An overview of microalgae harvest from aquatic environments using biological methods
Subject Areas : microbiologyHasan Bakhtiari 1 , Reza Ansari Tadi 2 , Abo Ali Golzari 3
1 - PhD. Student, Environmental, Qom province Water and Wastewater Company, Qom, Iran.
2 - Masters, Herbal Biology, Qom province Water and Wastewater Company, Qom, Iran.
3 - PhD.School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: biorefineries, Microalgae, harvesting, Biofluolants, Biological methods,
Abstract :
Background:The main habitat of microalgae is natural or man-made aquatic environments. Microalgae are used in the process of water and wastewater treatment or biomass production that can be used in the production of biodiesel, biofertilizers, supplements and feed for poultry and aquatic animals. Microalgae extraction methods from aqueous medium such as gravitational deposition, centrifugation, filtration and screening, flotation, electrolyte separation and flocculation have been used. Methods: In the flocculation method, different flocculants have been proposed for the deposition of microalgae (sulfate and chloride compounds of metals such as iron, aluminum and zinc, cationic compounds such as cationic starch and biopolymers such as chitosan, etc.). Disadvantages such as the high amount of flocculants required, the production of wastes that need to be re-separated, the low sedimentation efficiency and the high price of flocculants have made the search for cheap. Results:Low-consumption flocculants without the need for re-separation seriously considered by researchers. Factors such as quantity and type Biofluccolants and environmental factors such as temperature, pH, mixing rate play a role in biofluctuation efficiency. Studies show that the isolation of microalgae in the bioflucculation method in some cases increases up to 99%. Conclusion: The present review shows that sedimentary microorganisms such as bacteria, diatoms and specific microalgae can be used as bioflucculants and microalgae can be harvested and isolated for various purposes in an environmentally friendly manner.
Singh J, Saxena RC. An introduction to microalgae: diversity and significance. Handbook of marine microalgae. Elsevier. 2015: 11-24.
2. Cohen Z. Chemicals from microalgae. CRC Press. 1999.
3. Eloranta P, Kwandrans J. Indicator value of freshwater red algae in running waters for water quality assessment. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 2004; 33(1): 47-54.
4. Suthers I, Rissik D, Richardson A. Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality. CSIRO publishing. 2019.
5. York PV, Johnson LR. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
6. Bartram J, Chorus I. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. CRC Press. 1999.
7. Golzary A, Imanian S, Abdoli MA, Khodadadi A, Karbassi A. A cost-effective strategy for marine microalgae separation by electro-coagulation-flotation process aimed at
bio-crude oil production: Optimization and evaluation study. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015; 147: 65-156.
8. Wei P, Cheng L-H, Zhang L, Xu X-H, Chen H-l, Gao C-j. A review of membrane technology for bioethanol production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014; 30: 40-388.
9. Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, Marx UC, Mussgnug JH, Posten C & et al. Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenergy research. 2008; 1(1): 20-43.
10. Choi S, Lee J, Kwon D, Cho K. Settling characteristics of problem algae in the water treatment process. Water Science and Technology. 2006; 53(7): 9-113.
11. Uduman N, Qi Y, Danquah MK, Forde GM, Hoadley A. Dewatering of microalgal cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. Journal of renewable and sustainable energy. 2010; 2(1): 012701.
12. Dassey AJ, Theegala CS. Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications. Bioresource technology. 2013; 128: 5-241.
13. Grima EM, Belarbi E-H, Fernández FA, Medina AR, Chisti Y. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnology advances. 2003; 20(7-8): 491-515.
14. Knuckey RM, Brown MR, Robert R, Frampton DM. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacultural Engineering. 2006; 35(3): 13-300.
15. Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae: a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2010; 14(2): 77-557.
16. Heasman M, Diemar J, O'connor W, Sushames T, Foulkes L. Development of extended shelf‐life microalgae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs: a summary. Aquaculture Research. 2000; 31(8‐9): 59-637.
17. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO {sub 2} to biomass. Final report. California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Civil Engineering. 1996.
18. Petrusevski B, Bolier G, Van Breemen A, Alaerts G. Tangential flow filtration: a method to concentrate freshwater algae. Water Research. 1995; 29(5): 24-1419.
19. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. Nasa Sti/recon Technical Report N. 1994; 95.
20. Greenwell HC, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt R, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. Journal of the royal society interface. 2009; (46)7: 26-703.
