The relationship between the serological prevalence of strangles disease with the parameters of age, gender, breed, respiratory disease, and geographical region in Tabriz area
Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Sina Moghaddam
1
,
Ali Hassanpour
2
,
Jalal Shayegh
3
1 - Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor of Department of veterinary Medical Science، Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran.
Keywords: horse, Tabriz, Strangles, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, iELISA,
Abstract :
Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. This study was conducted on 184 horses that were studied in terms of carrying S. equi and its frequency among the horse population kept in equestrian clubs around Tabriz. The serum samples were collected from different equestrian clubs and were assayed using an iELISA (Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test for anti-SeM antibody in Streptococcus equi. The relative frequency of carriers was 53.3% in stallions and 24.5% in mares (p<0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 95% in horses with a record of respiratory disease and 39.6% in horses without respiratory disease (p<0.001). The seroprevalence of carriers was 68.2% in Kurd breed horses, 37.1% in the Arabian breed, 64% in crossbreed, and 80% in the Thoroughbred breed (p<0.05). Any significant relationship was not found between carriers and age (p>0.05). The results of Chi-squared test showed that the most positive results were observed in Arpadresi area of Tabriz city (p<0.001). The present investigation is the first study in the city of Tabriz, and the results show the lack of proper hygiene and the existence of stable carriers at the level of equestrian clubs.
Al-Gharban, H.A.A.J. (2017). Seroepidemiological detection and culture utilization for diagnosis of carrier horses and donkeys with strangles. Journal of College of Education, 28(1): 649-660.
●Boyle, A. (2017). Strangles and its complications. Equine Veterinary Education, 29(3): 149-157.
●Boyle, A.G., Sweeney, C.R., Kristula, M., Boston, R., and Smith, G. (2009). Factors associated with likelihood of horses having a high serum Streptococcus equi SeM-specific antibody titer. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235(8): 973-977.
●Chanter, N. (1997). Streptococci and enterococci as animal pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83(Suppl.): 100S-109S.
●Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 11th ed., Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 1019-1026.
●Cordoni, G., Williams, A., Durham, A., Florio, D., Zanoni, R.G. and La Ragione, R.M. (2015). Rapid diagnosis of strangles (Streptococcus equi subspecies equi) using PCR. Research in Veterinary Science, 102: 162-166.
●Delph, K.M., Beard, L.A., Trimble, A.C., Sutter, M.E., Timoney, J.F. and Morrow, J.K. (2019). Strangles, convalescent Streptococcus equi subspecies equi M antibody titers, and presence of complications. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(1): 275-279.
●Durham, A.E. and Kemp-Symonds, J. (2021). Failure of serological testing for antigens A and C of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi to identify guttural pouch carriers. Equine Veterinary Journal, 53(1): 38-43.
●Gröndahl, G., Melys, V., Ljung, H., Riihimäki, M. and Båverud, V. (2016). Performance of the iELISA in horses with long term guttural pouch carriage of Streptococcus equi equi. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, (39): S13-S14.
●Hassanpour, A. (2017). Evaluation of serum levels of sialic acid, total protein and albumin in the horses with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(1): 2097-2104. [In Persian]
●Hassanpour, A. and Fartashvand, M. (2013). Serumic concentration of cardiac troponin and some
enzymes in horses with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 6(4): 1703-1708. [In
Persian]
●Hassanpour, A., Alipour Kheirkhah, H.R. and Moghaddam, S. (2017). Evaluation of serumic concentration of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid-A in horses affected with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(3): 277-284. [In Persian]
●Jannatabadi, A., Mohammadi, G., Rad, M. and Maleki, M. (2008). Molecular identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in nasal swabs samples from horses suffering respiratory infections in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 11(3): 468-471.
●Knowles, E., Mair, T., Butcher, N., Waller, A. and Wood, J. (2010). Use of a novel serological test for exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in hospitalised horses. Veterinary Record, 166(10): 294-297.
