The Effect of Deficit Irrigation Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Water use Productivity in Soybean

Subject Areas : Optimal management of water and soil resources

Amir Nikakhtar ¹ , Ali Neshat ² , Najmeh Yazdanpanah ³

1 - PhD student، Department of Water Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor، Department of Water Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor، Department of Water Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Received: 2022-12-02 Accepted : 2023-05-09 Published : 2023-04-21

Keywords: seed yield, Williams cultivar, water use, Water requirement,

Abstract :

Background and Aim: The deficit irrigation method with the aim of saving water consumption can be presented as a useful strategy in low water conditions and with the proper use of the amount of water consumption. Optimum use of water and proper use of fertilizer, in addition to increasing plant yield, increases the water productivity and fertilizer. Nitrogen is one of the main elements in plant nutrition, because of its importance in the plant's vital processes; its deficiency reduces performance more than other elements. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of water stress and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and productivity of Williams cultivar soybeans in Hormozgan province.Method: This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replications in Hajiabad city (Hormozgan province) in two crop years 2021 and 2022. The main factor was irrigation in 6 levels without irrigation and providing 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the secondary factor was the amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (urea source) in four levels including zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha. Each experimental unit had dimensions of 5×20 m2 and had 10 cultivation rows.Results: The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on biological, pod and seed yields, harvest index, thousand seed weight, number of seeds per plant, pod length, water consumption efficiency in biological, pod and seed were significant at 1% level. The interaction effect of irrigation and fertilizer showed that the highest amount of biological, pod and seed yields in the conditions of 100% water requirement and 150 kg N/ha consumption were 6051, 4941 and 3049 kg/ha respectively. The maximum harvest index due to the interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer was in the conditions of 100% water requirement and with 100 and 150 kgN/ha fertilizer with an average of 0.43%. The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer showed that the maximum thousand seed weight was with 120.8 g in the condition of 100 percent water requirement and fertilizer consumption of 200 kg/ha. The highest efficiency of water consumption based on biological, pod and seed yields were observed in conditions without irrigation and 150 kg N/ha in the amount of 5.61, 3.71 and 2.28 kg/m3 respectively.Conclusion: According to the results, the availability of water and sufficient nitrogen are two very important factors that affect the growth and yield of soybean. Therefore, in addition to the lack of water, the lack of nitrogen also causes stress on the growth and yield of soybean. With the upward trend of nitrogen fertilizer consumption, the yield decreased and if there is not enough water, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer consumption aggravates the effect of moisture stress and as a result the yield of the plant decreases, therefore, in water shortage conditions, Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended. According to the results, full irrigation and nitrogen consumption up to 150 kg/ha are suggested for the studied area.

References:

Abdzad Gohari, A. (2021). Investigations of yield, production function and water productivity of two Peanut cultivars under conditions deficit irrigation in different irrigation methods. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 467-482. [in Persian]

Abedi, Z., Najafi Zarrini, H., Emadi, S.M., & Bagheri, N.A. (2019). Evaluation of Relationship between Agronomical and Physiological Traits of Soybean and Grouping of Soybean Genotypes under Different Amount of Sulfur Application. Journal of Crop Breeding, 11(29), 134-142. [in Persian]

Ahmadi, H., Nasrolahi, A.H., Sharifipour, M., & Isvand, H. (2018). Determination of soybean water stress index (CWSI) for irrigation management for maximum yield and water productivity. Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 8(4) 32, 121-131. [in Persian]

Akbari, D. (2012). Effect of Drought Stress at Different Growth Stages on Soybean Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Mazandaran. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22(1), 13-23. [in Persian]

Aminifar, J., Biglouei, M.H., Mohsenabadi G.R., & Samiezadeh, H. (2011). Effect of deficit irrigation on quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean cultivars in Rasht region. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 5(2), 93-109. [in Persian]

Angadi, S.V., Cufprth., H.W. , Mc Conkey, B.B. & Gan, Y. (2003). Yield adjustment by canola grown at different plant population under semiarid conditions. Crop Science, 43, 1358-1360.

Asadi, L., Khoshravesh, M., Masoud Pourgholam, M., Liaghat, A. & Youri, M.R. (2018).Estimation of soybean water-nitrogen production function. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 49(3), 665-672. [in Persian]

Azad Bakht, M., & Ghajarjezi, A. (2018). Soybean Yield Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as Function of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Plant Density. Journal of Crop Production, 11(2), 63-76. [in Persian]

Babazadeh, H., & Sarai Tabrizi, M. (2012). Assessment of AquaCrop Model under Soybean Deficit Irrigation Management Conditions. Journal of Water and Soil, 26(2), 329-339. [in Persian]

Babazadeh, H., & Sarai Tabrizi, M. (2013). Calibration of SWAP Model for Simulating Crop Yield, Biological Yield and Soybean Water Use Efficiency. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 35(4), 83-96. [in Persian]

Bender, R.R., Haegele, J.W., & Below, F.E. (2015). Nutrient uptake partitioning and remobilization in modern soybean varieties. Agronomy Joutnal, 107, 563-571.

Caliskan, S., Ozkaya, I., Caliskan, M.E., & Arslan, M. (2008). Effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a mediterranean-type soil. Field Crops Research, 108(2), 126–132.

Daneshian, J., Hadi H., & Jonoubi, P. (2009). Study of quantitative and quality characteristics of soybean genotypes in deficit irrigation conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 11 (4), 393-409. [in Persian]

Das, H.P. (2003). Water use efficiency of soybean and its yield response to evapotranspiration and rainfall. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 3(1), 35-39.

Demirtas, C., Yazgan, S., Candogan, B. N., Sincik, M., Büyükcangaz, H., & Göksoy, A.T. (2010). Quality and yield response of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to drought stress in sub-humid environment. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(41), 6873-6881.

