List of Articles Reza Shah

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  1 - Training colleges and the problem of educating and providing teachers in Iran, throughout 1940m
  alireza sangtrashan manizheh sadri hasan zandiyeh masomeh garadagi
  Iran’s government has taken steps to obviate lack of teachers, which was a long-term problem through its history. Although, at the end of Qajar era, normal schools were established to educate teachers, soon afterwards, in the middle of the reign of Reza Shah, thei More

  Iran’s government has taken steps to obviate lack of teachers, which was a long-term problem through its history. Although, at the end of Qajar era, normal schools were established to educate teachers, soon afterwards, in the middle of the reign of Reza Shah, their place took by training colleges. Until the end of the reign of Reza Shah, the number of teachers was not consistent with the number of educational centers and students. Since 1941 up to 1954, due to criticize government and the structure of ministries, the educational system has been also criticized so that some changes were made. To obviate the lack of teachers and increase in the number of students, government has taken steps whose circumstances shall be analyzed as the main subject of this study. Based on documentaries and librarian resources and with the aid of historical analysis method, we shall explain circumstances of the educational system and government’s proceedings to educate and provide teachers throughout of 1940s. The results show that, in the cabinets appointed after Reza Shah, much more attention was paid to the issue of teacher training so that, by various measures, lack of teacher was resolved to some extent. Furthermore, it was an important factor in expanding literacy and interest in education. Manuscript profile
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  2 - polices and on the politics of first pahlavi
  mohamad ahmadabadi rahim mosavi
  This research was conducted with the aim of investigating "the role of order in Pahlavi's modernization policies" by descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents and library resources. Reza Shah's modernist measures and his corrective plans were follo More

  This research was conducted with the aim of investigating "the role of order in Pahlavi's modernization policies" by descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents and library resources. Reza Shah's modernist measures and his corrective plans were followed largely by relying on military forces, including discipline. Using the leverage of power and pressure, the government could somehow help the Pahlavi government in its advancement, as the intervention and intervention in the religious ceremonies, especially the mourning of the people in Muharram, made efforts to implement the uniform law of dressing and the law of discovery Hijab, interference in judicial affairs related to the administration of justice, political activities and presiding over the party of anti-barbarism, interference in parliamentary election affairs and control of deputies, monitoring and censorship of materials in the press and books of origin, taking over responsibilities on the radio And cinema and ado According to the regulations, the registration of civilians is one of the most important steps that has been taken by the order in the modernization process based on the modernization policies of the first Pahlavi era. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Causes, trends and consequences of the establishment of nomadic Danesh-sara in 1941 decade.
  alireza sangtrashan manizheh sadri hasan zandiyeh masomeh gharadaghi
  The period of Mohammad Reza Shah in the way of educating the nomads of Iran promised the beginning of a new stage .Until then, the Pahlavi government and the Ministry of Culture had focused more on developing education in urban areas, and by the end of the 1940 decade, More

  The period of Mohammad Reza Shah in the way of educating the nomads of Iran promised the beginning of a new stage .Until then, the Pahlavi government and the Ministry of Culture had focused more on developing education in urban areas, and by the end of the 1940 decade, most of the country's nomads were in absolute illiteracy, and the government made reforms to change this situation. The establishment of schools and educational centers in nomadic areas and then the establishment of a special nomadic Danesh-sara with the aim of training and providing teachers of their own kind who were more familiar with their spirits, temperaments and culture, was one of these measures, which is the subject of this article. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documentary and library texts to answer the causes, trends and consequences of the establishment of nomadic Danesh-sara in the internal life of the country's tribal population. Findings indicate that in addition to the desire of nomads for education, the Pahlavi regime in order to implement development programs, sought to increase the level of literacy and awareness of the country's nomads and then to put their individual and social lives in control of central government and influence of formal education. Manuscript profile
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  4 - The interaction of the 15th Parliament and the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party during the period of Reza Shah's absolute power and the pre-dictatorship of Mohammad Reza Shah
  delavar namdar alireza alisoufi mahmood seyyed
  10.30495/hstr.2023.1977656.1826
  AbstractAssembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the consti More

  AbstractAssembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the constitutional dream and his successor continued his father's path. However, in the early period of Mohammad Reza Shah's rule, the position of the Majlis improved to some extent.who did not have much desire or ability to exercise power in a completely dictatorial manner, what has he benefited from this situation? Also, according to these cases, a better understanding and analysis of the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party and its political role in this period is the main concern of the present research.The findings of the research indicate that Qavam's activities in the Democratic Party had an important result. And that was that for the first time in the history of Iran, after the constitution, the doors of the government and the parliament were opened to new and younger figures, and many senior and old figures were rejected from the government, and on the contrary, the new forces entered the cabinet by joining parties and They finally managed to sit on the seat of the parliament. Also, Qavam's actions caused the 15th Parliament to reject the agreement between Qavam and Sadchikov regarding the establishment of a mixed company of Iranian oil and Russia. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Personalist Government and Coup d’états in Contemporary Iran; Comparative study of 1299, 1332 & 1359 coup d’états
  علیرضا سمیعی اصفهانی یونس خداپرست
  In Weberian viewpoint personalist rule and its extreme version, sultanism, is a type of traditional authority which also according to the theorists of comparative politics and government of the 20th century, should be placed in the category of non-democratic regimes. Th More