●Laing, G., Christley, R., Stringer, A., Aklilu, N., Ashine, T., Newton, R., et al. (2018). Respiratory disease and seroepidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia. Equine Veterinary Journal, 50(6): 793-799.
●Libardoni, F., Vielmo, A., Farias, L., Matter, L.B., Pötter, L., Spilki, F.R., et al. (2013). Diversity of SeM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from strangles outbreaks. Veterinary Microbiology, 162(2-4): 663-669.
●Mohammadi, A., Pourmahdi Borujeni, M., Gharibi, D. and Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A. (2016). A serological survey on strangles disease in horses of some areas in Khuzestan province by ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Research, 71(4): 373-379. [In Persian]
●Minaii, E. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2020). Assessment of Streptococcus equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region by indirect ELISA method. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(3): 219-227. [In Persian]
●Moraes, C.M., Rocha, A.S., Dummer, L.A., Junior, A.G., Nogueira, C.E., Vargas, A.P., et al. (2009). Recombinant protein M detects antibodies induced by Streptococcus equi strains isolated from cases of strangles. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1(128): 242.
●Noormohamadzadeh, F., Abdollahpour, F.G. and Khajeh-Nasiri, S.M. (1992). Epizootiological investigation of strangles in the equine stables in Tehran. Journal of Equine Veterinary Sciences, 12(6): 401-402.
●Paillot, R., Lopez‐Alvarez, M., Newton, J. and Waller, A. (2017). Strangles: A modern clinical view from the 17th century. Equine Veterinary Journal, 49(2): 141-145.
●Robinson, C., Steward, K.F., Potts, N., Barker, C., Hammond, T.A., Pierce, K., et al. (2013). Combining two serological assays optimises sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi exposure. The Veterinary Journal, 197(2): 188-191.
●Sellon, D.C. and Long, M. (2013). Equine infectious diseases. 2nd ed., Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 265-276.
●Sweeney, C.R., Timoney, J.F., Newton, J.R. and Hines, M.T. (2005). Streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19(1): 123-134.
●Taylor, S.D. and Wilson, W.D. (2006). Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (Strangles) infection. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 5(3): 211-217.
●Timoney, J.F. (1993). Strangles. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 9(2): 365-374.
●Tonpitak, W., Sornklien, C. and Wutthiwithayaphong, S. (2016). Characterization of a Streptococcusequi ssp. equi isolate from a Strangles Outbreak in Thailand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 38: 30-32.
●Webb, K., Barker, C., Harrison, T., Heather, Z., Steward, K.F., Robinson, C., et al. (2013). Detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi using a triplex qPCR assay. The Veterinary Journal, 195(3): 300-304.
_||_Al-Gharban, H.A.A.J. (2017). Seroepidemiological detection and culture utilization for diagnosis of carrier horses and donkeys with strangles. Journal of College of Education, 28(1): 649-660.
●Boyle, A. (2017). Strangles and its complications. Equine Veterinary Education, 29(3): 149-157.
●Boyle, A.G., Sweeney, C.R., Kristula, M., Boston, R., and Smith, G. (2009). Factors associated with likelihood of horses having a high serum Streptococcus equi SeM-specific antibody titer. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235(8): 973-977.
●Chanter, N. (1997). Streptococci and enterococci as animal pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83(Suppl.): 100S-109S.
●Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 11th ed., Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 1019-1026.
●Cordoni, G., Williams, A., Durham, A., Florio, D., Zanoni, R.G. and La Ragione, R.M. (2015). Rapid diagnosis of strangles (Streptococcus equi subspecies equi) using PCR. Research in Veterinary Science, 102: 162-166.
●Delph, K.M., Beard, L.A., Trimble, A.C., Sutter, M.E., Timoney, J.F. and Morrow, J.K. (2019). Strangles, convalescent Streptococcus equi subspecies equi M antibody titers, and presence of complications. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(1): 275-279.
●Durham, A.E. and Kemp-Symonds, J. (2021). Failure of serological testing for antigens A and C of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi to identify guttural pouch carriers. Equine Veterinary Journal, 53(1): 38-43.
