Evaluation of plasma hepcidin, cystatin-C and gelsolin in ovine theileriosis (Ghezel breed) based on age and parasitemia rate
Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical PathologyKaveh Azimzadeh 1 * , سینا Azimzadeh 2
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
2 - Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
Keywords: Cystatin C, Sheep theileriosis, Hepcidin, Gelsolin,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations of plasma hepcidin, cystatin C and gelsolin in ovine theileriosis (Ghezel breed). Theileriosis is known as an important challenge in the livestock industry in most parts of the world and Iran. It possesses prominent role in reduction of milk and meat production and can induce widespread lesions in blood and tissues. In this study, after blood sampling from healthy sheep and those affected by theileriosis, blood parameters such as red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and white blood cells were determined and those plasma parameters were measured by special kits through Elisa technique. The results suggested significant increase (p<0.01) of hepcidin (Hep) and cystatin C and considerable decrease (p<0.01) of gelsolin (Gel) in the infected sheep compared with healthy ones. Also, elevation of age and parasitemia rate, intensified the above mentioned parameters. The highest concentration of hepcidin and cystatin C and largest number of lymphocytes were observed in the 4-year-old group of sheep affected by theileriosis with more than 4 percent parasitemia and the lowest concentration of gelsolin and other hematologic parameters were also observed in the same age group with the same intensity of parasitemia. According to the results, most probably, there are widespread inflammation and cellular damage in various tissues of infected sheep, especially in the kidneys.
References:
Almy, F.S.,Christopher, M.M.,King, D.P. and Brown S.A.(2002). Evaluation of cystatin C as an endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(1): 45-51.
Antognoni,M.T., Siepi,D., Porciello,F., Rueca, F. and Fruganti, G. (2007). Serum cystatin C evaluation in dogs affected by different diseases associated or not with renal insufficiency. VeterinaryResearchCommunications, 31(1):269-271.
Antognoni, M.T., Siepi, D., Porciello, F. and Fruganti, G. (2005). Use of serum cystatin C determination as a marker of renal function in the dog. Veterinary Research Communication, 29: 265-267.
Ashrafian, H. (2003). Hepcidin the missing link between hemochromatosis and infections. Infection and Immunity, 71: 6693-6700.
Bostom, A.G., Gohh, R.Y., Bausserman, L., Hakas, D. and Jacques, P.F. (1999). Serum cystatin C as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with a normal serum creatinine. Journal of American Society Nephrology, 10: 164-166.
Col, R. and Uslu, A. (2007). Changes in selected serum components in cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata. Bulletin Veterinaria Instittute Pulawy, 15: 15-18.
Dede, S., Deger, Y., Deger, S. and Tanritanir, P. (2008). Plasma Levels of zinc, copper, copper/zinc ratio, and activity of carbonic anhydrase in equine piroplasmosis. Biological Trace Element Research, 125: 41-45.
DiNubile, M., Antin, J., Bressler, S., Stossel, T. and Ferrara, J. (1998). Decreased gelsolin levels are associated with interstitial pneumonia after allogeneic BMT. Blood, 92: 683a.
Filler, G., Bokenkamp, A., Hofmann, W., Le Bricon, T., Martinez-Bru, C. and Grubb, A. (2005). Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clinical Biochemistry, 38: 1-8.
Ganz, T. (2003). Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood, 102(3): 783-788.
Gao, Y.L., Yin, H., Luo, J.X., Ouyang, W.Q., Bao, H.M., Guan, G.Q., et al. (2002). Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Theileria sp. infection in sheep. Parasitology Research, 88: 8-10.
Hashemi-Fesharaki, R. (1998). Control of Theileria annulata in Iran. Parasitology Today, 4: 36-40.
Hashemi-Fesharaki, R. (1997). Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats and their related vectors in Iran. Parasitologia, 39: 115-117.
Herget-Rosenthal, S., Bökenkamp, A. and Hofmann, W. (2007). How to estimate GFR-serum creatinine, serum cystatin C or equations? Clinical Biochemistry, 40: 153-161.
Howard, C.T., McKakpo, U.S., Quakyi, I.A., Bosompem, K.M. and Addison, E.A. (2007). Relationship of hepcidin with parasitemia and anemia among patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghana. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(4): 623-626.
