Research Letter of International Relations: 2 (22)

Open Access Article

1 - Review of the Legal Challenges in Front of Iran and USA on the Airbus File
Seyed Davood Aghaee

Abstract On July 3, 1988, the American Vincennes battleship, based in Persian Gulf, moved to the outskirt of Persian Islands, Qeshm and Hengam, in response to the report of another American battleship present in the zone stating that a Pakistani commercial ship had been More

Abstract On July 3, 1988, the American Vincennes battleship, based in Persian Gulf, moved to the outskirt of Persian Islands, Qeshm and Hengam, in response to the report of another American battleship present in the zone stating that a Pakistani commercial ship had been attacked. Following this action, as claimed by the Iranian authorities, a few Iranian military boats shot at Vincennes which was followed by the reaction of the American cruiser. During the conflict, the said battleship shot two missiles at the airliner of Iran Air Company. Flight No. 655 who was carrying 290 passengers and crew from Bandar Abbas airport to Dubai and the airliner crashed. Immediately after the occurrence of that accident, the Iranian government brought up the case to ICAO. ICAO just condemned the case and did not blame America. Therefore, Iran’s objective was not fulfilled in that investigation. Therefore, after the crash, the US government refused to accept any responsibility or to indemnify Iran Air Company. Rather, it declared its preparedness to directly indemnify the survivors of the accident. The Iranian government rejected the proposal and filed a petition at the International Court of Justice on May 17, 1989 and subsequently submitted its plead to that court. In its suit, Iran sought for the following objectives: -  Reconsideration concerning ICAO’s decision dated March 17, 1989 that had expressed that the US government had not violated Chicago Convention; -  Making a decision on violation of the convention for prohibition of illegal measures against the security of civil aviation (Montreal Convention) by the US government due to the crash of Iran Air airplane; -  Determining the compensation which should be paid by the US government subject to the proof of the violation contained in the above clause; Therefore, this Article aims to read out the case on the crash of Iranian airbus by the American Vincennes battleship, to find about how the accident happened as well as about legal claims of Iran, to review the legal challenge between Iran and America and finally to find how and why that case was closed at the International Court of Justice before review.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - U.S. Interventions in the Middle East Uprisings or Revolutions of 2011 and U.S. Intervention Scenarios in Syria
Mohammad Ali Khosravi رقیه مهاجری

Abstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bah More

Abstract 2010 Tunisia demonstration was occurred due to economic and social conditions, inequality and poverty, unemployment, corruption, violation of political freedom and lack of democracy. Such movements were expanded to other Arab countries such as Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, etc. which except for Bahrain, all were overthrown. Although U.S. type of intervention varied in the above mentioned countries, the essential goal behind was to misdirect the national revolutions and maintain U.S. political benefits of the Middle East strategic region. Efforts to survive Bahraini government via repressing of revolutionists, penetrating in Yemen’s revolution and retaining its current political structure by only replacing Abdullah Salih with a pre-selected politician, military intervention in Libya, preventing active participation of Islamists in Tunisian politics, taking advantage of the Egypt overthrown regime’s political survivors in the current structure, etc. has been the major US actions in response to recent revolutions in Middle East. Syria-which has been confronting unrests and crisis in the last two years- has been the only Arab country playing a center-oriented role against Israel. Since Russia and China have been strongly supporting Syria in the UN security council, it may seem the unites states cannot militarily penetrate in Syria. Hence, U.S. options for intervening in Syria are: feed the oppositions with monetary and military aids, Applying harder economic sanctions on Syria and its allies, Stimulating and expanding religious and political differences and finally Penetrating in opposition groups and identifying individuals who will later help US future plans in this regard.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - European Union's Relations with Emerging Powers, Challenges and Conflicts
Mohammadreza majidi Alireza Samudi

Abstract BRIC (consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first introduced in 2001 by Jim O'Neill. The purpose of this action also refer to existing capabilities in economies such as Brazil, Russia, India and China will play a role in the global arena, because the More

Abstract BRIC (consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China) was first introduced in 2001 by Jim O'Neill. The purpose of this action also refer to existing capabilities in economies such as Brazil, Russia, India and China will play a role in the global arena, because these states had been successful in recent years with the organization closer to its positions and views on the successes achieved in the international arena and its economic power to the political lever. In the past decade, these powers has relied on their economic powers in calling for stronger and more influential role in the international financial and monetary policy. On the other hand, the European Uunion as the second economic power due to economic crisis involved with a wide range of challenges and attempted to maintain its position in the international arena to face the emerging powers. Indeed, Brussels is in competition with members of Brix in areas such as global governance and the role of the international system. This paper attempts to analyze European Union's relations with emerging powers of BRIC.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Public Diplomacy and Soft Power with an Emphasis on Iran's Soft Power in Iraq
حسین رفیع Malihe Nikravesh

  Abstract Soft power as one of the components of international politics in the present era, has achieved high position, so that politicians are trying so much to achieve it. The reason for this can be searched in efficiency and success of soft power than classic More

