Predicting Fear of Being Single Based on Rejection Domain Schemas & Attachment Styles in Students with & without Separated Parents
Subject Areas : Familysahar Gholami 1 , somayeh shahmoradi 2 *
1 - M.A in Family Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Unit, Tehran, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Fear of being single, rejection domain schemas, attachment styles, parents’ divorce, students,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to predict the fear of being single based on the rejection domain schemas and attachment styles in students with and without separated parents. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research included all students across the country of Iran in the academic year of 2022-2023, from which 622 people were selected by available sampling method. To collect data, Questionnaires of Demographic Information, Fear of Being Single, Spielmann et al. (2013), the short form of Young's Primary Maladaptive Schemas' Questionnaire (1998) and Collins and Read (1990) Relationship Adult Attachment Scale were used. Data analysis was done using descriptive and correlational statistics methods and SPSS-28 software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between rejection domain schemas and fear of being single, and rejection domain schemas are a positive and significant predictor of fear of being single. Also, there is a significant negative relationship between secure attachment style and fear of being single, and a positive and significant relationship between avoidant attachment style and anxious attachment and fear of being single (P<0.0001). According to the findings of the research, the moderating role of parents' marital status among the schemas of rejection, attachment styles and fear of being single was not significant (P<0.05).
Abedi, A., Sepahvandi, M. A., Mirdarikvand, F. (2020). Loneliness and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Farhangian University Students. Quartely Journal of Teacher Education, 3(1), 109-125.
Ahadi, B. (2009). The relationship between feelings of loneliness and self-esteem with students' attachment styles. Psychological Studies, 18(5), 112-95.
Ahi, QH. (2006). Normization of the short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire. Master's thesis in psychology General .Allameh Tabatabai University.
Amato P. R., Kane J. B., James S. (2011). Reconsidering the “good divorce”. Family Relations, 60(5), 511–524.
Amato P.R., Keith B. (1991). "Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.
Amato PR. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of marriage and family. 72(3):650-66.
Asari, R. (2018). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression with the mediation of procrastination among university students. Master's thesis in clinical psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, unpublished.
Bartholomew, K., Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-224.
Bernardon, S., Babb, K. A., Hakim-Larson, J., and Gragg, M. (2011). Loneliness, attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students. Canadian Journal of Be- havioural Science, 43 (1), 40 –51.
Bernstein, R. Keltner, D. & Laurent, H. )2012(. Parental Divorce and Romantic Attachment in Young Adulthood: Important Role of Problematic Beliefs. Marriage and Family Review. 48:711-731.
Borrill, J., Fox, P., Flynn, M., & Roger, D. (2009), Students who selfharm: Coping style, rumination and alexithymai. Counseling Psychology Quarterly. 22, 361-372.
Bretherton I. Bowlby's legacy to developmental psychology. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1997 Fall; 28(1).
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58, 644- 663.
Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., Gao, Y., Fyffe, C., Pan, H., & Waters, E. (2002). Assessing secure base behavior in adulthood: Development of a measure, links to adult attachment representations and relations to couples' communication and reports of relationships. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 679- 693.
Erozkan, A. (2011). The attachment styles bases of loneliness and depression. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3(9), 186-193.
Feeney, J. A., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 281.
Franklin, C. A., Kercher, G. A. (2012). The intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence: Differentiating correlates in a random community sample. Journal of Family Violence, 27, 187-199.
Ghadampour, E., Heydaryani, L., Barzegar, B, M., & Nasiri, H, Gh. (2018). Comparison of the attachment to parents, sexual knowledge and attitude and attitude to mate selection in students of divorced and normal families. Family Psychology, 5(1), 71-82.
Ghasemzadeh, S., Samadi K, S., Jafari, F., Mahmoodpour, A. (2017). Prediction of tendency to divorce and feelings of loneliness based on attachment styles according to the mediating role of self-differentiation. Consulting research, 68, 128-151.
Ghorbani, S. (2018). The Relationship of Attachment Styles and Mate Selection Preferences with Fear of Being Single. Master's thesis, Faculty of Educational Science & Psychology, Al-Zahra University.
Ilhan, T. (2012), Loneliness among university students: Predictive Power of Sex Roles and Attachment Styles on Loneliness. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 2387-2396.
Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment theory in practice: Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) with individuals, couples, and families. The Guilford Press.
