Parasitologic and histopathologic study of probiotic effect of Bacillus subtilis in experimental contamination with Ichthyophthirius multifilis parasite in goldfish
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
hossein Hashemzade Farhang
1
(
Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
Monireh Khordadmehr
2
(
Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
Soulmaz Hemmatpur
3
(
Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
Parisa Shahbazi
4
(
Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.
)
Received: 2022-05-06
Accepted : 2022-09-24
Published : 2022-08-23
Keywords:
Tabriz,
ichthyophthirius,
Gold fish,
Abstract :
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the most important ectoparasites in ornamental fish causing economic losses. Although many different methods are being applied to reduce the prevalence of the disease but it is recommended to adopt preventive methods such as using immune stimulative materials like probiotics to support immune system of fish. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis probiotic on experimental infection of gold fish by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. In order to do the research, 32 nearly same sized gold fish was used in two groups of 16 fish as the control and treatment groups and then the treatment group fishes was fed with Bacillus subtilis probiotic enriched pellets for eight weeks and after this time, the groups were experimentally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite and were tested for parasitological and histopathological purposes. Parasitological examinations revealed that the infection rate of the parasitic disease was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the treated group compared to the control group, in such a manner that the number of the parasites were 107 and 276 in the treatment and control groups, respectively. Histopathological examinations also showed that the fish in the control group had more lesions than the treated group (P<0.05).
References:
Alishahi, M. and Buchmann, K. (2006). Temperature-dependent protection against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis following immunisation of rainbow trout using live theronts. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 72(3): 269-270. [In Persian]
Alvarez, P. (2008). Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 126(3): 171-198.
Bauer, O.N., Musselius, V.A. and Strelkov, Yu.A. (1981). Diseases of Pond Fishes. palestine program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, 9(3): 8-10.
Cerezuela, R., Fumanal, M., Tapia, S.T., Meseguer, J., Moriñigo, M.A. and Esteban, M.A. (2013). Changes in intestinal morphology and microbiota caused by dietary administration of inulin and Bacillus subtilis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) specimens. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(3): 1-10.
Ekanem, A.P., Obiekezie, A., Kloas, W. and Knopf, K. (2004). Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 92(3): 361-366.
Ellis, A.E. (1988). Fish Vaccination. 1st, London Academic Press, pp: 225-226.
Epple, M., Ganesan, K., Heumann, R., Klesing, J., Kovtun, A., Neumann, S., et al. (2010). Application of calcium phosphate nanoparticles in biomedicine. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(1): 18-23.
Fletcher, G.L. and Rise, M.L. (2012). Aquaculture Biotechnology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, pp: 22-98.
Geng, X., Dong, X.H., Tan, B.P., Yang, Q.H., Chi, S.Y., Liu, H.Y., et al. (2011). Effects of dietary chitosan and Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 31(1): 400-406.
Garedaghi, Y., Nouri, M.K., Kakekhani, S. and Nazeri, M. (2011). Survey of experimental contamination to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in cultural rainbow trout consequently vaccination with Aquavac garvetil. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 10: 1473-1476. [In Persian]
He, J., Yin, Z., Xu, G., Gong, Z., Lam, T.J. and Sin, Y.M. (1997). Protection of goldfish against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by immunization with a recombinant vaccine. Aquaculture, 158(1): 1-10.
Jaafar, R.M., Skov, J., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2011). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 3: S3-001.
Jørgensen, L.V.G., Korbut, R., Jeberg, S., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2018). Association between adaptive immunity and neutrophil dynamics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected by a parasitic ciliate. Plos one Journal, 31(1): 1-18.
Kabata, Z. (1985). Parasites and Diseases of Culture in the Tropics. 1st, Taylor and Francis Press, pp: 8-98.
Kennedy, C.R. (1975). Ecological Animal Parasitology. 1st, London, Blackwell Scientific Publication, pp: 67.
Ling, F., Wang, J.G., Lu, C., Wang, G.X., Hui, Y.H. and Gong, X.N. (2012). Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 11(1): 841-848.
Liu, C.H., Chiu, C.H., Wang, S.W. and Cheng, W. (2012). Dietary administration of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, enhances the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 33(1): 699-706.
Lom, J. (1973). The adhesive disc of Trichodinella epizootica ultrastructure and injury to the host tissue. Folia Parasite Journal, 20(1): 193- 202.
Lom, J. and Dykora, I. (1992). Protozoan for fishes, Elsevier science publisher Amsterdam. 1st, Elsevier Amsterdam Press, pp: 314-315.
