Frequency of crystalluria and bacteriuria in companion dogs of Ahvaz district
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Bahman
Mosallanejad
1
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Syedeh Misagh
Jalali
2
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Dariush
gharibi
3
(Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Hadi
Taherzadeh
4
(Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.)
Received: 2019-12-15
Accepted : 2020-07-11
Published : 2021-04-21
Keywords:
Ahvaz,
Dog,
Bacteriuria,
Crystalluria,
Abstract :
Crystalluria is one of the most important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of urinary stones. The type of urinary crystals can be associated with urinary tract infection and subsequently alter urine pH. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate the frequency of crystalluria and bacteriuria in companion dogs of Ahvaz district. For this purpose, the urine of 101 healthy dogs was obtained by catheterization. Physical assessment was initially carried out for specific gravity, color, clearance and apparent characteristics, and then the biochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of hemoglobin, glucose, protein, ketone bodies and urine pH was also measured. Urinary sediment was also evaluated for the presence of crystals, casts and cells. Urine samples were also examined for the presence of Staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Overall twenty cases (19.80%) had crystalluria; of which fifteen cases (75%) were struvite, two cases (10%) were oxalate calcium dehydrate, two cases (10%) mixture of struvite and oxalate-calcium dehydrate and one case (5%) mixture of oxalate calcium dehydrate and bilirubin. From a total of 101 samples, 40 cases (39.60%) had positive urine culture; of which sixteen cases (40%) were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis and twelve (30%) for E. coli. Proteus was not isolated in any of the samples. There was no significant relationship between gender and breed with bacteriuria and crystalluria (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed for age; with rising age resulting in increased crystalluria and bacteriuria (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that there was a close correlation between crystalluria and bacteriuria in dogs.
References:
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Hawthorne, A.J. and Markwell, P.J. (2004). Dietary sodium promotes increased water intake and urine volume in cats. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(8): 2128-2129.
Houston, D.M. and Moore, A.E. (2009). Canine and feline urolithiasis: Examination of over 50000 submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from 1998 to 2008. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50(12): 1263-1268.
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Lekcharoensuk, C., Osborne, C.A. and Lulich, J.P. (2001). Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(9): 1429-1435.
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Manzoor, M.A., Duwal, S.R., Mujeeburahiman, M. and Rekha, P.D. (2018). Vitamin C inhibits crystallization of struvite from artificial urine in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 44(6): 1234-1242.
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Motamedi, S.M. (2016). Effect of supplementing ascorbic acid, vitamin E and betaine on the performance, immune response and blood parameters in broiler. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 10(39): 201-211.
Osborne, C.A., Lulich, J.P., Kruger, J.M., Ulrich, L.K. and Koehler, L.A. (2009). Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 39(1): 183-197.
Palma, D., Langston, C., Gisselman, K. and McCue, J. (2013). Canine struvite urolithiasis. Compendium, 35(8): 1-8.
Pourali, F., Moosavi, Z., Shahsavani, D. and Azizzadeh, M. (2019). Experimental comparison of the effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine in prevention of lead induced tissue damages in selected tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 13(49): 27-40.
Roe, K., Pratt, A., Lulich, J., Osborne, C. and Syme, H.M. (2012). Analysis of 14,008 uroliths from dogs in the UK over a 10‐year period. Veterinary Clinical Science, 53(11): 634-640.
Sosnar, M., Bulkova, T. and Ruzicka, M. (2005). Epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic from 1997 to 2002. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 46(4): 177-184.
Tion, M.T., Dvorska, J. and Saganuwan, S.A. (2015). A review on urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 18(1): 1-18.
Vrabelova, D., Silvestrini, P., Ciudad, J., Gimenez, J.C., Ballesteros, M., Puig, P., et al. (2011). Analysis of 2735 canine uroliths in Spain and Portugal. A retrospective study: 2004–2006. Research in Veterinary Science, 91(2): 208-211.
Wan, S.Y., Hartmann, F.A., Jooss, M.K. and Viviano, K.R. (2014). Prevalence and clinical outcome of subclinical bacteriuria in female dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 245(1): 106-112.
Willems, A., Paepe, D., Marynissen, S., Smets, P., Maele, I. and Picavet, P. (2017). Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1): 81-92.
Wynn, S.G., Witzel, A.L., Bartges, J.W., Moyers, T.S. and Kirk, C.A. (2016). Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dog. Peer J, 14(4): e1711.
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Bailiff, N.L., Westropp, J.L., Nelson, R.W., Sykes, J.E., Owens, S.D. and Kass, P.H. (2008). Evaluation of urine specific gravity and urine sediment as risk factors for urinary tract infections in cats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 37(3): 317-322.
Bartges, J.W. (2016). Feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis: risk factors and rational treatment approaches. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9): 712-722.
Caporali, E.H., Phillips, H., Underwood, L. and Selmic, L.E. (2015). Risk factors for urolithiasis in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: 95 cases (1999-2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246(5): 530-536.
