The effect of a single dose of crack used by Iranian drug addicts on phagocytosis response of neutrophils in Rats
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
mahsa
Fatollahzadeh
1
(MSc. Graduate in Biology–Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences,
Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran.)
bahram
amouoghli tabrizi
2
(Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Received: 2018-04-24
Accepted : 2018-12-11
Published : 2018-12-22
Keywords:
Rat,
Crack,
Neutrophil,
Phagocytose,
Abstract :
Nowadays, one of the main problems of human societies is the use of narcotics such as crack. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose of crack on neutrophil phagocytosis in rats. For this purpose, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 6 rats and kept in glass aquariums with 12 hours of light and darkness, same feeding conditions and free access to water. After acclimitisation to the new environment, intraperitoneal crack was injected with a dose of 7.8 mg/kg in four treatment groups. Under ether anesthesia, blood samples were collected from the tail vein after 3, 6, 24 hours and a week after crack injection in the treatment groups respectively and on the first day of the study in the control group. The strength of neutrophil phagocytosis was estimated after adjacency with yeast. A significant decrease in white blood cells was observed 3 and 6 hours after crack injection while significant decrease of neutrophils and increase of lymphocytes was seen 3, 6 and 24 hours following crack injection (p<0/05).The strength of neutrophil phagocytosis was also significantly decreased after three and six hours of injection (p<0/05) which could be attributed to the effects of crack on tissue migration of neutrophils, decreased life span of neutrophils or increased production of free radicals. Therefore, the use of crack can pave the way for creationof infection by decreasingthe number of white blood cells and strength of neutrophil phagocytosis.
References:
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Amini, M., Roghani, M., Shirinbayan, P., Taghi Joghataei, M., Farhoudian, A., Roshanpajouh, M., et al. (2013). Effects of crack used in addict Iranian people on fertility of adult mice. Tehran University of Medical Journal, 71(5): 293-302. [In Persian]
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Beitia, G., Cobreros, A., Sainz, L. and Cenarruzabeita, E. (2000). Ecstasy- induced toxicity in rat liver. Liver International, 20(10): 8-15.
Boot, B., McGregor, I.S. and Hall, W. (2000). MDMA (ecstasy) neurotoxicity: assessing and communicating the risks. Lancet, 3(55): 1818-1821.
Dyssalar, K., Meymandi, M.S., Saravani, R., Zarandi, M.M. and Sheikholeslami, A. (2008). Electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in opium and heroin dependents. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 34(6): 769-773.
Eskandarieh, S., Nikfarjam, A., Tarjoman, T., Nasehi, A., Jafari, F. and Saberi-Zafarghandi, M.B. (2013). Descriptive aspects of injection drug users in iran's national harm reduction program by methadone maintenance treatment. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(6): 588-593.
Farhoudian, A., Rahimi Movaghar, A., Mohammadi, F. and Fekri, M. (2010). The assessment of chemical constituents, situation of use, sign, symptoms, side effects of crack and norgesic use and their supplies in tehran. In Press. [In Persian]
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Harvey-Lewis, C., Brisebois, A.D., Yong, H. and Franklin, K.B. (2015). Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal causes an increase in impulsivity in morphine-dependent rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 26(3): 326-329.
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Magee, C., Staunton, H., Tormey, W. and Walshe, J.J. (1998). Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female. Irish Medical Journal, 91: 178.
Mas, M., Farré, M., de la Torre, R., Roset, P.N., Orto, J. and Segura, J. (1999). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 290(1): 136-145.
Obrocki, J., Buchert, R., Vaterlein, O., Thomasius, R., Beyer, W. and Schiemann, T. (1999). Ecstasy-long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175: 186-188.
Rezapour, A. and Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of B hydroxy butyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 2(3): 209-215. [In Persian]
Roy, S., Wang, J., Gupta, S., Charboneau, R., Loh, H.H. and Barke, R.A. (2004). Chronic morphine treatment differentiates T helper cells to Th2 effector cells by modulatiny transcription factors GATA 3 and T-bet. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2): 78-81.
Way, W.L., Jields, H.L. and Schumacher, M.A. (2001). Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Katung, B.O. editor. 8th ed., USA: New Yotk, McGraw-Hill Company, pp: 5l2-533.
