بررسی اثر کم‌آبیاری و سطوح کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری مصرف آب در گیاه سویا

محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و خاک

امیر نیک اختر ¹ , علی نشاط ² , نجمه یزدان پناه ³

1 - دانشجوی دوره دکتری، گروه مهندسی آب، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران.
2 - دانشیار،گروه مهندسی آب، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران.
3 - دانشیار،گروه مهندسی آب، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران.

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/09/11 تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/02/19 تاریخ انتشار : 1402/02/01

کلید واژه: آب مصرفی, رقم ویلیامز, نیاز آبی, عملکرد دانه, تابع تولید,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه و هدف: روش ﮐﻢﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ با هدف ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ شرایط کم ﺁبی ﻭ ﺑﺎ استفاده مناسب ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ، ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ. مصرف بهینه آب و استفاده مناسب از کود، علاوه بر افزایش میزان عملکرد گیاه، موجب افزایش بهره وری آب و کود می شود. ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ به دلیل اهمیتی که در فرایندهای حیاتی گیاه انجام می دهد، کمبود آن بیش از سایر عناصر، عملکرد را کاهش می دهد. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تنش آبی و سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و بهره وری گیاه سویا رقم ویلیامز در استان هرمزگان انجام پذیرفت.روش پژوهش: این آزمایش به صورت طرح کرت های خرد شده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در شهرستان حاجی آباد (استان هرمزگان) در دو سال زراعی 1400 و 1401 انجام شد. عامل اصلی، آبیاری در شش سطح بدون آبیاری و تامین 40، 60، 80، 100 و 120 درصد نیازآبی و عامل فرعی مقادیر کود نیتروژن (منبع اوره) در چهار سطح شامل صفر، 50، 100، 150 و 200 در کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. هر واحد آزمایشی دارای ابعاد 5×20 متر و دارای 10 ردیف کشت بود.یافته ها: اثر متقابل آبیاری و سطوح کود نیتروژن بر عملکردهای بیولوژیکی، غلاف و دانه، شاخص برداشت، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در بوته، طول غلاف، بهره وری مصرف آب در بیولوژیکی، غلاف و دانه در سطح یک درصد معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل آبیاری و کود نشان داد که بیشترین میزان عملکرد بیولوژیکی، غلاف و دانه در شرایط تأمین 100 درصد نیاز آبی و مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به ترتیب با میانگین 6051 ، 4941 و 3049 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. حداکثر میزان شاخص برداشت در اثر متقابل آبیاری و کود نیتروژن در شرایط تأمین 100 درصد نیاز آبی و با مصرف کودی 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار با میانگین 43/0 درصد بود. اثر متقابل آبیاری و کود نیتروژن نشان داد که بیشترین وزن هزار دانه در شرایط تأمین 100 درصد نیاز آبی و مصرف کود به مقدار 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار با میانگین 8/120 گرم بود. بیشترین بهره وری مصرف آب مبتنی بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی، غلاف و دانه در شرایط بدون آبیاری و مصرف کود نیتروژن به مقدار 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار به ترتیب 61/5، 71/3 و 28/2 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب مشاهده شد.نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج، دسترسی به آب و نیتروژن کافی، دو عامل بسیار مهمی هستند که بر رشد و عملکرد سویا اثر می گذارند. بنابراین علاوه بر کمبود آب، کمبود نیتروژن نیز باعث تنش بر رشد و عملکرد سویا می شود. با روند صعودی مصرف کود نیتروژن، میزان عملکرد کاهش یافت و در صورتی که آب به قدر کافی موجود نباشد، افزایش مصرف کود نیتروژن باعث تشدید اثر تنش رطوبتی شده و در نتیجه عملکرد گیاه کاهش می یابد، از این رو در شرایط کمبود آب، مصرف بیش از حد کود نیتروژن قابل توصیه نیست. با توجه به نتایج، آبیاری کامل و مصرف نیتروژن تا 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار برای منطقه مورد مطالعه پیشنهاد می شود.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Aim: The deficit irrigation method with the aim of saving water consumption can be presented as a useful strategy in low water conditions and with the proper use of the amount of water consumption. Optimum use of water and proper use of fertilizer, in addition to increasing plant yield, increases the water productivity and fertilizer. Nitrogen is one of the main elements in plant nutrition, because of its importance in the plant's vital processes; its deficiency reduces performance more than other elements. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of water stress and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and productivity of Williams cultivar soybeans in Hormozgan province.Method: This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replications in Hajiabad city (Hormozgan province) in two crop years 2021 and 2022. The main factor was irrigation in 6 levels without irrigation and providing 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the secondary factor was the amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (urea source) in four levels including zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha. Each experimental unit had dimensions of 5×20 m2 and had 10 cultivation rows.Results: The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on biological, pod and seed yields, harvest index, thousand seed weight, number of seeds per plant, pod length, water consumption efficiency in biological, pod and seed were significant at 1% level. The interaction effect of irrigation and fertilizer showed that the highest amount of biological, pod and seed yields in the conditions of 100% water requirement and 150 kg N/ha consumption were 6051, 4941 and 3049 kg/ha respectively. The maximum harvest index due to the interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer was in the conditions of 100% water requirement and with 100 and 150 kgN/ha fertilizer with an average of 0.43%. The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer showed that the maximum thousand seed weight was with 120.8 g in the condition of 100 percent water requirement and fertilizer consumption of 200 kg/ha. The highest efficiency of water consumption based on biological, pod and seed yields were observed in conditions without irrigation and 150 kg N/ha in the amount of 5.61, 3.71 and 2.28 kg/m3 respectively.Conclusion: According to the results, the availability of water and sufficient nitrogen are two very important factors that affect the growth and yield of soybean. Therefore, in addition to the lack of water, the lack of nitrogen also causes stress on the growth and yield of soybean. With the upward trend of nitrogen fertilizer consumption, the yield decreased and if there is not enough water, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer consumption aggravates the effect of moisture stress and as a result the yield of the plant decreases, therefore, in water shortage conditions, Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended. According to the results, full irrigation and nitrogen consumption up to 150 kg/ha are suggested for the studied area.

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