21. Chen Y, Liu J, Ju Y-H. Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 1998; 12(1): 49-55.
22. Yoon R, Luttrell G. The effect of bubble size on fine particle flotation. Mineral Procesing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 1989; 5(1-4): 22-101.
23. Rubio J, Souza M, Smith R. Overview of flotation as a wastewater treatment technique. Minerals engineering. 2002; 15(3): 55-139.
24. Bilanovic D, Shelef G, Sukenik A. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers: effects of medium salinity. Biomass. 1988; 17(1): 65-76.
25. Crossley I, Valade M, Shawcross J. Using lessons learned and advanced methods to design a 1,500 Ml/day DAF water treatment plant. Water science and technology. 2001; 43(8): 35-41.
26. Sukenik A, Bilanovic D, Shelef G. Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters. Biomass. 1988; 15(3): 99-187.
27. Gao S, Du M, Tian J, Yang J, Yang J, Ma F & et al. Effects of chloride ions on electro-coagulation-flotation process with aluminum electrodes for algae removal. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010; 182(1-3): 34-827.
28. Poelman E, De Pauw N, Jeurissen B. Potential of electrolytic flocculation for recovery of micro-algae. Resources, conservation and recycling. 1997; 19(1): 1-10.
29. Gao S, Yang J, Tian J, Ma F, Tu G, Du M. Electro-coagulation-flotation process for algae removal. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010; 177(1-3): 43-336.
30. Martinez-Villafane J, Montero-Ocampo C, Garcia-Lara A. Energy and electrode consumption analysis of electrocoagulation for the removal of arsenic from underground water. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009; 172(2-3): 22-1617.
31. Kumar M, Ponselvan FIA, Malviya JR, Srivastava VC, Mall ID. Treatment of bio-digester effluent by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 165(1-3): 52-345.
32. Nanseu-Njiki CP, Tchamango SR, Ngom PC, Darchen A, Ngameni E. Mercury (II) removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 168(2-3): 6-1430.
33. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. STIN. 1994; 95: 19554.
34. Greenwell HC, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt R, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. Journal of the royal society interface. 2010; 7(46): 26-703.
35. Ismail IM, Fawzy AS, Abdel-Monem NM, Mahmoud MH, El-Halwany MA. Combined coagulation flocculation pre treatment unit for municipal wastewater. Journal of Advanced Research. 2012; 3(4): 6-331.
36. Sukenik A, Shelef G. Algal autoflocculation-verification and proposed mechanism. Biotechnology and bioengineering. 1984; 26(2): 7-142.
37. Danquah MK, Ang L, Uduman N, Moheimani N, Forde GM. Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel production: exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean Technology. 2009; 84(7): 83-1078.
38. Xu L, Brilman DWW, Withag JA, Brem G, Kersten S. Assessment of a dry and a wet route for the production of biofuels from microalgae: energy balance analysis. Bioresource technology. 2011; 102(8): 5113-22.
39. You L, Lu F, Li D, Qiao Z, Yin Y. Preparation and flocculation properties of cationic starch/chitosan crosslinking-copolymer. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 172(1): 38-45.
40. Gouveia L. Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. Springer. 2011: 1-69.
41. Moreno L, Muñoz Prieto E, Casanova H. Flocculatin with chitosan of microalgae native of the Colombian Plateau. Ciencia en Desarrollo. 2015; 6(1): 17-24.
42. Kandasamy G, Shaleh SRM. Flotation removal of the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. using Moringa protein-oil emulsion: A novel green approach. Bioresource technology. 2018; 247: 31-327.
43. Hansel PA, Riefler RG, Stuart BJ. Efficient flocculation of microalgae for biomass production using cationic starch. Algal research. 2014; 5: 9-133.
44. Letelier-Gordo CO, Holdt SL, De Francisci D, Karakashev DB, Angelidaki I. Effective harvesting of the microalgae Chlorella protothecoides via bioflocculation with cationic starch. Bioresource technology. 2014; 167: 8-214.
45. Anthony R, Sims R. Cationic starch for microalgae and total phosphorus removal from wastewater. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2013; 130(4): 8-2572.
46. Salim S, Bosma R, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH. Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. Journal of applied phycology. 2011; 23(5): 55-849.