●Gröndahl, G., Melys, V., Ljung, H., Riihimäki, M. and Båverud, V. (2016). Performance of the iELISA in horses with long term guttural pouch carriage of Streptococcus equi equi. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, (39): S13-S14.
●Hassanpour, A. (2017). Evaluation of serum levels of sialic acid, total protein and albumin in the horses with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(1): 2097-2104. [In Persian]
●Hassanpour, A. and Fartashvand, M. (2013). Serumic concentration of cardiac troponin and some
enzymes in horses with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 6(4): 1703-1708. [In
Persian]
●Hassanpour, A., Alipour Kheirkhah, H.R. and Moghaddam, S. (2017). Evaluation of serumic concentration of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid-A in horses affected with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(3): 277-284. [In Persian]
●Jannatabadi, A., Mohammadi, G., Rad, M. and Maleki, M. (2008). Molecular identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in nasal swabs samples from horses suffering respiratory infections in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 11(3): 468-471.
●Knowles, E., Mair, T., Butcher, N., Waller, A. and Wood, J. (2010). Use of a novel serological test for exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in hospitalised horses. Veterinary Record, 166(10): 294-297.
●Laing, G., Christley, R., Stringer, A., Aklilu, N., Ashine, T., Newton, R., et al. (2018). Respiratory disease and seroepidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia. Equine Veterinary Journal, 50(6): 793-799.
●Libardoni, F., Vielmo, A., Farias, L., Matter, L.B., Pötter, L., Spilki, F.R., et al. (2013). Diversity of SeM in Streptococcus equi subsp. equi isolated from strangles outbreaks. Veterinary Microbiology, 162(2-4): 663-669.
●Mohammadi, A., Pourmahdi Borujeni, M., Gharibi, D. and Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A. (2016). A serological survey on strangles disease in horses of some areas in Khuzestan province by ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Research, 71(4): 373-379. [In Persian]
●Minaii, E. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2020). Assessment of Streptococcus equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region by indirect ELISA method. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(3): 219-227. [In Persian]
●Moraes, C.M., Rocha, A.S., Dummer, L.A., Junior, A.G., Nogueira, C.E., Vargas, A.P., et al. (2009). Recombinant protein M detects antibodies induced by Streptococcus equi strains isolated from cases of strangles. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1(128): 242.
●Noormohamadzadeh, F., Abdollahpour, F.G. and Khajeh-Nasiri, S.M. (1992). Epizootiological investigation of strangles in the equine stables in Tehran. Journal of Equine Veterinary Sciences, 12(6): 401-402.
●Paillot, R., Lopez‐Alvarez, M., Newton, J. and Waller, A. (2017). Strangles: A modern clinical view from the 17th century. Equine Veterinary Journal, 49(2): 141-145.
●Robinson, C., Steward, K.F., Potts, N., Barker, C., Hammond, T.A., Pierce, K., et al. (2013). Combining two serological assays optimises sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi exposure. The Veterinary Journal, 197(2): 188-191.
●Sellon, D.C. and Long, M. (2013). Equine infectious diseases. 2nd ed., Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 265-276.
●Sweeney, C.R., Timoney, J.F., Newton, J.R. and Hines, M.T. (2005). Streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 19(1): 123-134.
●Taylor, S.D. and Wilson, W.D. (2006). Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (Strangles) infection. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 5(3): 211-217.
●Timoney, J.F. (1993). Strangles. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 9(2): 365-374.
●Tonpitak, W., Sornklien, C. and Wutthiwithayaphong, S. (2016). Characterization of a Streptococcusequi ssp. equi isolate from a Strangles Outbreak in Thailand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 38: 30-32.
●Webb, K., Barker, C., Harrison, T., Heather, Z., Steward, K.F., Robinson, C., et al. (2013). Detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi using a triplex qPCR assay. The Veterinary Journal, 195(3): 300-304.