The rhythmic structure in the collection "The Angels Return to Work" by Abdul-Azim Finjan
jasim zaghir almosawey hamideh salehi

10.30495/cls.2023.1987287.1422

Phonetic semantics play a key role in expressing aesthetics, through the study of the characteristics of sounds, the repetition of words, and their relevance with meanings.Contemporary Iraqi poetry was not limited to the care of good systems only. But the concern was wi More

Phonetic semantics play a key role in expressing aesthetics, through the study of the characteristics of sounds, the repetition of words, and their relevance with meanings.Contemporary Iraqi poetry was not limited to the care of good systems only. But the concern was with that and before it in the sense. Abd al-Azim Finjan (1955-) an Iraqi poet who sang romantic poetry in contemporary Arabic literatureThe most prominent of his poetry collections is "Angels Return to Work", consisting of two parts. The first is: "A People of Butterflies and Crystal", which is a celebration of love in all its variations. The second is titled "The Legend of the Book Thief" and deals with personal legends of men and women, with an important paragraph called "Gospel". Apocryphal" where wisdom mingles with the everyday poem. In his poetry, there is a kind of music that was not perceived except through a delicate sense and a precise understanding. This inner music hides in the conscience of words, structures and sentences and affects the listener with a special effect. This research pays attention to the vocal aesthetics through the semantics of sounds, and the statement of the characteristics of poetic sounds. We chose the collection of poetry "The Angels Return to Work" because of the abundance of what we saw in it of the sounds' indication of its subject matter and because of the implications of these vocal techniques in the poet's poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Reflections of polyphonic narrative in the novel 'Confessions of a Silencer' by Mo΄nes al-Razzāz as a manifestation of postmodernism
Zahra Beheshti Shaker Amery Sadeq Askari Ahiakbar Noreseedeh

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators i More

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators in polyphony novels, and the common order of narrating story is not seen in such novels. We can say in such novels, different and even antithetic situations have special sounds. These sounds are placed between conversations of characters. Polyphony is one of the important properties of metanarrative. Merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story, expressing daily dreams in a narrative frame and a world of dreams and nightmares are some properties of this kind of story. This property is existed in novel of "confesses of sound hider" (e`eterafatokatemalsout) by "mo`nes al-Razaz", the writer has merged a subsidiary story in the framework of main story. He uses daily memories and describes the dreams and nightmares of story characters. So the sounds of all novel characters have a role, and we can say that the novel doesn't have a normal form of first-person narrator or the third-person narrator. Although the third-person narrator occasionally appears, and intermixes to the other narrators of novel, but the narration direction of novel is continuing by sounds of the other characters.  This essay explains about the polyphony technique and its sources, then surveys this technique and different narrators in the novel. And also, it surveys merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story and appearance of a world of dreams and nightmares. This property has frequently a special place in polyphony novels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Mystical Introduction to the Meaning Of “Al Khotvat”
Fatemeh Askari Hasan Abdollahi

Human has contrary bilateral mental sounds, most of human’s faults are results of conflict between these two sounds which have involved him. It has been inferred to for several times in the religious texts such as Quran, Nahjo Al Balgheh …. There have been the various i More

Human has contrary bilateral mental sounds, most of human’s faults are results of conflict between these two sounds which have involved him. It has been inferred to for several times in the religious texts such as Quran, Nahjo Al Balgheh …. There have been the various interpretations to made human avoid such damages of devil. The conceptual term “Al Khotvat” and “Satan’s Khotovat” are one of these interpretations. Which have been explained in Quran for several times, for example: “to chase a person”, “to follow a person”, “Evil’s effects and signs”, “progress”, “libido”, “Evil’s temptations”, they are all important to be considered. This study is to examine the vocabulary concept of the word “Al Khotvat” in the light of mystical literature. There are two axes in this study including: 1- Preface about conceptual meaning and term of “Al Kohtvat” and general study. 2- Analytical study of subject in the light of mystical, mystical literature Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The hydrological evaluation of Rasht Landfill performance
Mohammad Nakhaei Hamid Reza Nassery Vahab Amiri

Nowadays, the pollution generated from municipal waste disposal sites is considered as one of the serious threatsfor environment and underground water resources. In the present study, Rasht Landfill is assessed as one of thecontamination sources in the northern part of More

