Sociological Explanation of Women's Participation Affecting Factors in Public Sports in Gorgan

Subject Areas : Sociology

Mazanin Hosseini Karimabadi ¹ , Akbar Talebpour ² , Akbar Afarineshkhaki ³

1 - Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch in Tehran, Department of Department of Sports Sociology, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Alzahra University in Tehran, Department of Sociology, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Islamic Azad University Tehran South Branch, Department of Sports Management, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2021-10-02 Accepted : 2021-10-30 Published : 2021-12-22

Keywords: Sociological explanation, Public sports, women's Participation,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to explain the sociology of factors affecting women's participation in public sports in Gorgan. This research was a qualitative in which the Grounded Theory method was used. The statistical population of this study included elite female athletes, coaches and experts in the field of public sports, specialists and professors of physical education and sports sciences. Using snowball sampling method, 15 individuals were selected as the sample. In order to ensure the reliability of the obtained data, two methods of retest reliability and intercoder reliability were applied. Data analysis was performed in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Based on the analysis, 46 open codes were extracted, which were classified into 5 categories (subcategories): personal barriers, family barriers, facilities and economic barriers, cultural barriers and social barriers. According to the results, it could be concluded that part of the barriers to women's participation in public sports were related to personal factors and the other part was related to environmental and social factors. It is suggested that by increasing women's awareness about the benefits of physical activity and also removing some cultural, environmental and social barriers, the necessary ground for women to participate more in public sports should be provided.

References:

Aksentijevic, N.K., Ježic, Z., & Zaninovic, A. (2021). The effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use on human development: A macroeconomic approach. Economies. Faculty of Economics and Business, 9(1), 1-12. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/3/128/htm

Aljayyousi, G. F., Abu Munshar, M., Al-Salim, F., & Osman, E. R. (2019). Addressing context to understand physical activity among Muslim university students: the role of gender, family, and culture. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1452-1462. URL: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-7670-8

Alotaibi, T., Almuhanna, R., Alhassan, J., Alqadhib, E., Mortada, E., & Alwhaibi, R. (2020). The relationship between technology use and physical activity among typically-developing children. Healthcare, 8(2), 1-14. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33212768/

Angosto, S., García-Fernández, J., Valantine, I., & Grimaldi-Puyana, M., (2020). The intention to use fitness and physical activity apps: A systematic review. Sustainability, 12(1), 1–24. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/16/6641

Arigo, D., Mogle, J.A., & Smyth, J.M. (2021). Relations between social comparisons and physical activity among women in midlife with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease: An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 44(5), 579–590. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33982214/

Bergier, J., Bergier, B., & Tsos, A. (2016). Variations in physical activity of male and female students from different countries. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 45(5), 705–707. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4935719/

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications, Inc. URL: https://methods.sagepub.com/book/basics-of-qualitative-research

Dąbrowska-Galas, M., & Dąbrowska, J. (2021). Physical activity level and self-esteem in middle-aged women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 1-8. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8305857/

Damon, L.S., Joshua, E.M., Conrad, P.E., Erica, C., Madison, N., & Neil, M.J. (2018). The effects of exercise and physical activity on weight loss and maintenance. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 61(1), 206–213. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30003901/

Egli, T., Bland, H. W., Melton, B. F., & Czech, D. R. (2013). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 59(1), 399–406. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21500059/

Farahani, A., Hosseini, M., & Moradi, R. (2017). Prioritization of deterrents to women's participation in sport activities in Alborz province, Iran. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, 15(1), 23-34. [Persian] URL: https://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=5476&sid=1&slc_lang=en

Felipe, J., Viezel, J., Reis, A. D., Baros, E. A. C., de Paulo, T. R. S., Neves, L. M., & Freitas Junior, I. F. (2020). Relationship of different intensities of physical activity and quality of life in postmenopausal women. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1-7. https://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12955-020-01377-1#Abs1

Fin, G., Benetti, M., & Nodari Júnior, R. J. (2021). Perception of competence and self-regulation for physical activity in women with breast cancer. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(6), 1022-1033. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1934714

Joseph, R.P., Coe, K., Ainsworth, B.E., Hooker, S.P., Mathis, L., & Keller, C. (2018). Hair as a barrier to physical activity among African American women: A qualitative exploration. Frontiers Public Health, 5(1), 1-8. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29404317/

Joshua, O. R.  Adeoye, O., & Ibrahim. O. (2013). Social cultural factors influencing women’s participation in sports as perceived by female students of the University of Ilorin. Journal of Higher Education, 4(2), 159–167. URL: https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.4314%2Fmajohe.v4i2.3

Joulaei, H., Maharlouei, N., Razzaghi, A., & Akbari, M. (2016). Narrative review of women’s health in Iran: challenges and successes. International Journal for Equity Health, 15(1), 1–9. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26880036/

Kabiri Ghomi, N., & Masomie Zavariani, S. (2019). Pedagogical role of women in Islamic society. Journal of Women and Culture, 11(40), 109-120. [Persian] URL: http://jwc.iauahvaz.ac.ir/article_667229.html?lang=en

Kahan, D. (2015). Adult physical inactivity prevalence in the Muslim world: Analysis of 38 countries. Preventive Medicine Reports, 16(2), 71-75. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26844051/

Kazemi, A., Alam, S., & Hojabrnia, Z. (2020). Modeling of effective factors on sports development as an important factor for women's health in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Razi Journal of Medicine Science, 27(4), 74-87. [Persian] URL: https://rjms.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-5102-1&sid=1&slc_lang=en

