Designing an Organizational-Voice Model: A Case Study of Secondary School Teachers in Education and Training

Subject Areas :

Razieh Vojdani ¹ , mijgan amirayn ^{2 *} , Ahmadreza Ojinejad ³

1 -
2 - Mojgan Amirianzadeh, Department of Educational Management, Marv.C., Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
3 - Department of Educational Management, Marv.C.,Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

Received: 2025-08-20 Accepted : 2025-10-02 Published : 2025-10-22

Keywords: Organizational-Voice Model, Secondary School Teachers, Secondary Education, Education and Training,

Abstract :

Organizational voice, as one of the principal concerns of educational organizations, holds special significance. This study aims to design a model of organizational voice for secondary school teachers. The research adopts a qualitative approach with a practical-developmental objective. The statistical population comprises teachers from secondary schools in the city of Shiraz. Data collection consisted of two components: a library (literature review) and a field component. In the library section, published research in recent years related to organizational voice, appearing in reputable domestic and international journals, was examined. In the field section, semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The participants consisted of 19 experienced scholars and education professors who were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball (chain-referral) techniques. Data analysis was performed using the thematic analysis method of Aitraid and Sterling (2001), and the findings were validated using Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) criteria.Results and Conclusion:The analysis produced three stages of coding, resulting in 15 organizing themes and 5 overarching (global) themes. The findings indicate that, given teachers’ crucial role as a fundamental part of the scientific community in elevating the quality of education for the younger generation, policymakers and educational administrators can, by employing this organizational-voice model and considering its comprehensive components, help enhance job satisfaction and efficiency among teachers. The model’s inclusive elements include: extensive networking, empowering leadership, a supportive climate, policy-making, and individual development; and its organizing themes include: organizational support, a safe environment, freedom of expression, the organizational justice system, self-development, training and awareness, networking, interpersonal communication, incentive systems, empathy, inspiration, mentorship, attention to physical infrastructure, reform of the evaluation system, and the drafting of policy amendments. These components collectively contribute to increasing teachers’ job satisfaction and performance.

References:

فهرست منابع فارسی
- اسکندپور، ب. و احمدی ، ح. (1403). بررسی رابطه بین رهبری تحولگرا و اشتیاق شغلی با نقش میانجی آوای سازمانی در بین معلمان ابتدایی. فصلنامه روانشناسی مدرسه و آموزشگاه، 13 (2)، 17-30.
- امیریان زاده،مژگان.(1400).راهنمای عملی نگارش پروپزال(کمی ،کیفی و ترکیبی). انتشارات تخت جمشید.شیراز.
- خلیلی، عبدالجواد وطاهرزاده ،جلال(1402). رابطه فلات زدگی شغلی با آوای سازمانی در کارکنان آموزش و پرورش .دو فصلنامه علمی جامعه شناسی آموزش و پرورش.(9).1 168. -159.
- قلا‌وندی، حسن و نوری‌زارآبادی ، مظفر.(۱۴۰2). بررسی اثر آوای سازمانی بر مسئولیت پذیری اجتماعی با نقش میانجی رفتار شهروندی سازمانی. فصلنامه ‌علمی -پژوهشی رهبری آموزشی کاربردی، ۴(۴)، ۱۵۰-۱۶۴.
- قنبری، سیروس؛ حسینی، سیداحمد؛ و نوروزی، محمد. (1404). پیش بینی آوای سازمانی معلمان بر اساس مؤلفه های سبک رهبری امنیت مدار و اعتماد معلمان به مدیران. فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی رهبری آموزشی کاربردی، 6(2) ، 67-82.
- کردفیروزجانی،فهیمه وزین آبادی ،حسن رضا.(1400). تاملی بر پیشایندها وپسایندهای بیرونی سکوت سازمانی معلمان :یافته های یک پژوهش کیفی.فصلنامه مشاوره شغلی و سازمانی ،(13)49، 126-107.
- مرجانی، سمیه.، خیراندیش، محمد.،رسولی، اسحاق.، و ابراهیم پور، حبیب. ( 1404). شناسایی واولویت بندی عوامل مؤثر بر آوای سازمانی در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان با استفاده از روش دلفی فازی. توسعه فردی و تحول سازمانی.3 (1) ،1-13.