Nowadays, the pollution generated from municipal waste disposal sites is considered as one of the serious threatsfor environment and underground water resources. In the present study, Rasht Landfill is assessed as one of thecontamination sources in the northern part of Iran. Located in Saravan region, the Landfill is the only landdisposal site located in 20 kilometers south of Rasht and is situated at altitude of 200 meters from sea level. Inorder to determine the structural characteristics, the geological maps of the study area and data from 4 geoelectrical sounding around the landfill site been used. Using 4 samples of sediments from places where the geoelectrical sounding was implemented, the sedimentological analysis was carried out by graining these samples.The results indicate that the sediment thickness and depth of bed rock surface is very low. In this study, VisualHELP software was used to determine the leachate generation rate. The hydrological evaluation of Rasht Landfillperformance followed for two periods of 15 and 50 years ,regarding the climate information of Rasht station asthe nearest synoptic station to waste disposal site and structural features of this site. Based on the considerations,the amount of leachate generation and leaking from the Landfill determined equal to 0.69 m per year. Manuscript profile

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12 - Estimation of Bojnourd aquifer hydraulic parameters using vertical electrical sounding (VES) data
Majid Altafi dadgar Hossein Mohammadzade Rouh al amin Bahrami

Assessment of aquifer hydraulic parameters (K, T) is very important in groundwater resource management andappropriate decision making. Analysis of pumping test data is the most common and useful method to evaluateaquifer hydraulic parameters. However, this method requir More

Assessment of aquifer hydraulic parameters (K, T) is very important in groundwater resource management andappropriate decision making. Analysis of pumping test data is the most common and useful method to evaluateaquifer hydraulic parameters. However, this method requires specific condition to do and it is a time consumingprocess with relatively high costs. Combination of geo electrical data with hydrogeological measurements willdecrease the costs somehow. In this study, 66 vertical electrical soundings (VES) with Schlumberger array wereperformed in Bojnourd plain and 26 of them were selected to determine the aquifer hydraulic parameters.The real resistance and the thickness of subsurface layers were determined by processing the field data using IPIsoftware and with respect to well logs. Using sounding data, which were performed in the vicinity of pumpingtest wells, and measured water resistivity data for these wells, the corrected transverse resistance and thentransmissivites were calculated, which has acceptable correlation with obtained transmissivites from pumpingtest analysis( T = 0.503 × R_T^′ - 143.6). In addition, the hydraulic conductivities were determined usingformation factor obtained from water quality data (K = 0.02 × F^3.292). Finaly, both iso-K and iso-T maps forBojnourd plain were illustrated using ArcGIS. Manuscript profile

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13 - The Analysis of Social Justice Based on History and Class Consciousness by Georg Lukacs, and A Mirror for the Sounds and the Second Millennium of the Mountain Deer by Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani
akram gargarachi shahriyar hasanzadeh naser naseri

Although it seems that the books, History and class consciousness by George Lukacs and a mirror for the voices and the second millennium of the mountain deer by Shafi'i Kadkani, are completely different in the term of form and they are written in non-homogeneous formats More

Although it seems that the books, History and class consciousness by George Lukacs and a mirror for the voices and the second millennium of the mountain deer by Shafi'i Kadkani, are completely different in the term of form and they are written in non-homogeneous formats, they profoundly enjoy the same ideological premises which are the outcome of the similar views of two Western and Eastern thinkers in explaining social justice in a dynamic society. The objective of the current study is to comparatively analyze the literary works to represent the unity of human needs and fulfill the aspirations of an ideal humankind with social dignity, which despite the spatial differences, has some conformity due to the similarity of life issues in the present age. The study has been conducted by the statistical method of descriptive-analytics, using library notes. The study is aiming to explore the rational response, the creation of driving force and the reduction of inequalities in order to create social and cultural development based on the theory of individual class consciousness. The results indicate that the process of social awareness formation using the enlightening social and philosophical content of these works consists of three different stages; the consciousness stage that reveals itself in the form of objectification, the second stage, during which the protest enters into symbolic forms and finally the third stage, which leads to consolidation. It is the supreme goal of the two liberal thinkers. Manuscript profile