Hui, Q.S., Masaya, Y., Marisan, M. and Yin, H.L. (1999). Gelsolin, a Multifunctional Actin Regulatory Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274: 33179-33182.
Hu, Y., Li, H., Li, W.H., Meng, H.X., Fan, Y.Z., et al. (2013). The value of decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in diagnosis and disease activity evaluation. Lupus, 22(14): 1455-1461.
Jensen, A.L.,Bomholt, M. and Moe, L.(2001). Preliminary evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for the determination of serum cystatin C-like immunereactivity in dogs. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 30(2): 86-90.
Kanda, J., Mizumoto, C., Kawabata, H., Tsuchida, H., Tomosugi, N. and Matsuo, K. (2008). Serum hepcidin level and erythropoietic activity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica, 93: 1550-1554.
Kinnaird, J.H., Weir, W., Durrani, Z., Pillai, S.S., Baird, M. and Shiels, B.R. (2013). A bovine lymphosarcoma cell line infected with Theileria annulata exhibits an irreversible reconfiguration of host cell gene expression. PLoS One, 8(6): e66833.
Lassus, J. and Harjola, V.P. (2012). Cystatin C: a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Failure Reviews, 17: 251-261.
Lewis, D. and Purnell, R.E. (1981). The piroplasm Theileria ovis detected in sheep in south wales. Veterinary Record, 108(3): 56-57.
Marrocco, C., Rinalducci, S., Mohamadkhani, A., D'Amici, G.M. and Zolla L. (2010). Plasma gelsolin protein: a candidate biomarker for hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis identified by proteomic approach. Blood Transfusion, 8(3): 105-112.
Mehta, H.K., Sisodia, R.S. and Misraula, R.S. (1988). Clinical and haematological observations in experimentally induced cases of bovine theileriosis. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 58: 584-587.
Mei, L., Zheng, S., Shengbin, X. and Enyun, S. (2014). Predictive value of serum gelsolin in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20): 4640-4645.
Miyagawa, Y., Takemura, N. and Hirose, H. (2009). Evaluation of the measurement of serum cystatin C by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for humans as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Science, 71: 1169-1176.
Oge, H., Doganay, A., Oge, S. and Yildirim, A. (2003). Prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in domestic dogs from Ankara and vicinity in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 110: 69-72.
Park, C.H., Valore, E.V., Waring, A.J. and Ganz, T. (2001). Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276: 7806-7810.
Pasa, S., Bayramli, G., Atasoy, A., Karul, A., Ertug, S. and Ozensoy Toz, S. (2009). Evaluation of serum cystatin-C in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(6): 529-534.
Pekmezci, D., Guzel, M., Yildirim, A., Ciftci, G., Pekmezci, G.Z., Tutuncu, M., et al. (2015a). Evaluation of serum cystatin-C concentrations in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 62(4): 303-306.
Pekmezci, D., Ural, K., Aysul, N., Guzel, M. and Ciftci, G. (2015b). Assessment of renal function using canine cystatin- C levels in canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 65(1): 56-65.
Randers, E. and Erlandsen, E.J. (1999). Serum cystatin C as an endogenous marker of the renal function – A Review. Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Medicine, 37: 389-395.
Rayula, V. and Hafeez, M.D. (1995). Haematological values in cattle infected with Theileria annulata. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 56: 1202-1203.
Singh, A., Singh, J., Grewal, A.S. and Brar, R.S. (2001). Studies on some blood parameters of crossbred calves with experimental Theileria annulata infections. Veterinary Research Communication, 25: 289-300.
Smith, D.B., Janmey, P.A., Sherwood, J.A., Howard, R.J. and Lind, S.E. (1988). Decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a consequence of hemolysis? Blood, 72(1): 214-218.
Spottiswoode, N., Patrick, E.D. and Drakesmith, H. (2014). Iron, anemia and hepcidin in malaria. Front Pharmacology, 5: 125.
Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed., London: ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, pp: 728-741.
Van Velthuysen, M.L.F. and Florquin, S. (2000). Glomerulopathy associated with parasitic infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(1): 55-66.