47. Xie S, Sun S, Dai SY, Yuan JS. Efficient coagulation of microalgae in cultures with filamentous fungi. Algal Research. 2013; 2(1): 28-33.
48. Lee J, Cho D-H, Ramanan R, Kim B-H, Oh H-M, Kim H-S. Microalgae-associated bacteria play a key role in the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresource technology. 2013; 131: 195-201.
49. Ndikubwimana T, Zeng X, He N, Xiao Z, Xie Y, Chang J-S & et al. Microalgae biomass harvesting by bioflocculation-interpretation by classical DLVO theory. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2015; 101: 7-160.
50. Ummalyma SB, Gnansounou E, Sukumaran RK, Sindhu R, Pandey A, Sahoo D. Bioflocculation: an alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-an overview. Bioresource technology. 2017; 242: 35-227.
51. Nguyen TDP, Le TVA, Show PL, Nguyen TT, Tran MH, Tran TNT & et al. Bioflocculation formation of microalgae-bacteria in enhancing microalgae harvesting and nutrient removal from wastewater effluent. Bioresource technology. 2019; 272: 9-34.
52. Liang G, Nguyen AV, Chen W, Nguyen TA, Biggs S. Interaction forces between goethite and polymeric flocculants and their effect on the flocculation of fine goethite particles. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018; 334: 45-1034.
53. Alam MA, Vandamme D, Chun W, Zhao X, Foubert I, Wang Z & et al. Bioflocculation as an innovative harvesting strategy for microalgae. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2016; 15(4): 83-573.
54. Díaz-Santos E, Vila M, Vigara J, León R. A new approach to express transgenes in microalgae and its use to increase the flocculation ability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2016; 28(3): 21-1611.
55. Kim D-G, Oh H-M, Park Y-H, Kim H-S, Lee H-G, Ahn C-Y. Optimization of flocculation conditions for Botryococcus braunii using response surface methodology. Journal of applied phycology. 2013; 25(3): 82-875.
56. Zhang Z-J, Chen Y-Z, Hu H-R, Sang Y-Z. The beatability-aiding effect of Aspergillus niger crude cellulase on bleached simao pine kraft pulp and its mechanism of action. BioResources. 2013; 8(4): 70-5861.
57. Wan C, Zhao X-Q, Guo S-L, Alam MA, Bai F-W. Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica by flocculation. Bioresource technology. 2013; 135: 12-207.
58. Zhou W, Min M, Hu B, Ma X, Liu Y, Wang Q & et al. Filamentous fungi assisted
bio-flocculation: a novel alternative technique for harvesting heterotrophic and autotrophic microalgal cells. Separation and Purification Technology. 2013; 107: 65-158.
59. Rinanti A, Purwadi R (editors). Harvesting of freshwater microalgae biomass by Scenedesmus sp. as bioflocculant. The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development: IOP Conference Series, Earth and Environmental Science. 2018.
_||_Singh J, Saxena RC. An introduction to microalgae: diversity and significance. Handbook of marine microalgae. Elsevier. 2015: 11-24.
2. Cohen Z. Chemicals from microalgae. CRC Press. 1999.
3. Eloranta P, Kwandrans J. Indicator value of freshwater red algae in running waters for water quality assessment. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 2004; 33(1): 47-54.
4. Suthers I, Rissik D, Richardson A. Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality. CSIRO publishing. 2019.
5. York PV, Johnson LR. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
6. Bartram J, Chorus I. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. CRC Press. 1999.
7. Golzary A, Imanian S, Abdoli MA, Khodadadi A, Karbassi A. A cost-effective strategy for marine microalgae separation by electro-coagulation-flotation process aimed at
bio-crude oil production: Optimization and evaluation study. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015; 147: 65-156.
8. Wei P, Cheng L-H, Zhang L, Xu X-H, Chen H-l, Gao C-j. A review of membrane technology for bioethanol production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014; 30: 40-388.
9. Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, Marx UC, Mussgnug JH, Posten C & et al. Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenergy research. 2008; 1(1): 20-43.
10. Choi S, Lee J, Kwon D, Cho K. Settling characteristics of problem algae in the water treatment process. Water Science and Technology. 2006; 53(7): 9-113.
11. Uduman N, Qi Y, Danquah MK, Forde GM, Hoadley A. Dewatering of microalgal cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. Journal of renewable and sustainable energy. 2010; 2(1): 012701.
