Study of the incidence of pregnancy toxemia by measuring some blood elements, metabolites and cortisol levels in Ghezel ewes
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
sakineh hosseini
1
,
Gholamali Moghaddam
2
,
Abbas Rafat
3
,
Aytak Bakhshayesh Khiabani
4
1 - MSc Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
3 - Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
4 - MSc Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Received: 2017-01-17
Accepted : 2017-12-04
Published : 2018-01-21
Keywords:
Cortisol,
blood metabolite,
Ghezel,
Pregnancy toxemia,
Ewe,
Abstract :
Pregnancy toxemia of ewes is a metabolic disease caused by glucose deficiency in mothers in response to rapid increases in fetal requirements. The objective of this study was evaluation of some blood elements and metabolites and cortisol levels in pregnant Ghezel ewes at Khalatposhan research station. In this study, blood samples were taken from 50 pregnant ewes at three times, before mating, during pregnancy and before lambing. Thereafter, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, urea and total protein levels were measured using the spectrophotometric method and blood cortisol concentration using the Elisa method. The effect of parity on serum glucose concentration was significant (p<0.01). Phosphorus concentration in all ewes was at the same level and no significant difference was observed regarding phosphorous levels between ewes. Lambing type had no effect on the measured parameters. Blood sampling time had significant effect (p<0.01) on all the measured parameters except phosphorus. Serum cortisol levels were significantly (p<0.01) increased by body weight of lambs at birth. There was a negative correlation between glucose and urea (r=-0.16). The correlation between total protein and urea (r=0.42) and total protein and phosphorous (r=-0.21) was statistically significant (p<0.01). In general it can be concluded that pregnancy toxemia could be prevented by measurement and analysis of blood metabolites during pregnancy and the use of suitable diets and management strategies.
References:
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Bell, A.W. and Anim, J. (1995). Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Dairy Science, 73(9): 2804-2819.
Bell, A., McBride, W., Slepetis, B.W., Early, R.J. and Currie, W.B. (1989). Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: 1. Conceptus growth and maternal plasma hormones and metabolites. Journal of Animal Science, 67(12): 3289-3299
Bergman, E.N., Roe, W.E. and Kon, K. (1966). Quantitative aspects of propionate metabolism and gluconeogenesis in sheep. American Journal of Physiology, 211(3): 793-799.
Correa, M.T., Erb, H. and Scalett, j. (1993). Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. Dairy Science, 76(5): 1305-1312.
Dias, M., Carneiro, M., Azevedo, J., Ferreira, A. and Cabrita, A. (2004). Hematological parameters, general biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes and hormones related with Thyroid function in the Portuguese. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias, 99(550): 99-107.
Dickson, H. and Jolly, S. (2011). National procedures and guidance for special sheep and lamb feeding systems. Australia: Meat and Livestock Australia, pp: 38-50.
Donald, E.J. (1948). Ketosis studied: Acetonemia and pregnancy disease dual problem in cows and in sheep. California Agriculture, 2(10): 6-6.
Farajyan Hajikhajehlou, M., Moghaddam, Gh., Shoja, J. and Pirani, N. (2009). Evaluation of Propylene Glycol effect on blood cortisol concentrations, some metabolites and elements affecting on ewes pregnancy toxemia. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 19(1): 9-18. [In Persian]
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Firat, A. and Ozpinar, A. (2002). Metabolic profile of pregnancy and early lactation in multiple lambing Sakiz ewes. Changes in plasma glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and cortisol levels. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12): 833-838.
Hanifi Durak, M. and Altinger, A. (2006). Effect of energy deficiency during late pregnancy in Chios ewes on free fatty acids β-hydroxybutyrate and urea metabolites. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 30(5): 497-502.
Hashemi, M. (1995). Practical Breeding of Sheep. Iran: Tehran, Publications of Farhang Jame, pp: 136-127. [In Persian]
Hefnawy, A.E., Shousha, S. and Youssef, S. (2011). Hemato biochemical profile of pregnant and experimentally pregnancy toxemic goats. Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry, 1(8): 65-69.
Jagatheesan, P.N., Arunachalam, S., Sivakumar, T. and Selvaraju, M. (2003). Blood biochemical profile in relation to different body weights in Mecheri sheep. The Indian Veterinary Journal, 80(10): 988-990.
Kabakci, N., Yarim, G., Yarim, M., Duru, O., Yagci, B.B. and Kisa, U. (2003): Pathological, clinical and biochemical investigation of naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia of sheep. Acta Veterinaria (Belgrad), 53(2-3): 161-169.
Lecetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. (2001). Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(7): 1020-1024.
Lee, H.J. and McIntosh, G.H. (1982). Nutritional diseases in: sheep and goat production. Coop, I.E. (editor), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp: 135-150.
Leite-Browning, M., Julio, E., Correa and Alabama, A.M. (2008). Pregnancy toxemia (ketosis) in goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 72(12): 3204-3211.
