Evaluation of the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Bacillus Mojavensis isolated from the contaminated soils of Darkhovin oil regionEvaluation of the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Bacillus Mojavensis isolated from the contaminated soils of Darkhovin oil region
Subject Areas : Applied Microbiology
Keywords: Bioremediation, Phenanthrene, Bacillus mojavensis, Optimization,
Abstract :
Background and Objectives: Bioremediation is one of the methods of cleaning the environment from petroleum compounds. The aim of this research was to identify a native phenanthrene-degrading bacterium and to investigate the optimal growth conditions for biodegradation. Materials and Methods: Sampling was carried out from petroleum-contaminated soils in the Darkhovin oil field, Iran. After isolation and primary identification of the bacteria, the specific bacterium was selected and identified. Then, after initial examination, the amount of biosurfactant produced by the bacterium was measured using a tensiometer. The effect of temperature, time, pH, nitrate, and sodium phosphate factors at 3 different levels was investigated using the Taguchi method, and the selected bacterium was placed under the designed conditions. The amount of phenanthrene degradation was examined using GC-MS, and the obtained results were analyzed. Results: Among the isolates, Bacillus mojavensis had a higher ability to degrade phenanthrene. Evaluation of the presence of biosurfactant in this bacterium showed a value of 47 mN/m .The results of analyzing the optimal conditions of Bacillus mojavensis for biodegradation showed a temperature of 45 °C, pH 7, nitrate 1mg/mL , sodium phosphate 0.3 mg/mL 0.3 , and a time of 5 days, under which conditions 55% of phenanthrene was degraded. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, considering the presence of native bacteria capable of degrading phenanthrene in contaminated soils, and determining the level of nutrients, environmental factors, and other effective factors in biodegradation, it is an effective strategy to increase the rate of phenanthrene biodegradation.
1. Boroomandi N, Mahmoodi MM, Mowla D, Rezaeian AA, Boostani M. Evaluation of crude oil biodegradation by Alcanivorax dieselolei, an isolated strain from the coastal sediments of Persian Gulf. Journal of Microbial World. 2014. [In Persian].
2. Eskandari S, Hoodaji M, Tahmourespour A, Abdolahi A. Bioremediation potential of indigenous gram-positive bacteria isolated from contaminated soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Microbial World. 2013;6(1 (14)):34-44. [In Persian].
3. Wang Y, Liang J, Wang J, Gao S. Combining stable carbon isotope analysis and petroleum-fingerprinting to evaluate petroleum contamination in the Yanchang oilfield located on loess plateau in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25:2830-41.
4. Kafilzadeh F, Amiri P, Rezaei A, Ahmadi N. BIODEGRADATION OF FLUORANTHENE BY INDIGENOUS BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SEDIMENTS OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN PERSIAN GULF. Journal of Microbial World. 2013;6(2 (15)):157-167. [In Persian].
5. Rahimi ES, Fooladi J, Ebrahimipour G, Soudi MR, Fooladi T. Isolation of fluorene degrading microorganisms from sediments of the Southern Caspian Sea Coasts and evaluation of their bioremediation potential. Journal of Microbial World. 2020;13(13):239-52. . [In Persian].
6. Yazdian F, Rashedi H, Sepahi AA. Study of the removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a halotolerant bacteria isolated from Dehloran Oil-contaminated soil. Journal of Microbial World. 2023;16(1):42-58. [In Persian].
7. Ojuederie OB, Babalola OO. Microbial and plant-assisted bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments: a review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2017 Dec 4;14(12):1504.
8. Guo P, Xu W, Tang S, Cao B, Wei D, Zhang M, et al. Isolation and characterization of a biosurfactant producing strain Planococcus sp. XW-1 from the cold marine environment. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(2):782.
9. Song M, Yang Y, Jiang L, Hong Q, Zhang D, Shen Z, et al. Characterisation of the phenanthrene degradation-related genes and degrading ability of a newly isolated copper-tolerant bacterium. Environmental Pollution. 2017;220:1059-67.
10. Xu X, Liu W, Tian S, Wang W, Qi Q, Jiang P, et al. Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria for the remediation of oil pollution under aerobic conditions: a perspective analysis. Frontiers in microbiology. 2018;9:2885.
11. Bala S, Garg D, Thirumalesh BV, Sharma M, Sridhar K, Inbaraj BS, et al. Recent strategies for bioremediation of emerging pollutants: a review for a green and sustainable environment. Toxics. 2022;10(8):484.
12. Coral G, Karagoz S. Isolation and characterization of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from a petroleum refinery soil. Annals of microbiology. 2005;55(4):255.