Mohamed, M.H. and Refat, N.A.A. (2011). Pathological evaluation of probiotic, Bacillus subtilis, against Flavobacterium columnare in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) fish in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The Journal of American Science, 7(2): 244-256.
Mohammad, R., Skov, J., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2014). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on Rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Aquaculture Research and Development S, 3: S3-001.
Pérez-Sánchez, T., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., Blas, I. and Balcázar, J.L. (2013). Probiotics in aquaculture: a current assessment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(1): 1-14.
Poulin, R. and Chappel, L.H. (2002). Parasites in marine systems. 1st, Cambridge University Press, pp: 216.
_||_
Alishahi, M. and Buchmann, K. (2006). Temperature-dependent protection against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis following immunisation of rainbow trout using live theronts. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 72(3): 269-270. [In Persian]
Alvarez, P. (2008). Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 126(3): 171-198.
Bauer, O.N., Musselius, V.A. and Strelkov, Yu.A. (1981). Diseases of Pond Fishes. palestine program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, 9(3): 8-10.
Cerezuela, R., Fumanal, M., Tapia, S.T., Meseguer, J., Moriñigo, M.A. and Esteban, M.A. (2013). Changes in intestinal morphology and microbiota caused by dietary administration of inulin and Bacillus subtilis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) specimens. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(3): 1-10.
Ekanem, A.P., Obiekezie, A., Kloas, W. and Knopf, K. (2004). Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 92(3): 361-366.
Ellis, A.E. (1988). Fish Vaccination. 1st, London Academic Press, pp: 225-226.
Epple, M., Ganesan, K., Heumann, R., Klesing, J., Kovtun, A., Neumann, S., et al. (2010). Application of calcium phosphate nanoparticles in biomedicine. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(1): 18-23.
Fletcher, G.L. and Rise, M.L. (2012). Aquaculture Biotechnology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, pp: 22-98.
Geng, X., Dong, X.H., Tan, B.P., Yang, Q.H., Chi, S.Y., Liu, H.Y., et al. (2011). Effects of dietary chitosan and Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 31(1): 400-406.
Garedaghi, Y., Nouri, M.K., Kakekhani, S. and Nazeri, M. (2011). Survey of experimental contamination to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in cultural rainbow trout consequently vaccination with Aquavac garvetil. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 10: 1473-1476. [In Persian]
He, J., Yin, Z., Xu, G., Gong, Z., Lam, T.J. and Sin, Y.M. (1997). Protection of goldfish against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by immunization with a recombinant vaccine. Aquaculture, 158(1): 1-10.
Jaafar, R.M., Skov, J., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2011). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 3: S3-001.
Jørgensen, L.V.G., Korbut, R., Jeberg, S., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2018). Association between adaptive immunity and neutrophil dynamics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected by a parasitic ciliate. Plos one Journal, 31(1): 1-18.
Kabata, Z. (1985). Parasites and Diseases of Culture in the Tropics. 1st, Taylor and Francis Press, pp: 8-98.
Kennedy, C.R. (1975). Ecological Animal Parasitology. 1st, London, Blackwell Scientific Publication, pp: 67.
Ling, F., Wang, J.G., Lu, C., Wang, G.X., Hui, Y.H. and Gong, X.N. (2012). Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 11(1): 841-848.
Liu, C.H., Chiu, C.H., Wang, S.W. and Cheng, W. (2012). Dietary administration of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, enhances the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 33(1): 699-706.
Lom, J. (1973). The adhesive disc of Trichodinella epizootica ultrastructure and injury to the host tissue. Folia Parasite Journal, 20(1): 193- 202.
Lom, J. and Dykora, I. (1992). Protozoan for fishes, Elsevier science publisher Amsterdam. 1st, Elsevier Amsterdam Press, pp: 314-315.
Mohamed, M.H. and Refat, N.A.A. (2011). Pathological evaluation of probiotic, Bacillus subtilis, against Flavobacterium columnare in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) fish in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The Journal of American Science, 7(2): 244-256.
Mohammad, R., Skov, J., Kania, P.W. and Buchmann, K. (2014). Dose dependent effects of dietary immunostimulants on Rainbow trout immune parameters and susceptibility to the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Aquaculture Research and Development S, 3: S3-001.
Pérez-Sánchez, T., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., Blas, I. and Balcázar, J.L. (2013). Probiotics in aquaculture: a current assessment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(1): 1-14.
Poulin, R. and Chappel, L.H. (2002). Parasites in marine systems. 1st, Cambridge University Press, pp: 216.