Joo, B. S. (2005). Attachment styles of parenting and non- parenting adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 409-426.
Kafetsios, K., Sideridis, GD. (2006). Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. J Health Psychol. 11(6), 863–875.
Khojaste Mehr, R., Aman Elahi, A., Zohraei, I. & Rajabi, Gh. (2013). Attachment styles, causal attributions and responsibility attributions as predictors of violence against women. Family Psychology, 1(1), 41-52.
Khojasteh Mehr, R., Mombeini, J., Aslani, KH. (2013). A comparison of attitude toward marriage, attitude toward divorce and peer attachment of male high school students in divorced and intact families. Journal of school psychology, 2(3), 57-75.
Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (" I seek you") use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R. (2005). Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment ‐ related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 149 -168.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Mohammadi, M. (2019). The communication model of early maladaptive Schemes (disconnection and rejection) and marital Conflicts with meditation of love style. M.A Thesis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Alzahra University.
Mojallal, M., Hakim J, M., Mousavi, S. V. A., Hosseinkhanzadeh, A. A. & Gholam Ali Lavasani, M. (2015). Early Maladaptive Schemas and Interpersonal.
Mota, C. P. & Matos, P. M. (2009). Attachment, conflict and self-esteem in adolescents from intact and divorced families. Psicol. Reflex. Crit, 22(3), 344-352.
Pakdaman, Sh. (2006). Investigating the relationship between attachment styles and sociability in teenagers. Ph.D. dissertation in psychology. University of Tehran.
Palizian, A., Amini J, L., & Mehrabizadeh H, M. (2015). Perfectionism, self-esteem and attachment styles as predictors of feelings of loneliness in female dormitory students of Chamran University. Women and Family Studies, 9(34), 27-47.
Ponce, N. A., Williams, M. K. & Allen, G. J. (2004). Experience of maltreatment as a child and acceptance of violence in adult intimate relationships: mediating effects of distortions in cognitive schemas. Violence Victims, 19(1), 97-108.
Shahamat, F., Sabeti, A., Rezvani, S. (2009). Investigating the relationship between parenting styles and Primary maladjustment schemas. Educational and psychological studies, 11(2).
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive therapy and research, 19, 295-321.
Shahini, N., Asaish, H., Qobadi, M. & Sadeghi Elahabadi, J. (2011). Investigating the correlation of social support, loneliness and life satisfaction among students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in 2009. Researcher Bulletin of Medical Sciences, 17(6 (90)), 302-306.
ShamsAldini Lori, L., Towhidi, A., & Askarizadeh, Q. (2016). Causal relationships of attachment styles, feelings of loneliness and self-esteem with readiness for addiction. Quarterly Journal of Research on Addiction, 11(42), 161-180.
Siravand, P. (2018). Comparison of attachment to parents, attitudes toward marriage and divorce in children of families with and without divorce event. (Unpublished MA Thesis). Al-Zahra University, Tehran.
Spielmann, S. (2013). Settling for Less out of Fear of Being Single. A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Psychology University of Toronto.
Spielmann, S. S., Cantarella, I. A. (2020). Fear of being single priming predicts maladaptive relationship pursuits. Personal Relationships, (27)4.
Spielmann, S.S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J.A., Joel, S., Peragine, D., Muise, A., Impett, E.A. (2013). Settling for less out of fear of being single. Journal of personality and social psychology, 105(6).
Spielmann, S.S., Maxwell, J.A., MacDonald, G., Peragine, D., Impett, E.A. (2020). The predictive effects of fear of being single on physical attractiveness and less selective partner selection strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1).
Stokes, J. P. (1987). The relation of loneliness and self-disclosure. Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy, 175-201.
Tanhaye Reshvanloo, F., Jami, R., Kimiaei, SA. (2020). Psychometric Characteristics of Fear of Being Single Scale. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi,9(6).
Torres, C. (2002). Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions in psychopathy and narcissism.
Vakili, P., Nouri Gh. R. & Hosseinpour L, F. (2012). Investigating the relationship between attachment styles and attitudes towards marriage in unmarried students of Tehran University. Educational Management Research, 4(3 (15)), 113-125.
Yahyazadeh, H., Hamed, M (2016). Issues of children of divorce in Iran and related interventions: a meta-analysis of existing articles.
Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema Questionnaire--Short Form. Cognitive Therapy and Research.