12. Dassey AJ, Theegala CS. Harvesting economics and strategies using centrifugation for cost effective separation of microalgae cells for biodiesel applications. Bioresource technology. 2013; 128: 5-241.
13. Grima EM, Belarbi E-H, Fernández FA, Medina AR, Chisti Y. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnology advances. 2003; 20(7-8): 491-515.
14. Knuckey RM, Brown MR, Robert R, Frampton DM. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacultural Engineering. 2006; 35(3): 13-300.
15. Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae: a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2010; 14(2): 77-557.
16. Heasman M, Diemar J, O'connor W, Sushames T, Foulkes L. Development of extended shelf‐life microalgae concentrate diets harvested by centrifugation for bivalve molluscs: a summary. Aquaculture Research. 2000; 31(8‐9): 59-637.
17. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO {sub 2} to biomass. Final report. California Univ., Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Civil Engineering. 1996.
18. Petrusevski B, Bolier G, Van Breemen A, Alaerts G. Tangential flow filtration: a method to concentrate freshwater algae. Water Research. 1995; 29(5): 24-1419.
19. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. Nasa Sti/recon Technical Report N. 1994; 95.
20. Greenwell HC, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt R, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. Journal of the royal society interface. 2009; (46)7: 26-703.
21. Chen Y, Liu J, Ju Y-H. Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 1998; 12(1): 49-55.
22. Yoon R, Luttrell G. The effect of bubble size on fine particle flotation. Mineral Procesing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 1989; 5(1-4): 22-101.
23. Rubio J, Souza M, Smith R. Overview of flotation as a wastewater treatment technique. Minerals engineering. 2002; 15(3): 55-139.
24. Bilanovic D, Shelef G, Sukenik A. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers: effects of medium salinity. Biomass. 1988; 17(1): 65-76.
25. Crossley I, Valade M, Shawcross J. Using lessons learned and advanced methods to design a 1,500 Ml/day DAF water treatment plant. Water science and technology. 2001; 43(8): 35-41.
26. Sukenik A, Bilanovic D, Shelef G. Flocculation of microalgae in brackish and sea waters. Biomass. 1988; 15(3): 99-187.
27. Gao S, Du M, Tian J, Yang J, Yang J, Ma F & et al. Effects of chloride ions on electro-coagulation-flotation process with aluminum electrodes for algae removal. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010; 182(1-3): 34-827.
28. Poelman E, De Pauw N, Jeurissen B. Potential of electrolytic flocculation for recovery of micro-algae. Resources, conservation and recycling. 1997; 19(1): 1-10.
29. Gao S, Yang J, Tian J, Ma F, Tu G, Du M. Electro-coagulation-flotation process for algae removal. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010; 177(1-3): 43-336.
30. Martinez-Villafane J, Montero-Ocampo C, Garcia-Lara A. Energy and electrode consumption analysis of electrocoagulation for the removal of arsenic from underground water. Journal of hazardous materials. 2009; 172(2-3): 22-1617.
31. Kumar M, Ponselvan FIA, Malviya JR, Srivastava VC, Mall ID. Treatment of bio-digester effluent by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 165(1-3): 52-345.
32. Nanseu-Njiki CP, Tchamango SR, Ngom PC, Darchen A, Ngameni E. Mercury (II) removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 168(2-3): 6-1430.
33. Benemann JR, Oswald WJ. Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO2 to biomass. STIN. 1994; 95: 19554.
34. Greenwell HC, Laurens L, Shields R, Lovitt R, Flynn K. Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges. Journal of the royal society interface. 2010; 7(46): 26-703.
35. Ismail IM, Fawzy AS, Abdel-Monem NM, Mahmoud MH, El-Halwany MA. Combined coagulation flocculation pre treatment unit for municipal wastewater. Journal of Advanced Research. 2012; 3(4): 6-331.
36. Sukenik A, Shelef G. Algal autoflocculation-verification and proposed mechanism. Biotechnology and bioengineering. 1984; 26(2): 7-142.
37. Danquah MK, Ang L, Uduman N, Moheimani N, Forde GM. Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel production: exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean Technology. 2009; 84(7): 83-1078.
38. Xu L, Brilman DWW, Withag JA, Brem G, Kersten S. Assessment of a dry and a wet route for the production of biofuels from microalgae: energy balance analysis. Bioresource technology. 2011; 102(8): 5113-22.