  Abstract Soft power as one of the components of international politics in the present era, has achieved high position, so that politicians are trying so much to achieve it. The reason for this can be searched in efficiency and success of soft power than classical forms of power (Hard and Naked power). The Islamic Republic of Iran too needs to recognition, strengthening and application of soft power such as other politic units to improve its own national power by it. One of the countries which Iran has various sources of soft power in it is Iraq. Bilateral relations between Iran and Iraq, political and cultural history shared by the two countries shows that Iran has many political resources, cultural - religious and active diplomacy in Iraq. This paper was sought to analyze the public diplomacy as one of the components of soft power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq, by considering the present backgrounds and strengthen these backgrounds after the Collapse of Baath regime. At this way, in regard to analytical data, major sources of Iran's soft power in Iraq and their effectiveness has been analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - International Responsibility to Protect and Sovereignty of States
Didukht Sadeghi

Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes More

Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the emergence of the doctrine of "international responsibility to protect" in the climate of human rights extension and decline of the national states sovereignty. The "responsibility to protect" is an evolving concept that shoes the duties of the governments to provide a legal ethical for humanitarian intervention. The increase of internal wars in 1990's the violation of human rights and the dilemma of implication of humanitarian intervention clearly showed the necessity of the foundation of "responsibility to protect". This doctrine is implication of new thinking on sovereignty, which says sovereignty is not "privilege" but is a "Responsibility". So sovereignty as "control" changed to sovereignty as "Responsibility". Upon This new idea governors should to world community about behavior to their peoples. The "Responsibility to protect" has had two important the effect in international relation, first it became clear that the sovereignty of national states is no more also lute and could be declined. Secondly, the individual rights has become seriously under observation of international community.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Neo Liberal Globalization and Its Effects on the Islamic Republic of Iran as a Rentier State
Hamid Reza Shirzad

Abstract since 1960s with sudden and multiple increase in oil revenues and its supremacy over other economic sectors in national income, Iranian government officially transformed to a rentire state which seems still is and tend to be in predictable  future. The ab More

Abstract since 1960s with sudden and multiple increase in oil revenues and its supremacy over other economic sectors in national income, Iranian government officially transformed to a rentire state which seems still is and tend to be in predictable  future. The above mentioned phenomenon caused radical changes in, government size and structures, inflation increase and forming a new and unique kind of relationship between government, citizens and civil society .It also caused restructuring of domestic political economy settings, reorganization and emergence of domestic blocs of power and interests, relative independence in foreign relations and finally changing of pattern of inside-outside relations. After Islamic revolution there were radical changes in priorities of foreign relations based on the new ideological values but there were not the same radical trend of changes in the rentire nature of government, its role in the domestic economy and its economic relations with the outside world. Rentire states continue to exist with the ability to cover their weakness through the continuous flow of oil revenues and their distribution based on two main routes, firstly to put the government as the sole base of development and secondly to allocating more to their supporters and reducing the influence of civil society on the ruler’s desired order. Globalization occurrence and deepening particularly its neoliberal project, challenged the most basic foundations of these type of underdeveloped and weak governments in both efficiency and the governance levels, which results in  forcing inevitable evolution of the rentire state, changing domestic political rulers behaviors and transforming their type of connection to the international system . Globalization (neoliberal) with its worldwide extent and depth puts little space and alternatives for rentire states, they should either be efficient according to new order (project) necessities which means to change their position inside the national political economy , (redefine) type of internal governance and reducing them their autonomy in the international arena (a new position in the international division of labor) or if they cannot get along with the type of globalized order they must pay the price of further inefficiency inside and more incompatibility with the rest of the world. This means that the country's growth can be suppressed by increasing transaction costs both inside and outside and failing to benefit from all development capacity of country and ultimately undermine national power compared to other nations of the world. The mainstream theories of IR or IPE has a high explanatory power to explain the integration process of a state to the globalizing order but they lack the competence for explanation of why a nation with high potential cannot or don’t have the will to develop its place in the international division of labor and world economy. This dissertation has no claim of representing a new theory in IPE, it only pave the way for the new interdisciplinary approach and somewhat heuristic model for understanding how to avoid approaching states (rentire) as a homogeneous entities and using a two tier criteria to evaluate the effects of globalization (project) on them which are first its effect on the rentire nature of these states and second its effect on the hegemonic concept which holds control over this states. Using a neogramscian approach helps me to better explain this theoretical challenge in Dominant theories (especially institutional neoliberal) which have little explanatory power about outside of the order (isolated) states. There exist not a rich literature about the mechanisms through which the globalization (project) affects states (rentire), therefore I used an outside –inside dialectical approach with the study of impacts of globalized concepts of control over internal concepts of control which means ideologized (projected) globalization effects on ideologized rentire state. Using the above mentioned theoretical approach will reach us to conclusion that the hegemonic concept of control of Iran's rentire state (traditional ideological) is going to fade by the strong waves of globalized concept of control (neoliberal project). Using of coercive power can for a short period survive this concept of control but it is obvious that there will be a capacity for hegemonic shift inside Iran whether by government choice or outside government’s alternatives.     Manuscript profile

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