Villa, P., Jiménez, M., Soriano, M.C., Manzanares, J. and Casasnovas, P. (2005). Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care, 9: 139-143.
Yilmaz, E., Ayarci, A.O., Sigirli, D., Torlar, M.O., Budak, F. and Goral, G. (2014). increased serum hepcidin levels in brucellosis. Clinical Laboratory, 60(11): 1837-1843.
Young, C.L., Feierstein, A. and Southwick, F.S. (1994). Calcium regulation of actin filament capping and monomer binding by macrophage capping protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(19): 13997-14002.
Zhao, D.Q., Wang, K., Zhang, H.D. and Li, Y.J. (2013). Significant reduction of plasma gelsolin levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinica Chimica Acta, 415: 202-206.
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Almy, F.S.,Christopher, M.M.,King, D.P. and Brown S.A.(2002). Evaluation of cystatin C as an endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(1): 45-51.
Antognoni,M.T., Siepi,D., Porciello,F., Rueca, F. and Fruganti, G. (2007). Serum cystatin C evaluation in dogs affected by different diseases associated or not with renal insufficiency. VeterinaryResearchCommunications, 31(1):269-271.
Antognoni, M.T., Siepi, D., Porciello, F. and Fruganti, G. (2005). Use of serum cystatin C determination as a marker of renal function in the dog. Veterinary Research Communication, 29: 265-267.
Ashrafian, H. (2003). Hepcidin the missing link between hemochromatosis and infections. Infection and Immunity, 71: 6693-6700.
Bostom, A.G., Gohh, R.Y., Bausserman, L., Hakas, D. and Jacques, P.F. (1999). Serum cystatin C as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with a normal serum creatinine. Journal of American Society Nephrology, 10: 164-166.
Col, R. and Uslu, A. (2007). Changes in selected serum components in cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata. Bulletin Veterinaria Instittute Pulawy, 15: 15-18.
Dede, S., Deger, Y., Deger, S. and Tanritanir, P. (2008). Plasma Levels of zinc, copper, copper/zinc ratio, and activity of carbonic anhydrase in equine piroplasmosis. Biological Trace Element Research, 125: 41-45.
DiNubile, M., Antin, J., Bressler, S., Stossel, T. and Ferrara, J. (1998). Decreased gelsolin levels are associated with interstitial pneumonia after allogeneic BMT. Blood, 92: 683a.
Filler, G., Bokenkamp, A., Hofmann, W., Le Bricon, T., Martinez-Bru, C. and Grubb, A. (2005). Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clinical Biochemistry, 38: 1-8.
Ganz, T. (2003). Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. Blood, 102(3): 783-788.
Gao, Y.L., Yin, H., Luo, J.X., Ouyang, W.Q., Bao, H.M., Guan, G.Q., et al. (2002). Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Theileria sp. infection in sheep. Parasitology Research, 88: 8-10.
Hashemi-Fesharaki, R. (1998). Control of Theileria annulata in Iran. Parasitology Today, 4: 36-40.
Hashemi-Fesharaki, R. (1997). Tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats and their related vectors in Iran. Parasitologia, 39: 115-117.
Herget-Rosenthal, S., Bökenkamp, A. and Hofmann, W. (2007). How to estimate GFR-serum creatinine, serum cystatin C or equations? Clinical Biochemistry, 40: 153-161.
Howard, C.T., McKakpo, U.S., Quakyi, I.A., Bosompem, K.M. and Addison, E.A. (2007). Relationship of hepcidin with parasitemia and anemia among patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghana. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(4): 623-626.
Hui, Q.S., Masaya, Y., Marisan, M. and Yin, H.L. (1999). Gelsolin, a Multifunctional Actin Regulatory Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274: 33179-33182.
Hu, Y., Li, H., Li, W.H., Meng, H.X., Fan, Y.Z., et al. (2013). The value of decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in diagnosis and disease activity evaluation. Lupus, 22(14): 1455-1461.
Jensen, A.L.,Bomholt, M. and Moe, L.(2001). Preliminary evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for the determination of serum cystatin C-like immunereactivity in dogs. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 30(2): 86-90.