39. You L, Lu F, Li D, Qiao Z, Yin Y. Preparation and flocculation properties of cationic starch/chitosan crosslinking-copolymer. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 172(1): 38-45.
40. Gouveia L. Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels. Springer. 2011: 1-69.
41. Moreno L, Muñoz Prieto E, Casanova H. Flocculatin with chitosan of microalgae native of the Colombian Plateau. Ciencia en Desarrollo. 2015; 6(1): 17-24.
42. Kandasamy G, Shaleh SRM. Flotation removal of the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. using Moringa protein-oil emulsion: A novel green approach. Bioresource technology. 2018; 247: 31-327.
43. Hansel PA, Riefler RG, Stuart BJ. Efficient flocculation of microalgae for biomass production using cationic starch. Algal research. 2014; 5: 9-133.
44. Letelier-Gordo CO, Holdt SL, De Francisci D, Karakashev DB, Angelidaki I. Effective harvesting of the microalgae Chlorella protothecoides via bioflocculation with cationic starch. Bioresource technology. 2014; 167: 8-214.
45. Anthony R, Sims R. Cationic starch for microalgae and total phosphorus removal from wastewater. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2013; 130(4): 8-2572.
46. Salim S, Bosma R, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH. Harvesting of microalgae by bio-flocculation. Journal of applied phycology. 2011; 23(5): 55-849.
47. Xie S, Sun S, Dai SY, Yuan JS. Efficient coagulation of microalgae in cultures with filamentous fungi. Algal Research. 2013; 2(1): 28-33.
48. Lee J, Cho D-H, Ramanan R, Kim B-H, Oh H-M, Kim H-S. Microalgae-associated bacteria play a key role in the flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresource technology. 2013; 131: 195-201.
49. Ndikubwimana T, Zeng X, He N, Xiao Z, Xie Y, Chang J-S & et al. Microalgae biomass harvesting by bioflocculation-interpretation by classical DLVO theory. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2015; 101: 7-160.
50. Ummalyma SB, Gnansounou E, Sukumaran RK, Sindhu R, Pandey A, Sahoo D. Bioflocculation: an alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-an overview. Bioresource technology. 2017; 242: 35-227.
51. Nguyen TDP, Le TVA, Show PL, Nguyen TT, Tran MH, Tran TNT & et al. Bioflocculation formation of microalgae-bacteria in enhancing microalgae harvesting and nutrient removal from wastewater effluent. Bioresource technology. 2019; 272: 9-34.
52. Liang G, Nguyen AV, Chen W, Nguyen TA, Biggs S. Interaction forces between goethite and polymeric flocculants and their effect on the flocculation of fine goethite particles. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018; 334: 45-1034.
53. Alam MA, Vandamme D, Chun W, Zhao X, Foubert I, Wang Z & et al. Bioflocculation as an innovative harvesting strategy for microalgae. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2016; 15(4): 83-573.
54. Díaz-Santos E, Vila M, Vigara J, León R. A new approach to express transgenes in microalgae and its use to increase the flocculation ability of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2016; 28(3): 21-1611.
55. Kim D-G, Oh H-M, Park Y-H, Kim H-S, Lee H-G, Ahn C-Y. Optimization of flocculation conditions for Botryococcus braunii using response surface methodology. Journal of applied phycology. 2013; 25(3): 82-875.
56. Zhang Z-J, Chen Y-Z, Hu H-R, Sang Y-Z. The beatability-aiding effect of Aspergillus niger crude cellulase on bleached simao pine kraft pulp and its mechanism of action. BioResources. 2013; 8(4): 70-5861.
57. Wan C, Zhao X-Q, Guo S-L, Alam MA, Bai F-W. Bioflocculant production from Solibacillus silvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica by flocculation. Bioresource technology. 2013; 135: 12-207.
58. Zhou W, Min M, Hu B, Ma X, Liu Y, Wang Q & et al. Filamentous fungi assisted
bio-flocculation: a novel alternative technique for harvesting heterotrophic and autotrophic microalgal cells. Separation and Purification Technology. 2013; 107: 65-158.
59. Rinanti A, Purwadi R (editors). Harvesting of freshwater microalgae biomass by Scenedesmus sp. as bioflocculant. The 4th International Seminar on Sustainable Urban Development: IOP Conference Series, Earth and Environmental Science. 2018.