McNeill, D.M., Slepetis, R., Ehrhardt, R.A., Smith, D.M. and Bell, A.W. (1997). Protein requirements of sheep in late pregnancy, partitioning of nitrogen between gravid uterus and maternal tissues. Journal of Animal Science, 75(3): 809-816.
Mojabi, A., Abbasali Pourkabire, M., Safi, Sh., Bokaie, S. and Shariati, T. (2000). Measurements of reference values of some biochemical parameters in serum samples of Ghazel breed sheep. Journal of Veterinary Research, 2(5): 19-27. [In Persian]
Mostaghni, Kh., Farzinpour, M., Samimi, A.S. and Taghavi-Razavizadeh, A.R. (2012). Changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and electrolyte indices of sheep in experimental hypocalcemia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(4): 331-335. [In Persian]
Ohadinia, H. (1995). Internal and Noninfectious Diseases of Sheep. Iran: Tehran, Jahane Danesh Publishing, pp: 133-134. [In Persian]
Petterson, J.A., Dunshea, F.R., Ehrhardt, R.A. and Bell, A.W. (1993). Pregnancy and under nutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 123(7): 1286-1295.
Ramin, A.G., Asri, S., Majdani, R. (2005). Correlations among serum glucose, Beta- hydroxybutyrate and urea concentration in non –pregnant ewes. Journal Small Ruminant Research, 57(2-3): 265-269.
Ramin, A., Asri Rezai, S. and Akhlagpasand, N. (2008). Correlations among serum cortisol, glucose, BHB and urea concentrations in pregnant and lactating goats. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 79: 181-185. [In Persian]
Ramprabhu, R. and Dhanapalan, P. (1999). Comparative blood profile of sheep in the Hilly Tract of Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Animal Sciences, 14(2): 255- 257.
Ramprabhu, R. and Dhanapalan, P. (2003). Blood biochemical profile of sheep in Hilly Tract of Ooty. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 42(1): 31-34.
Rezapour, A., Taghinezhad, M. and Assadnasab, G.H. (2011). Effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea in pregnant ewes. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 5(1): 1083-1092. [In Persian]
Wilson, S., MacRae, J.C. and Buttery, P.J. (1983). Glucose production and utilization in non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating ewes. British Journal of Nutrition, 50(2): 303- 316.
Yarim, G.F. and Ciftci, G. (2009). Serum protein pattern in ewe with pregnancy toxaemia. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(5): 431-438.
Yeghanehparast, M., Fazaeli, H., Khojasteh, K.M. and Torabi Gudarzi, M. (2005). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in blood serum of ewes that grazing in slum area of Salman in Qom. Second Research Seminar of Goats and Sheep. Iran, Tehran, Research Institute of Animal Science. [In Persian]
Zare Shahneh, A. and Sadeghi Panah, h. (2004). The effect of fetal growth rate on plasma concentrations of metabolites in stage of late pregnancy and postpartum of ewes. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 8(4): 123-130. [In Persian]
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Bani Ismail, Z., Al-Majali, A. and Amireh Al-Rawashdeh, O.F. (2008). Metabolic profiles in goat does in late pregnancy with and without subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 37(4): 434-437.
Bell, A.W. and Anim, J. (1995). Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Dairy Science, 73(9): 2804-2819.
Bell, A., McBride, W., Slepetis, B.W., Early, R.J. and Currie, W.B. (1989). Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: 1. Conceptus growth and maternal plasma hormones and metabolites. Journal of Animal Science, 67(12): 3289-3299
Bergman, E.N., Roe, W.E. and Kon, K. (1966). Quantitative aspects of propionate metabolism and gluconeogenesis in sheep. American Journal of Physiology, 211(3): 793-799.
Correa, M.T., Erb, H. and Scalett, j. (1993). Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. Dairy Science, 76(5): 1305-1312.
Dias, M., Carneiro, M., Azevedo, J., Ferreira, A. and Cabrita, A. (2004). Hematological parameters, general biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes and hormones related with Thyroid function in the Portuguese. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias, 99(550): 99-107.
Dickson, H. and Jolly, S. (2011). National procedures and guidance for special sheep and lamb feeding systems. Australia: Meat and Livestock Australia, pp: 38-50.
Donald, E.J. (1948). Ketosis studied: Acetonemia and pregnancy disease dual problem in cows and in sheep. California Agriculture, 2(10): 6-6.