فهرست منابع انگلیسی

- Alev, S. (2021). The Relationship between Organizational Justice, Professional Motivation and Organizational Identification: A Study on Teachers. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 16(4), 127-139.‏
- Assefa, Y., Moges, B. T., Tilwani, S. A., & Shah, M. A. (2024). The mediating role of leader- member exchange (LMX) in the structural relationship between organizational justice and employee voice behaviour in higher education. Heliyon, 10(4).‏
- Bergeron, D. M., & Thompson, P. S. (2020). Speaking up at work: the role of perceived organizational support in explaining the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and voice behavior. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 56(2), 195-215.
- Burris, E. R., & Sohn, W. (2021). Creating a culture of voice. Behavioral Science & Policy, 7(1), 57-68.‏
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research SAGE publications. Schumacker, Randall; Richard, Lomax. (2010), beginner's guide to structural equation modeling; 3 edition (April 23).
- Das, S., & Patel, B.(2025) .The Power of Employee Voice: Promoting A Culture of Open Communication in An Organization.
- Demir,S.(2025).The Effects of School Administrators’ Supervisory Competencies on School Effectiveness, Professional Commitment, and Voice. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 85-95.
- Duan, J., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Wu, C. H., & Wang, Y. (2021). Voice for oneself: Self‐interested voice and its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(1), 1-28.
- Gan, J. L., & Yaacob, A. (2021). Mapping The Field: A Bibliometric Analysis Of Employee Voice. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices, 4 (13), 01-21.
- Gong, L., Zhang, S., & Liu, Z. (2024). Linking leader inclusiveness to employee voice: Exploring dual-mediation paths. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-20.
- Gordani, Y., Saharkhiz Arabani, A., Arjmandi, M., & Taghipour Bazargani, D. (2020). Modeling Structural Relationship Between Perceived Organizational Support and Quality of Work Life Among Secondary School Teachers of English as a Foreign Language. Issues in Language Teaching, 9(2), 285-309.‏
- Hosseini, E., Sabokro, M., & Salamzadeh, A. (2024). Conceptualizing Employee Voice Within Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review Based on Five Decades' Studies. Humanizing Businesses for a Better World of Work, 127-145.‏
- Huang, X., Wilkinson, A., & Barry, M. (2023). The role of contextual voice efficacy on employee voice and silence. Human Resource Management Journal.‏
- Huo, M. L. (2025). Work autonomy and exit-voice choice: the role of skill utilization, learning from colleagues and future time orientation. Personnel Review, 54(1), 20-40.‏
- Jaaffar, T., & Samy, N. K. (2023). Investigating the complex relationships between leadership, - psychological safety, intrinsic motivation, and nurses’ voice behavior in public hospitals using PLS-SEM. Belitung Nursing Journal, 9(2), 165.
- Kamin, S. J., & Donaldson, M. L. (2025). Complexities in context: Uncovering differences in school leaders’ needs and mentoring based on school environment. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 20(2), 163-194.
- Kaufman, B. E. (2015). Theorising determinants of employee voice: An integrative model across disciplines and levels of analysis. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(1),19-40.
- Kim, T., & Cho, W. (2024). Employee voice opportunities enhance organizational performance when faced with competing demands. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 44(4), 713-739.
- Lainidi, O., Jendeby, M. K., Montgomery, A., Mouratidis, C., Paitaridou, K., Cook, C., & Karakasidou, E. (2023). An integrative systematic review of employee silence and voice in healthcare: what are we really measuring?. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1111579.‏
- Léonard, E., & Taskin, L. (2024). ‘Human resource management and the worker’: employee voice in management. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 30(2), 127-142.
- Majka, M. (2024). How leaders inspire their employees: A closer look at modern leadership practices.
- Mazzei, A., Ravazzani, S., Butera, A., & Fisichella, C. (2025). Do you dare to speak up at work? A study on organizational conditions enabling or discouraging employee voice. Journal of Public Relations Research, 37(1-2), 115-134.‏
- McKee, R. A. (2024). Unleashing the voice within: managerial insights for empowering open upward communication. Management Research Review, 47(11), 1792-1804.‏