Faraji, A. (2014). Evaluation the response of soybean (Glycin Max L.) genotypes to drought stress. Journal of Crop Breeding, 6(14), 27-40. [in Persian]

Garcia, A., Persson, T., Guerra, L.C., & Hoogenboom, G. (2010). Response of soybean genotypes to different irrigation regimes in a humid region of the southeastern USA. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 981-987.

Gaspar, A.P., Laboski, C.A.M., Naeve, S.L., & Conley, S.P. (2017). Dry matter and nitrogen uptake, partitioning, and removal across a wide range of soybean seed yield levels. Crop Science, 57, 2170-2182.

Gavili, E., Moosavi, A., & Kamgar Haghighi, A.A. (2019). Does biochar mitigate the adverse effects of drought on the agronomic traits and yield components of soybean? Industrial Crops and Products, 128, 445-454.

Greaves, G. & Wang, Y. (2017). Yield response, water productivity, and seasonal water production functions for maize under deficit irrigation water management in southern Taiwan. Plant Production Science, 36, 1-13.

Heidarzade, A., Esmaeili, M. A., Bahmanyar, M. A., & Abbasi, R. (2016). Response of soybean (Glycine max) to molybdenum and iron spray under well-watered and water deficit conditions. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 4 (1), 37-46.

Islam, M. M., Ishibashi, Y. & Nakagawa, A.C. (2017). Nitrogen manipulation affects leaf senescence during late seed fllingin soybean. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39 (1), 25-39.

Karam, F., Karaa, K., & Tarabey, N. (2005). Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of some crops under semi-arid conditions of the Bekaa valley of Lebanon. , Amman, Jordan, 2 (1), 139-155.

Lack, Sh., Dashti, H., & Abadooz, GH. (2021). Assessment of water consumption and planting pattern on edaphic soil properties and grain yields of corn in Khuzestan province. Journal of plant ecophysiology. 8(27), 114-126. [in Persian]

LaMenza, N. C., Monzon, J. P., Specht, J. E., & Grassini, P. (2017). Is soybean yield limited by nitrogen supply? Field Crops Research, 213, 204-212.

Majidian, M., & Ghadiri, H. (2002). The effect of moisture stress and different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in different stages of growth on the yield of yield components, water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of corn plants. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(3), 492-499. [in Persian]

Maleki, A., Naderi, A., Siadat, S.A., Tahmasabi, A. & Fazel, S.H. (2012). The effect of drought stress in different phenological stages on soybean yield and yield components. Research in agricultural sciences, 4(15), 82-71. [in Persian]

Omidi, F., Saraei Tabrizi, M. & Roshani, O. (2014). Product production functions under conditions of drought steress, salinity, nutrients and water logged. The first national conference on water crisis, Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan (Isfahan). May 15 and 16, 14 p. [in Persian]

Rafiei, AH., Aghaalikhani, M., & Modares sanavi, S. (2014). Soybean Response to Nitrogen Application Rates in Conventional, Organic and Integrated Fertilizing System. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 24 (2), 1-18. [in Persian]

Rostami Ajirloo, Asgharipour, A., Ghanbari, A., Joudi, M. & Khoramivafa, M. (2016). The reaction of yield, yield components, morphological and quality traits of soybean varieties to cutting irrigation in different growth stages. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology, 3(1), 1-16. [in Persian]

Rostami Ajirloo, Asgharipour, A., Ghanbari, A., Joudi, M., & Khoramivafa, M. (2017). Study the effect of deficit irrigation on yield, quality characteristics and water use efficiency of three cultivars of soybean in Moghan plain. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 7, 113-125. [in Persian]

Shams Beyranvand, M., Boroumand Nasab, S., Maleki, A., & Daneshvar, M. (2015). Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Seed Yield and Some Qualitative Characters of Soybean Cultivars in Khorramabad. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 38(3), 13-21

Sincik, M., Candogan, B.N., Demirtas, C., Büyükcangaz, H., Yazgan, S. & Goksoy, A.T. (2008). Deficit irrigation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in a sub-humid climate. Agronomy and Crop Science, 194, 200-205.

Tafteh, A., Nakhjavani, Moghadam M.M., Egdernezhad, A., & Sepehri, S. (2020). Evaluation of Production Functions in Estimating Two Varieties of Corn Yield with Native Yield Response Factor in the Iran. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(10), 2519-2529. [in Persian]

Talebzadeh, S.J., Hashem, H., Amirni, R., Tajbakhsh, M., & Rezaei Morad Ali, M. (2018). Evaluating the Relationship between Distributions of Photosynthetic Assimilates Related Traits and Grain Yield in Wheat Genotypes under Terminal Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9(24), 10-21. [in Persian]

Tohidi, M. (2017). Improvement of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Yield with Urea Foliar Application at Growth Stages. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11, 42(2), 345-362. [in Persian]

Vahdi, N., Gholinezhad, E., Mansourifar, S., Geyrati Arani, L. & Rahimi, M. (2019).Effect of Water Stress on Yield and Yield Components of Three Soybean Cultivars. Plant production Technology, 11(1), 103-113. [in Persian]

Wright, G.C. (1996). Selection for water-use efficiency in grain legume species.  554-557, In: Michalk, D.L. and J.E. Dratley (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Australian Agronomy Conference, Toowoomba, Australia.

Yahyaei, S.G.R. (2007). The effect of irrigation regimes on yield and grain yield components of limited growth and unlimited growth soybean cultivars. Agricultural sciences and natural resources, 14(5), 124-134. [in Persian]

Yousefi, S. Pakenjad, F., & Ilkai, M. (2011). The effect of irrigation management and nitrogen fertilization on soybean plant yield and yield. The first national conference on new topics in agriculture, 25-32. [in Persian]