  In Weberian viewpoint personalist rule and its extreme version, sultanism, is a type of traditional authority which also according to the theorists of comparative politics and government of the 20th century, should be placed in the category of non-democratic regimes. These regimes are usually characterized by personalization of power, institutional weakness, political corruption, use of violence and coercive instruments and so on. In Iran, the first personalist government was Reza Shah’s absolutist state which was established as the result of 1299 coup d’état, after that, by relying on modern army, the foundation of a new dynasty was set up and the path was paved toward authoritarianism. Although this army tried to secure Pahlavi's dynasty by 1332 and 1359 coup d’état but this key institution in Pahlavi's presonalist state finally failed to rescue it from overthrow. The main purpose of this article is to answer this question and other similar ones. To do so, in comparative perspective and by using theoretical models of theorists like Janowitz, Huntington and especially A. S. Finer, we try to study three coup d’état in terms of leadership, ideology and the extent of soldier's intervention in politics and also the role of foreign powers in establishing this trend. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Mohammad Reza Shah's relations during the Cold War
  Farshid Rahi Masomeh garadagi Mohammed Yousefi Joybari nazli Eskandarinejad
  Iran enjoys an extremely strategic position in the Middle East, and its size is unique after Saudi Arabia, and it has long borders with the central regions. One of the most important straits in the world has complete dominance, and the orientation of its heights has cre More

  Iran enjoys an extremely strategic position in the Middle East, and its size is unique after Saudi Arabia, and it has long borders with the central regions. One of the most important straits in the world has complete dominance, and the orientation of its heights has created a suitable defensive position. Iran's foreign policy model became a model of "neutrality" in the post-constitutional era. This pattern refers to the neutralization pattern of the de-stressing pattern. It was about the rivalry of the great powers and the use of their rivalry to ensure Iran's security and territorial integrity. This pattern continued until 1332 AH. After the coup d'état of 28 August 1332 and the establishment of the Shah's position as the sole helmsman of Iran's foreign policy, the neutrality model was replaced by the adaptation model. During this period, which coincided with the escalation of the Cold War between the two powers, Iran's foreign policy was formed under the auspices of the United Arab Emirates. Mohammad Reza Shah's foreign policy during this period was close to that of the United States. Manuscript profile
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  7 - Investigating how Reza Shah deals with the issue of modernity, Intellectuallity, and analyzing his cognitive behavior with intellectuals according to historical research and documents
  Mehrab Hatami manizheh Sadri Simin Fasihi Nazli Eskandari nezhad
  Intellectuals are among the social classes that create new forms of social, political, and cultural patterns and there is no denying the power of their transformation in society. The most important of an intellectual is their critical and questioning spirit and they als More

  Intellectuals are among the social classes that create new forms of social, political, and cultural patterns and there is no denying the power of their transformation in society. The most important of an intellectual is their critical and questioning spirit and they also show a tendency to fight against the established powers. Its constituent forces can be clerics, journalists, teachers, professors, party activists, and artists. The main demand of these intellectuals was the establishment of a new European-style law system, the re-identification and national traditions of Iran, prohibiting clerics from interfering in politics and establishing new political institutions based on national sovereignty, and creating a modern national government. In examining the position of these forces in the era of Reza Shah, mostly the forces critical of the government and outside Reza Khani's political apparatus have intended to comment. Reza Shah's period is one in which important developments in the public and higher education, as well as movements in the modernization of the education system and higher education occurred in Iran. As a result, the enlightenment phenomenon manifests itself on a larger scale. The government's critical behavior eventually led to Reza Shah's strong reaction to them till the intellectuals were either imprisoned or attracted to Reza Shah's apparatus and due to the lack of public base, they were unable to make a significant impact on developments. In addition, Reza Shah was not optimistic about intellectual activities and that got the intellectuals out of the way individually, either organizationally or in groups Manuscript profile
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  8 - Fabianity of modernization;Comparison of the reform measures of Atatürk and Reza Shah (1921-1941)
  Shahla Najafi Majid Bozorgmehri
  Atatürk and Reza Shah started the modernization program in Turkey and Iran almost simultaneously. Despite the historical similarities in the field of corrective measures of both personalities, the aforementioned process brought different results in the two countri More

  Atatürk and Reza Shah started the modernization program in Turkey and Iran almost simultaneously. Despite the historical similarities in the field of corrective measures of both personalities, the aforementioned process brought different results in the two countries; Compared to Reza Shah, Mustafa Kamal faced more success and the mobilization of the opposition was less widespread. The present study seeks to answer the question that compared to the simultaneous modernization project of Reza Shah and Atatürk, why Mustafa Kamal was more successful in institutionalizing reforms. Based on the findings of the research, Atatürk was able to implement his plans by adopting the Fabian approach (branch by branch and gradual, and striking method within the Fabian strategy) in the context and historical background of Turkish society. On the other hand, Reza Shah Pahlavi, without taking into account the historical and social situation of Iran's society at the time, could not provide infrastructure power in the society to support his policies with the simultaneous and radical plans. In this article, we will answer the research question in a brief manner by addressing the historical background of the reforms in the two countries, and then by using a qualitative and comparative analytical-historical-comparative method. Manuscript profile
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  9 - The Impact of Structure and Agent on Iran's Foreign Policy during the Second Pahlavi Era
  Tahmineh Johar Mohammadreza Dehshiri Abdolamir Nabavi
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  10 - The Cultural Policies in Iraq and Iran: A Study on Rez§ Sh§h and Malek Faisal Reigns
  Mustafa  Ayed Abd Alghazali Hadi  Vakili
  In the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) a More

  In the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) and Reza Shah (1304-1320). The current research examines and compares the cultural reforms in Iraq and Iran during the reign of King Faisal and Reza Shah, and also to evaluate the level of those reforms and their commonalities and differences in two countries. This research results show that the most important shared aspects of modernization in Iraq and Iran were first the reforms in the field of education at the primary level and then paying attention to the necessity of social active language. The most important difference was based on preserving the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields such as education, associations and clothing in Iraq, while in Iran the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields were severely weakened and marginalized under the influence of Western modernism and antiquarianism. Also, the level of cultural changes in Iran was much wider than in Iraq. Manuscript profile