The Mediating Role of Life Management Strategies in the Relationship Between Generativity- Stagnation and Subjective Well-Being in Middle age
Subject Areas : روانشناسی تحولیbahareh amiri 1 , khodamorad momeni 2 * , kamran yazdanbakhsh 3
1 - Psychology,Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah,Iran
2 - Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Keywords: subjective well-being, generalist- stagnation , life management Strategies, life span psychology, middle age,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating role of life management strategies in the relationship between generativity-stagnation with subjective well-being in the middle age period. The research framework was correlation type and the statistical population of the research consisted of all middle-aged citizens of Kermanshah 200 individuals (127 men and 73 women) were selected by voluntary sampling method and responded to four instruments of subjective well-being (Keyes, Shmotkin & Ryff, 2002), Loyola generativity scale) McAdams & de St Aubin, 1992), stagnation scale (Bradley,1997), and life management Strategies scale (Baltes et al.,1999). For data analysis, we used path analysis. The results showed generativity- stagnation has a relationship with subjective well-being through life management strategies. those creators who use life management strategies will enjoy more subjective well-being in middle age. Also, people who experience stagnation in middle age use less management strategies, which reduces subjective well-being. As a result, considering the importance of subjective well-being in the middle-aged, psychologists can take a step towards increasing the quality of this period by relying on the two variables of generativist- stagnation and life management strategies and trying to improve and modify them in the middle-aged and performing interventions and treatments in the society
Abbasian, M., Baneshi, A., & Shirazi Fard, M. (2015). The role of basic beliefs and life-management strategies in students
Aminipour, Sh. (2012). The relationship between personality traits, self-management strategies and teacher’s academic optimism with the academic progress of psychology. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran. [In Per- sian].
Andrews, F. M., & Robinson, J. P. (1991). Measures of subjective well-being. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L.S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 61- 114) San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Askari, V., & Kakabraei, K. (2016). The role of basic beliefs and subjective well-being in predicting life management strategies in parents with slow-moving children. International Conference of New Horizons in Educational Sciences, Psychology and Social Inju- ries, Tehran, New Horizons Science and Technology Association. [In Persian].
Baltes, B. B., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2011). Contempo- rary empirical advancements in the study of aging in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behav- ior, 32(2), 151-154.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1993). Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (Vol. 4). London: Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B., Baltes, M. M., Freund, A. M., & Lang, F. (1999). The measurement of selection, optimiza- tion, and compensation (SOC) by self-report: Techni- cal report. Berlin, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Human Devel.
Bordwine, V. C., & Huebner, E. S. (2010). The role of coping in mediating the relationship between positive affect and school satisfaction in adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 3(3), 349-366.
Borjali, P. D., Bagiyan, M. J., Bakhti, M., & Abbasi, P. D. (2014). The encouragement training based on Adlerian approach and the social and emotional well- being of boarding school students. Quarterly Journal of Family and Research, 10(4), 83-100. [In Persian].
Bradley, C. L. (1997). Generativity–stagnation: De- velopment of a status model.Developmental Re- view, 17(3), 262-290.
Crowne, D.P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M.P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantita- tive findings. Social moderating role of coping style. Health Psychology, 23(5), 542-555.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. (2014). Burnout and job performance: The moderating role of selection, optimization, and compensation strate- gies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, .96-107 ,)1(19
Diener, E., (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychologi- cal Bulletin. 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R. (2012). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satis- faction. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Efklides, A., Kalaitzidou, & Chankin, G. (2003). Sub- jective quality of life in old age in Greece- the effect of demographic factors, emotional state, and adapta- tion to aging. European Psychologist, 8, 178-191.
Erikson, E. H. (1967). Childhood and society, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. (Original work pub- lished 1950).
Esmaeili, M., Ghaseminiaii, F., & Dehdast, K. (2018). Explaining Strategies for Passing Through Midlife Crisis: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Developmen- tal Psychology: Iranian Psychologist,14(56), 389- 403. [In Persian].
Freund, A. M. (2008). Successful aging as management of resources: The role of selection, optimization, and compensation. Research in Human Development, .94-106 ,)2(5
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2002). Life-manage- ment strategies of selection, optimization, and com- pensation: Measurement by self-report and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol- ogy, 82, 642−662.
Fussner, L. M., Luebbe, A. M., & Bell, D. J. (2015). Dynamics of positive emotion regulation: associa- tions with youth depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(3), 475-488.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C. & Schulz, R. (2010). A
motivation theory of life–span development. Psycho- logical Review, 117(1) 32–60.