Carvalho, M., Lulich, J.P., Osborne, C.A. and Nakagawa, Y. (2003). Role of urinary inhibitors of crystallization in uric acid nephrolithiasis. Dalmatian dog model. Urology, 62(3): 566-570.
Daudon, M. and Jungers, P. (2004). Clinical value of crystalluria and quantitative morphoconstitutional analysis of urinary calculi. Nephron Physiology, 98(2): 31-36.
Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C. (2010). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 7th ed., Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, pp: 1850-1874.
Gerber, B., Boretti, F., Kley, S., Laluha, P., Muller, C., Sieber, N., et al. (2005). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 46(12): 571-577.
Hawthorne, A.J. and Markwell, P.J. (2004). Dietary sodium promotes increased water intake and urine volume in cats. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(8): 2128-2129.
Houston, D.M. and Moore, A.E. (2009). Canine and feline urolithiasis: Examination of over 50000 submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from 1998 to 2008. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50(12): 1263-1268.
Imandar, M., Hassanpour, A., Abdollahpour, G.R. and Haghpanah, H. (2012). Evaluation of risk factors of prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep flocks. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 5(4): 1397-1403.
Kennedy, S.M., Lulich, J.P., Ritt, M.G. and Furrow, E. (2016). Comparison of body condition score and urinalysis variables between dogs with and without calcium oxalate uroliths. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 249(11): 1274-1280.
Lamoureux, A., Da Riz, F., Cappelle, J., Boulouis, H.J., Benchekroun, G., Cadore, J.L., et al. (2019). Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(2): 640-647.
Lekcharoensuk, C., Lulich, J.P., Osborne, C.A., Pusoonthornthum, R., Allen, T.A., Koehler, L.A., et al. (2000). Patient and environmental factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217(4): 515-519.
Lekcharoensuk, C., Osborne, C.A. and Lulich, J.P. (2001). Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(9): 1429-1435.
Lima, C.S., Cintra, C.A., Meirelles, A.E.W.B., Crivellenti, S.B., Mariani, O.M., Honsho, D.K., et al. (2017). Sensitivity of urolithiasis detection using urinary, radiography and ultrasound parameters. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias, 38(6): 3599-3604.
Lulich, J.P., Osborne, C.A., Albasan, H., Koehler, L.A., Ulrich, L.M. and Lekcharoensuk, C. (2013). Recent shifts in the global proportions of canine uroliths. The Veterinary Record, 172(14): 363.
Manzoor, M.A., Duwal, S.R., Mujeeburahiman, M. and Rekha, P.D. (2018). Vitamin C inhibits crystallization of struvite from artificial urine in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 44(6): 1234-1242.
Markey, B., Leonard, F., Archambault, M., Cullinan, A. and Maguire, D. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 2nd ed., St Louis: Mosby, Elsevier, pp: 105-120.
Meutan, D. (2012). Laboratory evaluation and interpretation of the urinary system. In: Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. Thrall, M.A., Weiser, G., Allison, R. and Campbell, T. editors. 2nd ed., Iowa, USA: Wiley-Blackwell publication, pp: 323-377.
Motamedi, S.M. (2016). Effect of supplementing ascorbic acid, vitamin E and betaine on the performance, immune response and blood parameters in broiler. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 10(39): 201-211.
Osborne, C.A., Lulich, J.P., Kruger, J.M., Ulrich, L.K. and Koehler, L.A. (2009). Analysis of 451,891 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 39(1): 183-197.
Palma, D., Langston, C., Gisselman, K. and McCue, J. (2013). Canine struvite urolithiasis. Compendium, 35(8): 1-8.
Pourali, F., Moosavi, Z., Shahsavani, D. and Azizzadeh, M. (2019). Experimental comparison of the effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine in prevention of lead induced tissue damages in selected tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 13(49): 27-40.
Roe, K., Pratt, A., Lulich, J., Osborne, C. and Syme, H.M. (2012). Analysis of 14,008 uroliths from dogs in the UK over a 10‐year period. Veterinary Clinical Science, 53(11): 634-640.
Sosnar, M., Bulkova, T. and Ruzicka, M. (2005). Epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic from 1997 to 2002. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 46(4): 177-184.
Tion, M.T., Dvorska, J. and Saganuwan, S.A. (2015). A review on urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 18(1): 1-18.
Vrabelova, D., Silvestrini, P., Ciudad, J., Gimenez, J.C., Ballesteros, M., Puig, P., et al. (2011). Analysis of 2735 canine uroliths in Spain and Portugal. A retrospective study: 2004–2006. Research in Veterinary Science, 91(2): 208-211.
Wan, S.Y., Hartmann, F.A., Jooss, M.K. and Viviano, K.R. (2014). Prevalence and clinical outcome of subclinical bacteriuria in female dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 245(1): 106-112.
Willems, A., Paepe, D., Marynissen, S., Smets, P., Maele, I. and Picavet, P. (2017). Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 31(1): 81-92.
Wynn, S.G., Witzel, A.L., Bartges, J.W., Moyers, T.S. and Kirk, C.A. (2016). Prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infections in morbidly obese dog. Peer J, 14(4): e1711.