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14 - Report on Archaeological Researches for Localization of Laodicea Temple in Nahavand
Mahdi Rahbar Sajjad Alibaigi

The Hellenistic period is one of the most controversial in the history of Iran. Most of our information from this period drives from accounts of Greek classic historians and geographers such as Strabo, Poliny, and Apian which give us an ambiguous picture of Seleucid per More

The Hellenistic period is one of the most controversial in the history of Iran. Most of our information from this period drives from accounts of Greek classic historians and geographers such as Strabo, Poliny, and Apian which give us an ambiguous picture of Seleucid period in Iran. In spite the fact that the Seleucids established their rule over a large part of western Iran for a long period and founded several cities archaeological evidence for the period are few and scanty. The chance discovery of the Greek inscription of Antiochos III in 1943, which refers to the temple of Laodicea, was a turning point in the archaeological and historical studies of Seleucid period in Iran. In addition to the Greek inscription, invaluable finds including bronze figures of Greek deities, stone altar, capital-column, and characteristic potsherds of Seleucid period have been found in historical area of Do- Khaharan (two sisters) northeast of Nahavand city which attest the existence of a Greek temple in the region. In general, historical records and archaeological evidence introduce the city of Nahavand in western Iran as an important centre from the time of Seleucid to the end of Sassanian period. This article presents results of archaeological sounding which was carried out in 2005 and 2011 to find the location of Laodicea temple. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - .Study of Narration Speed in “the Sound and the Fury”
Dr. Darreh Dadjou Elham Shirvani Shaenayati

William Faulkner is a modernist writer who mainly influenced on Iranian authors including Symphony of Dead Persons, by Abbas Maroufi. In this essay, we analyze the speed of narration in “the Sound and the Fury” by relying on Gerard Genette’s narrative More

William Faulkner is a modernist writer who mainly influenced on Iranian authors including Symphony of Dead Persons, by Abbas Maroufi. In this essay, we analyze the speed of narration in “the Sound and the Fury” by relying on Gerard Genette’s narrative discourse theory and its effective factors. Speed and rhythm of narration is a very important element in narration and one of the most important parameters in plot. Narration speed is analyzed for the reason that it shows the period of time the actions and events happen in a literary work and the volume of book they have occupied in evaluation with this period. In many sections of novel “the Sound and the Fury”, acceleration is negative and speed of narration slow; but total narration speed to the whole of novel is middle; because parameters of increasing or decreasing speed of narration were used in a balanced form in this novel, which caused the balanced speed in the whole of novel. The author used some techniques for compensation of narration slowness in different parts of novel in order to increase the stimulation; as a result, this novel is full of excitement, dynamics, movement, fear and unrest, internal and external challenges in spite of the slow speed of narration. In other words, this rhythmic novel has a slow rhythm and fast tempo. Therefore, this essay analyzes the speed of narration and its effective factors, as well as the author’s techniques for increasing narration movement and dynamics in an analytical form.   Manuscript profile

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16 - Identifying Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture in Paddy Fields of Guilan Province
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari Zahra Daghighi Masuleh

In recent years, agriculture has become the prime polluter of natural resources. It is therefore essential to make assessments based on reliable indicators to ensure that an agricultural system remains not only productive, but also ecologically sound. A large area of ar More

In recent years, agriculture has become the prime polluter of natural resources. It is therefore essential to make assessments based on reliable indicators to ensure that an agricultural system remains not only productive, but also ecologically sound. A large area of arable land in Guilan province is devoted to rice cultivation so the transition to environmentally sound agricultural practice in paddy fields of the province is an important strategy. The main purpose of this study was to present a new and comprehensive framework for assessing environmentally sound agricultural practice applicable to the paddy fields in Guilan Province. A review of the relevant literature identified environmentally sound indicators that had been used by researchers in recent years. Then some parameters were introduced for examination and prioritization. The proposed structural model includes seven factors and 21 indicators. The target population included university faculty members and researchers who were familiar with the concepts of agricultural sustainability and that were familiar with the Guilan paddy fields. A structural on-line questionnaire was the main instrument used to gather information. Based on experts’ points of view, the coefficient of significance for each of the selected indicators was measured using the Yager fuzzy screening method. The results obtained from structured questionnaires showed that 20 of the 21 indicators were appropriate for assessing environmentally sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile

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