Kenney, E.L., & Gortmaker, S.L. (2017). United States adolescents’ television, computer, videogame, smartphone, and tablet use: Associations with sugary drinks, sleep, physical activity, and obesity. Journal of Pediatrics, 182(1), 144–149. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27988020/

Laranjo, L., Ding, D., Heleno, B., Kocaballi, B., Quiroz, J.C., Tong, H.L., Chahwan, B., Neves, A.L., Gabarron, E., Dao, K.P., Rodrigues, D., Neves, G.C., Antunes, M.L., Coiera, E., & Bates, D.W. (2021). Do smartphone applications and activity trackers increase physical activity in adults? Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(1), 422–432. URL: https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/8/422.share

Larsen, S., Mozdoorzoy, T., Kristiansen, E., Nygaard Falch, H., Aune, T. K., & Van Den Tillaar, R. A. (2021). Comparison of motives by gender and age categories for training at Norwegian fitness centers. Sports, 9(1), 1-9. URL: https://www.scinapse.io/papers/3194484825

Limone, P., & Toto, G.A. (2021). Psychological and emotional effects of digital technology on children in covid-19 pandemic. Brain Science, 11(9), 1-10. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8465704/

López-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Ezzatvar, Y., Casajús, J. A., Smith, L., Andersen, L. L., & López-Sánchez, G. F. (2020). Association between current physical activity and current perceived anxiety and mood in the initial phase of COVID-19 confinement. Frontiers Psychiatry, 11, 729. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390883/

Lynch, C., Bird, S., Lythgo, N., & Selva-Raj, I. (2019). Changing the physical activity behavior of adults with fitness trackers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion, 34(4), 418-430. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858812/

Mao, H. Y., Hsu, H. C., & Lee, S. D. (2020). Gender differences in related influential factors of regular exercise behavior among people in Taiwan in 2007: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15(1), 1–13. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32004330/

Mena, G. P., Mielke, G. I., & Brown, W. J. (2019). The effect of physical activity on reproductive health outcomes in young women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 25(5), 542–564. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31304974/

Mensinger, J. L., & Meadows, A. (2017). Internalized weight stigma mediates and moderates physical activity outcomes during a healthy living program for women with high body mass index. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30(1), 64–72. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1469029217300730

Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., & Herring, M. (2020). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 17(1), 6469. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899495/

Mohamed, B. A., Mahfouz, M. S., & Badr, M. F. (2020). Physical activity and its associated factors in females with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 15(10), 1-15. URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239905

Motameni, A., Hemmati, A., & Moradi, H. (2014). Identifying and prioritizing the barriers for women's sports activities. Sport Management Review, 24(1), 111-130. [Persian] URL: https://smrj.ssrc.ac.ir/article_145.html?lang=en

Nazari Azad, M., Taleb Poor, A., & Kashani, M. (2020). Sociological analysis of gender inequality in sport (From the perspective of women national champion athletes). Women and Society, 10(40), 289-315. [Persian] URL: http://jzvj.miau.ac.ir/m/article_3879.html?lang=en

Nooijen, C.F.J., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Nyberg, G., Sanders, T., Galanti, M. R., & Forsell, Y. (2018). Are changes in occupational physical activity level compensated by changes in exercise behavior?. European Journal of Public Health, 28(5), 940–943. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29385424/

Pogrmilovic, B. K., Ramirez Varela, A., Pratt, M., Milton, K., Bauman, A., Biddle, S. J. H., & Pedisic, Z. (2020). National physical activity and sedentary behaviour policies in 76 countries: availability, comprehensiveness, implementation, and effectiveness. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-13. URL: https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-020-01022-6

Saadatifard, E., Javadipour, M., Honari, H., Saffari, M., & Zareian, H. (2019). The context of recreational sports for women in Iran. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 7(1), 83-95. [Persian] URL: http://aassjournal.com/article-1-685-en.html

Su, Z., McDonnell, D., Cheshmehzangi, A., Zhu, J., Ahmad, J., Šegalo, S., & Veiga, C.P. (2020). Factors that shape women’s physical activity: Development of the Reasons to Participate in Physical Activity Scale (RPPAS). Healthcare, 10(1), 1-13. URL: https://www.docwirenews.com/abstracts/journal-abstracts/factors-that-shape-womens-physical-activity-development-of-the-reasons-to-participate-in-physical-activity-scale-rppas-26/

Tavakoli, T. (2021). Design a model of psychological capital with social anxiety in the period of COVID-19 disease outbreak based on the mediating role of the coping styles in female students. Journal of Women and Culture, 13(47), 109-120. [Persian] URL: http://jwc.iauahvaz.ac.ir/article_681677.html?lang=en

Wei, J., Vinnikova, A., Lu, L., & Xu, J. (2021). Understanding and Predicting the Adoption of Fitness Mobile Apps: Evidence from China. Health Communication, 36(8), 950-961. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32041437/

Woessner, M.N., Tacey, A., Levinger-Limor, A., Parker, A.G., Levinger, P., & Levinger, I. (2021). The evolution of technology and physical inactivity: The good, the bad, and the way forward. Frontiers Public Health, 9(1), 1-7. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34123989/

Yosefpoor. Z., & Sharifi. S. (2019). Sociological study of the economic base and social participation of women (Case study of women over 81 years old in Koohdasht). Conference on National Production and Sustainable Employment, Challenges and Solutions, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University. [Persian] URL: https://civilica.com/doc/766644/

Zamani Sani, S. H., Eskandarnejad, M., & Fathirezaie, Z. (2016). Body image, perceived physical fitness, physical activity, body mass index and age in women. Women’s Health Bulletin, 3(3), 1-5. URL: https://womenshealthbulletin.sums.ac.ir/article_45234.html