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Akhgari, M., Jokar, F., Bahmanabadi, L. and Etemadi Aleagha, A. (2012). Street level heroin seizures in Iran: a survey of components. Journal of Substance Use, 17(4): 348-355.
Amini, M., Roghani, M., Shirinbayan, P., Taghi Joghataei, M., Farhoudian, A., Roshanpajouh, M., et al. (2013). Effects of crack used in addict Iranian people on fertility of adult mice. Tehran University of Medical Journal, 71(5): 293-302. [In Persian]
Amiri, M., Khosravi, A. and Chaman, R. (2010). Drug abuse pattern and high risk behaviors among addicts in Shahroud county of Semnan province, Northeast Iran in 2009. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 10(2): 104-109.
Beitia, G., Cobreros, A., Sainz, L. and Cenarruzabeita, E. (2000). Ecstasy- induced toxicity in rat liver. Liver International, 20(10): 8-15.
Boot, B., McGregor, I.S. and Hall, W. (2000). MDMA (ecstasy) neurotoxicity: assessing and communicating the risks. Lancet, 3(55): 1818-1821.
Dyssalar, K., Meymandi, M.S., Saravani, R., Zarandi, M.M. and Sheikholeslami, A. (2008). Electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in opium and heroin dependents. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 34(6): 769-773.
Eskandarieh, S., Nikfarjam, A., Tarjoman, T., Nasehi, A., Jafari, F. and Saberi-Zafarghandi, M.B. (2013). Descriptive aspects of injection drug users in iran's national harm reduction program by methadone maintenance treatment. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(6): 588-593.
Farhoudian, A., Rahimi Movaghar, A., Mohammadi, F. and Fekri, M. (2010). The assessment of chemical constituents, situation of use, sign, symptoms, side effects of crack and norgesic use and their supplies in tehran. In Press. [In Persian]
Farhoudian, A., Sadeghi, M., Khoddam, I., Vishteh, H.R., Moazen, B., Fekri, M., et al. (2014). Component analysis of Iranian crack; a newly abused narcotic substance in iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 13(1): 337-344. [In Persian]
Harvey-Lewis, C., Brisebois, A.D., Yong, H. and Franklin, K.B. (2015). Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal causes an increase in impulsivity in morphine-dependent rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 26(3): 326-329.
Hassani Anzabi, S. (2010). Study on the effect of crack on the levels of some hematological parameters (RBC, HCT, WBC, PT, PTT, Fibrinogen, Platelet, Neutrophile, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophile, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC) in rat. Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thesis Number: 1323. [In Persian]
Hall, A.P., Lyburn, I.D., Spears, F.D. and Riley, B. (1996). An unusual case of ecstasy poisoning. Intensive Care Medicine, 22(7): 670-671.
Kocak, Z., Bulut, C., Kinikli, S., Irmak, H., Yilmaz, G.R. and Demiroz, A.P. (2006). A case report of ecstasy- induced acute hepatic failure. Turkish Journal of Medical Scinces, 36(5): 319-321.
Latimer, K.S., Mahaffey, E.A. and Prasse, K.W. (2003). Duncan and Prasse’s veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical pathology. USA: Amsterdam, Blackwell Publishing, pp: 119-285.
Magee, C., Staunton, H., Tormey, W. and Walshe, J.J. (1998). Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female. Irish Medical Journal, 91: 178.
Mas, M., Farré, M., de la Torre, R., Roset, P.N., Orto, J. and Segura, J. (1999). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 290(1): 136-145.
Obrocki, J., Buchert, R., Vaterlein, O., Thomasius, R., Beyer, W. and Schiemann, T. (1999). Ecstasy-long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175: 186-188.
Rezapour, A. and Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of B hydroxy butyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 2(3): 209-215. [In Persian]
Roy, S., Wang, J., Gupta, S., Charboneau, R., Loh, H.H. and Barke, R.A. (2004). Chronic morphine treatment differentiates T helper cells to Th2 effector cells by modulatiny transcription factors GATA 3 and T-bet. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2): 78-81.
Way, W.L., Jields, H.L. and Schumacher, M.A. (2001). Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Katung, B.O. editor. 8th ed., USA: New Yotk, McGraw-Hill Company, pp: 5l2-533.