13. Al-Thani RF, Abd-El-Haleem DA, Al-Shammri M. Isolation and characterization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria from different Qatari soils. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2009;3(11):761-6.
14. De Vos P, Garrity GM. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology Volume Three, The Firmicutes. Dordrecht ; New York :Springer, 2009.
15. Nnamchi C, Obeta J, Ezeogu L. Isolation and characterization of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from Nsukka soils in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology. 2006;3:181-90.
16. Bami MS, Khazaeli P, Forootanfar H, Dehghannoudeh G, Ohadi M. Isolation and Identification of Biosurfactant Producing Bacterial Strain from Saline Soil Samples in Iran; Evaluation of Factors on Biosurfactant Production. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2020;15(4.( [In Persian].
17. Bodour AA, Drees KP, Maier RM. Distribution of biosurfactant-producing bacteria in undisturbed and contaminated arid southwestern soils. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2003;69(6):3280-7.
18. Daneshvar N, Khataee A, Rasoulifard M, Pourhassan M. Biodegradation of dye solution containing Malachite Green: Optimization of effective parameters using Taguchi method. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007; May 8;143(1-2):214-9. [In Persian].
19. Crampon M, Cébron A, Portet-Koltalo F, Uroz S, Le Derf F, Bodilis J. Low effect of phenanthrene bioaccessibility on its biodegradation in diffusely contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution. 2017;225:663-73.
20. Aruotu JO, Chikere CB, Okafor CP, Edamkue I. Microbial consortium for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation from petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soils in rivers state, Nigeria. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(16):9335.
21. Arulazhagan P, Vasudevan N. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a halotolerant bacterial strain Ochrobactrum sp. VA1. Marine pollution bulletin. 2011;62(2):388-94.
22. Gran-Scheuch A, Fuentes E, Bravo DM, Jiménez JC, Pérez-Donoso JM. Isolation and characterization of phenanthrene degrading bacteria from diesel fuel-contaminated Antarctic soils. Frontiers in microbiology. 2017;8:1634.
23. Hou N, Zhang N, Jia T, Sun Y, Dai Y, Wang Q, et al. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by biodemulsifier-producing strain Achromobacter sp. LH-1 and the study on its metabolisms and fermentation kinetics. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018;163:205-14.
24. Zhao J-K, Li X-M, Ai G-M, Deng Y, Liu S-J, Jiang C-Y. Reconstruction of metabolic networks in a fluoranthene-degrading enrichments from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polluted soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016;318:90-8.
25. Basim Y, Mohebali G, Jorfi S, Nabizadeh R, Moghadam MA, Ghadiri A, et al. Bacterial strains diversity in contaminated soils and their potential for bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in south west of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2022;20(2):601-8. [In Persian].
26. Abed RM, Al-Kharusi S, Al-Hinai M. Effect of biostimulation, temperature and salinity on respiration activities and bacterial community composition in an oil polluted desert soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2015;98:43-52.
27. Okere UV, Cabrerizo A, Dachs J, Jones KC, Semple KT. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by indigenous microorganisms in soils from Livingstone Island, Antarctica. FEMS microbiology letters. 2012;329(1):69-77.
28. Liu X-x, Hu X, Cao Y, Pang W-j, Huang J-y, Guo P, et al. Biodegradation of phenanthrene and heavy metal removal by acid-tolerant Burkholderia fungorum FM-2. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019;10:408.
29. Al-Thukair AA, Malik K. Pyrene metabolism by the novel bacterial strains Burkholderia fungorum (T3A13001) and Caulobacter sp (T2A12002) isolated from an oil-polluted site in the Arabian Gulf. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2016;110:32-7.
30. Lin M, Hu X, Chen W, Wang H, Wang C. Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Pseudomonas sp. BZ-3, isolated from crude oil contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2014;94:176-81.
31. Peekate P, Abu G. Optimizing C: N ratio, C: P ratio, and pH for biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Advances in Microbiology. 2017;7(2):1-14.
32. Kalantary RR, Mohseni-Bandpi A, Esrafili A, Nasseri S, Ashmagh FR, Jorfi S, et al. Effectiveness of biostimulation through nutrient content on the bioremediation of phenanthrene contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014;12:1-9. [In Persian].
33. Zheng J, Feng J-Q, Zhou L, Mbadinga SM, Gu J-D, Mu B-Z. Characterization of bacterial composition and diversity in a long-term petroleum contaminated soil and isolation of high-efficiency alkane-degrading strains using an improved medium. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018;34:1-11.