- Mohammad, S. S., Nazir, N. A., & Mufti, S. (2023). Employee voice: A systematic literature review. FIIB Business Review, 23197145231153926.‏
- Muss, C., Tüxen, D., & Fürstenau, B. (2025). Empathy in leadership: a systematic literature review on the effects of empathetic leaders in organizations. Management Review Quarterly, 1-37.
- Nazeer, S., Naveed, S., Sair, S. A., & Khan, K. (2025). Making sustainable voices heard at the workplace. International Journal of Ethics and Systems.‏
- Nyfoudi, M., Kwon, B., & Wilkinson, A. (2024). Employee voice in times of crisis: A conceptual framework exploring the role of Human Resource practices and Human Resource system strength. Human Resource Management.‏
- Papakonstantinou, S., Vyttas, V., & Xanthopoulou, P. I. (2025). EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLES, EMPLOYEE VOICE BEHAVIOR, AND JOB SATISFACTION: A SCOPING REVIEW.‏
- Pendola, A. (2024). Knowing when to step in: linking teachers’ behavioural responses to workplace dissatisfaction with intent to leave. Teachers and Teaching, 1-22.
- Qi, L., Xu, Y., & Liu, B. (2023). Does justice matter in voice? Inclusive leadership and employee voice: the moderating role of organizational justice perception. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1313922.
- Rafique, M. K., Ghaffar, A., Ghani, U., Uddin, A., Khan, A., & Hussain, T. (2024). A Key To Innovation: Role Of Voice, Emotional Intelligence And Self Efficacy. Migration Letters, 21(S10), 177-190
- Sharıfy, A. J., & Yawar, M. E. Examining the Impact of Transformational Leadership in the Development of Organizational Voice" An Analysis of the Mediating Impact of Information and Communication Technology". Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 11(1), 210-228.‏
- Setiawan, A. M., & Umam, M. R. K. (2024, January). The Impact of Work Involvement on Employee Performance: Exploring the Moderating Role of Voice Behavior. In ICoSHIP 2023: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Science, Humanity and Public Health, ICoSHIP 2023, 18-19 November 2023, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia (p. 213). European Alliance for Innovation.‏
- Shipton, H., Kougiannou, N., Do, H., Minbashian, A., Pautz, N., & King, D. (2024). Organisational voice and employee‐focused voice: Two distinct voice forms and their effects on burnout and innovative behavior. Human Resource Management Journal, 34(1), 177-196.‏
- Sifatu, W. O., Sjahruddin, H., Fajriah, Y., Dwijendra, N. K. A., & Santoso, A. (2020). Innovative work behaviors in pharmacies of Indonesia: Role of employee voice, generational diversity management and employee engagement. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(2), 725-734.
- Song, Y., Tian, Q. T., & Kwan, H. K. (2021). Servant leadership and employee voice: A moderatedmediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology (ahead of print ).2020-0077.
- Tarkang, M. E., Nange, R. Y., & Ozturen, A. (2022). Inspiring employee voice through leader–member exchange. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(1), e2317.
- Wang, G., Li, J., Liu, H., & Zaggia, C. (2025). Transformational leadership and teachers’ voice behaviour: A moderated mediation model of group voice climate and team psychological safety. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 53(1), 102-122.‏
- Wang, Y. (2024). Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers’ psychological wellbeing: a structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1345740.‏
- Wilkinson, A., Barry, M., & Morrison, E. (2019). Toward an integration of research on employee voice. Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100677.
- Yao, J. H., Xiang, X. T., & Shen, L. (2024). The impact of teachers’ organizational silence on job performance: A serial mediation effect of psychological empowerment and organizational affective commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 44(2), 355-373.
- Zeng, J., Li, L., Ding, L., & Wang, Q. (2024). Traditionality, supervisor-subordinate guanxi and university teachers’ voice behavior: An empirical exploration in the context of Chinese culture. Current Psychology, 19, 17390-17405.
- Zhang, X., & Li, H. (2025). Work Meaningfulness Motivates University Teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. African Educational Research Journal, 13(2), 211-223.‏
- Zhou, Y., & Sun, J. M. J. (2025). Perceived organizational politics and employee voice: A resource perspective. Journal of Business Research, 186, 114935.‏