Farajyan Hajikhajehlou, M., Moghaddam, Gh., Shoja, J. and Pirani, N. (2009). Evaluation of Propylene Glycol effect on blood cortisol concentrations, some metabolites and elements affecting on ewes pregnancy toxemia. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 19(1): 9-18. [In Persian]
Farajyan Hajikhajehlou, M., Moghaddam, Gh., Shoja, J. and Pirani, N. (2010). Effect of Propylene Glycol on fetal growth rate and its relation with pregnancy toxemia in ewes. Journal of Animal Science Researches, 4(2): 67-76. [In Persian]
Firat, A. and Ozpinar, A. (2002). Metabolic profile of pregnancy and early lactation in multiple lambing Sakiz ewes. Changes in plasma glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate and cortisol levels. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12): 833-838.
Hanifi Durak, M. and Altinger, A. (2006). Effect of energy deficiency during late pregnancy in Chios ewes on free fatty acids β-hydroxybutyrate and urea metabolites. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 30(5): 497-502.
Hashemi, M. (1995). Practical Breeding of Sheep. Iran: Tehran, Publications of Farhang Jame, pp: 136-127. [In Persian]
Hefnawy, A.E., Shousha, S. and Youssef, S. (2011). Hemato biochemical profile of pregnant and experimentally pregnancy toxemic goats. Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry, 1(8): 65-69.
Jagatheesan, P.N., Arunachalam, S., Sivakumar, T. and Selvaraju, M. (2003). Blood biochemical profile in relation to different body weights in Mecheri sheep. The Indian Veterinary Journal, 80(10): 988-990.
Kabakci, N., Yarim, G., Yarim, M., Duru, O., Yagci, B.B. and Kisa, U. (2003): Pathological, clinical and biochemical investigation of naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia of sheep. Acta Veterinaria (Belgrad), 53(2-3): 161-169.
Lecetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. (2001). Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(7): 1020-1024.
Lee, H.J. and McIntosh, G.H. (1982). Nutritional diseases in: sheep and goat production. Coop, I.E. (editor), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp: 135-150.
Leite-Browning, M., Julio, E., Correa and Alabama, A.M. (2008). Pregnancy toxemia (ketosis) in goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 72(12): 3204-3211.
McNeill, D.M., Slepetis, R., Ehrhardt, R.A., Smith, D.M. and Bell, A.W. (1997). Protein requirements of sheep in late pregnancy, partitioning of nitrogen between gravid uterus and maternal tissues. Journal of Animal Science, 75(3): 809-816.
Mojabi, A., Abbasali Pourkabire, M., Safi, Sh., Bokaie, S. and Shariati, T. (2000). Measurements of reference values of some biochemical parameters in serum samples of Ghazel breed sheep. Journal of Veterinary Research, 2(5): 19-27. [In Persian]
Mostaghni, Kh., Farzinpour, M., Samimi, A.S. and Taghavi-Razavizadeh, A.R. (2012). Changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and electrolyte indices of sheep in experimental hypocalcemia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(4): 331-335. [In Persian]
Ohadinia, H. (1995). Internal and Noninfectious Diseases of Sheep. Iran: Tehran, Jahane Danesh Publishing, pp: 133-134. [In Persian]
Petterson, J.A., Dunshea, F.R., Ehrhardt, R.A. and Bell, A.W. (1993). Pregnancy and under nutrition alter glucose metabolic responses to insulin in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 123(7): 1286-1295.
Ramin, A.G., Asri, S., Majdani, R. (2005). Correlations among serum glucose, Beta- hydroxybutyrate and urea concentration in non –pregnant ewes. Journal Small Ruminant Research, 57(2-3): 265-269.
Ramin, A., Asri Rezai, S. and Akhlagpasand, N. (2008). Correlations among serum cortisol, glucose, BHB and urea concentrations in pregnant and lactating goats. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 79: 181-185. [In Persian]
Ramprabhu, R. and Dhanapalan, P. (1999). Comparative blood profile of sheep in the Hilly Tract of Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Animal Sciences, 14(2): 255- 257.
Ramprabhu, R. and Dhanapalan, P. (2003). Blood biochemical profile of sheep in Hilly Tract of Ooty. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 42(1): 31-34.
Rezapour, A., Taghinezhad, M. and Assadnasab, G.H. (2011). Effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea in pregnant ewes. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 5(1): 1083-1092. [In Persian]
Wilson, S., MacRae, J.C. and Buttery, P.J. (1983). Glucose production and utilization in non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating ewes. British Journal of Nutrition, 50(2): 303- 316.
Yarim, G.F. and Ciftci, G. (2009). Serum protein pattern in ewe with pregnancy toxaemia. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(5): 431-438.
Yeghanehparast, M., Fazaeli, H., Khojasteh, K.M. and Torabi Gudarzi, M. (2005). Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in blood serum of ewes that grazing in slum area of Salman in Qom. Second Research Seminar of Goats and Sheep. Iran, Tehran, Research Institute of Animal Science. [In Persian]
Zare Shahneh, A. and Sadeghi Panah, h. (2004). The effect of fetal growth rate on plasma concentrations of metabolites in stage of late pregnancy and postpartum of ewes. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 8(4): 123-130. [In Persian]