Kanda, J., Mizumoto, C., Kawabata, H., Tsuchida, H., Tomosugi, N. and Matsuo, K. (2008). Serum hepcidin level and erythropoietic activity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica, 93: 1550-1554.
Kinnaird, J.H., Weir, W., Durrani, Z., Pillai, S.S., Baird, M. and Shiels, B.R. (2013). A bovine lymphosarcoma cell line infected with Theileria annulata exhibits an irreversible reconfiguration of host cell gene expression. PLoS One, 8(6): e66833.
Lassus, J. and Harjola, V.P. (2012). Cystatin C: a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Failure Reviews, 17: 251-261.
Lewis, D. and Purnell, R.E. (1981). The piroplasm Theileria ovis detected in sheep in south wales. Veterinary Record, 108(3): 56-57.
Marrocco, C., Rinalducci, S., Mohamadkhani, A., D'Amici, G.M. and Zolla L. (2010). Plasma gelsolin protein: a candidate biomarker for hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis identified by proteomic approach. Blood Transfusion, 8(3): 105-112.
Mehta, H.K., Sisodia, R.S. and Misraula, R.S. (1988). Clinical and haematological observations in experimentally induced cases of bovine theileriosis. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 58: 584-587.
Mei, L., Zheng, S., Shengbin, X. and Enyun, S. (2014). Predictive value of serum gelsolin in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20): 4640-4645.
Miyagawa, Y., Takemura, N. and Hirose, H. (2009). Evaluation of the measurement of serum cystatin C by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for humans as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Science, 71: 1169-1176.
Oge, H., Doganay, A., Oge, S. and Yildirim, A. (2003). Prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in domestic dogs from Ankara and vicinity in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 110: 69-72.
Park, C.H., Valore, E.V., Waring, A.J. and Ganz, T. (2001). Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276: 7806-7810.
Pasa, S., Bayramli, G., Atasoy, A., Karul, A., Ertug, S. and Ozensoy Toz, S. (2009). Evaluation of serum cystatin-C in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(6): 529-534.
Pekmezci, D., Guzel, M., Yildirim, A., Ciftci, G., Pekmezci, G.Z., Tutuncu, M., et al. (2015a). Evaluation of serum cystatin-C concentrations in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 62(4): 303-306.
Pekmezci, D., Ural, K., Aysul, N., Guzel, M. and Ciftci, G. (2015b). Assessment of renal function using canine cystatin- C levels in canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 65(1): 56-65.
Randers, E. and Erlandsen, E.J. (1999). Serum cystatin C as an endogenous marker of the renal function – A Review. Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Medicine, 37: 389-395.
Rayula, V. and Hafeez, M.D. (1995). Haematological values in cattle infected with Theileria annulata. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 56: 1202-1203.
Singh, A., Singh, J., Grewal, A.S. and Brar, R.S. (2001). Studies on some blood parameters of crossbred calves with experimental Theileria annulata infections. Veterinary Research Communication, 25: 289-300.
Smith, D.B., Janmey, P.A., Sherwood, J.A., Howard, R.J. and Lind, S.E. (1988). Decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a consequence of hemolysis? Blood, 72(1): 214-218.
Spottiswoode, N., Patrick, E.D. and Drakesmith, H. (2014). Iron, anemia and hepcidin in malaria. Front Pharmacology, 5: 125.
Soulsby, E.J.L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed., London: ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, pp: 728-741.
Van Velthuysen, M.L.F. and Florquin, S. (2000). Glomerulopathy associated with parasitic infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(1): 55-66.
Villa, P., Jiménez, M., Soriano, M.C., Manzanares, J. and Casasnovas, P. (2005). Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care, 9: 139-143.
Yilmaz, E., Ayarci, A.O., Sigirli, D., Torlar, M.O., Budak, F. and Goral, G. (2014). increased serum hepcidin levels in brucellosis. Clinical Laboratory, 60(11): 1837-1843.
Young, C.L., Feierstein, A. and Southwick, F.S. (1994). Calcium regulation of actin filament capping and monomer binding by macrophage capping protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(19): 13997-14002.
Zhao, D.Q., Wang, K., Zhang, H.D. and Li, Y.J. (2013). Significant reduction of plasma gelsolin levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinica Chimica Acta, 415: 202-206.
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