Jokar, F., Farhadi, M., & Delfan, A. (2018). Prediction of subjective well-being based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, defensive styles, honesty and psychological needs. Journal of Psychological Stud- ies, 14(2), 57-73. [In Persian].
Jopp, D., & Smith, J. (2006). Resources and life-man- agement strategies as determinants of successful aging: On the protective effect of selection, optimi- zation, and compensation. Psychology and Aging, .265–253 ,)2(21
Jozi, P., Ranjbari, M., Moradi, A., & Zarei, F. (2016). The comparative study of psychological well-being, creativity and positive emotion in evolution stage of middle age and adolescence. Journal of Aging Psy- chology, 1(3), 187-199. [In Persian].
Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Op- timizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
Lea, C. S., Gordon, N. P., Prebil, L. A., Ereman, R., Uratsu, C. S., & Powell, M. (2009). Differences in reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in middle- aged women in Marin County, California and a so- ciodemographically similar area of Northern Califor- nia. BMC Women’s Health, 9, 1-9.
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The redemptive self: Genera- tivity and the stories Americans live by. Research in Human Development, 3(2-3), 81-100.
McAdams, D. P. (2010). George W. Bush and the re- demptive dream: A psychological portrait. New York: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, D.P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiogra- phy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, .1003-1015 ,62
Melo, R., Novo, R., & de Vries, B. (2008). Generativity and subjective well-being in active midlife and older adults. Unpublished Master thesis. San Francisco State University.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment
styles and happiness in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22 ..1-11 ,)349(
Ochse, R., & Plug, C. (1986). Cross-cultural investiga- tion of the validity of Erikson’s theory of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), .1252–1240
Opitz, P. C., Gross, J. J., & Urry, H. L. (2012). Selec- tion, optimization, and compensation in the domain of emotion regulation: Applications to adolescence, older age, and major depressive disorder. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(2), 142-155.
Prenda, K. M., & Lachman, M. E. (2001). Planning for the future: a life management strategy for increasing control and life satisfaction in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 206-216.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration on the meaning of psychological well- being. Journal pf personality and Social Psychology, .1069-1081 ,57
Saedpanah, N., & Hosseini, S. (2016). The role of re- silience and life management strategies in predicting the quality of life of dialysis patients. International Conference of New Horizons in Educational Sci- ences, Psychology and Social Injuries, Tehran, New Horizon Science and Technology Association. [In Persian].
Schmitt, A., Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2012). The buff- ering effect of selection, optimization, and compen- sation strategy use on the relationship between prob- lem solving demands and occupational well-being: A daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 139-149.
Schoklitsch, A., & Baumann, U. (2012). Generativity and aging: A promising future research topic? Jour- nal of Aging Studies, 26(3), 262-272.
Shahi, H. (2011). The relationship between personality traits (generative-stagnant), self-regulation process- es, and lifestyle in middle age. Master’s thesis in psy- chology, Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., Kadivar, P., & Daneshvar Pour, Z. (2007).
Gender differences in subjective well-being: role of personality traits. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 13(3), 280-289. [In Persian]. ۹
Singh, M., & Singh, G. (2006). Assessment of Mental Health Status of middle-age female school teachers of Varanasi city. Internet Journal of Health, 5(1), 1-6.
Sternberg, R. J. (1994). Thinking styles: Theory and assessment at the interface between intelligence and personality. In R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (PP.169-187). New York: Cambridge University.
Vafaei, M. E. A., Shahi, H., & Besharat, M. A. (2015). Prediction of successful aging based on life manage- ment strategies. Journal of Aging Psychology, 1(2), 57-71. [In Persian].
Varaee, P., Momeni, K., & Moradi, A. (2018). Self- compassion, attitude towards religion and death anxi- ety: Predictors of psychological well-being in the el- derly. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist, 14(56), 445-460. [In Persian].
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Some psychometric Properties of the Ghent Parental Be- havior Scale. European Journal of Psychological As- sessment, 20(4), 283-298.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Devel- opment and validation of brief measure of positive and negative effect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Wiese, B. S., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2002). Subjective career success and emotional well-being: Longitudinal predictive power of selection, optimi- zation, and compensation. Journal of Vocational Be- havior,60(3), 321-335.
Zacher, H., Chan, F., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2015). Selection, optimization, and compensation strategies: Interactive effects on daily work engage- ment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 101–107.