The mediating role of goal orientation on the causal relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and test anxiety

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

somayeh hassa nia ¹ (فرهنگی)
Raziyeh Sheykhol Eslami ² (Shiraz)
Mahin Pordel ³ (Shiraz)

Received: 2017-10-08 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2019-02-20

Keywords: goal orientation, positive perfectionism, negative perfectionism, test anxiety,

Abstract :

This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship dimensions of perfectionism and test anxiety of goal orientationwas through mediation. For this purpose, 320 students were selected from Shiraz high schools using multi-stage random sampling. three authentic questionnaires were used to collect data. These questionnaires included Perfectionism Inventory Hill et al (2004), Sarason Test Anxiety scale (1984) and Scale of achievement goals. Path analysis using structural equation modeling was implemented for data analysis. Findings showed that the model had a good fitness with the research’s data. In this study, direct path positive perfectionism with dimension of thinking irrelevant was significant negatively. The direct path negative perfectionism to test anxiety (Stress and anxiety, and somatic symptoms and thinking irrelevant) was significant. And direct path positive perfectionism with mastery and performance goal orientation was significant. But the direct path negative perfectionism to mastery and performance goal orientation was not significant. Mastery goal orientation all aspects of test anxiety (Stress and anxiety, and somatic symptoms and thinking irrelevant) negatively predicted. But performance goal orientation did not predict any of the dimensions of test anxiety. positive perfectionism, indirectly, through mastery goal orientation with all aspects of test anxiety (Stress and anxiety, and somatic symptoms and thinking irrelevant) was significant. People with positive perfectionism to choose mastery goals, in stressful situations, such as test anxiety experience less anxiety.

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Abdi, H., Mahmoudi, A., & Ghaffari, Kh. (2012). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and goal Orientation with Test Anxiety in Second and Third Grade Secondary Students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 3 (4), 54-44 [In Persian].

Afshar, H., Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Saadaty, A., Salehi, M., Motamedi, M., Matinpour, M., ... Asadollahi, G. (2011). Positive and negative perfectionism and their relationship with anxiety and depression in Iranian school students. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 16(1), 79-86.

Andrew, J., Elliot, A., Holly, A., & McGregor, M. C. (2001). A 2*2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 501-519.

Andrews, D. M., Burns, L. R., & Dueling, J. K. (2014). Positive Perfectionism: Seeking the Healthy, Should, or Should We? Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(8), 27-34.

Carver, C, S., & Scheier, M. F. (1991). A control-process perspective on anxiety. In R. Schwarzer & R. A. Wicklund (Eds), (3-8). London: Harwood.

Cassady, J. C. & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive Test Anxiety and Academic Performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27,270-295.

Cellar, D.F., Stuhlmacher, A. F., young, S. K., Fisher, D. M., Adair, C. K., Haynes, S., & Riester, D. (2010). Trait Goal orientation, self-regulation, and performance: A meta- Analysis. Journal of Business psychology, 26, 467 – 483.

Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Ahmetugiu, G., & Furnham, A. (2008). Little more than personality: Dispositional determinants of test anxiety (the big five, core self-evaluation, and self-assessed intelligence). Learning and individual Differences, 18, 258- 263.

Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., & Băban, A. (2014). Perfectionism and achievement goal orientations in adolescent school students. Psychology in the Schools, 51(9), 960-971.

Davari, M., Gholamali Lavasani, M., & Ejei, J. (2012). The Relationship between Perfectionism and Academic Self-Efficacy with Student achievement goal. Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 281-266 [In Persian].

Davies, K. L. (2009). “Factors influencing the development of perfectionism”. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico, 15 - 40.

Dortaj, F. (2013). Relationship between the value of the homework and the test anxiety: the study of the mediating role of the goal orientation. Quarterly Journal of Educational Psychology, 9, 113-97 [In Persian].

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Journal of Psychological Review, 95,256-273.

Elliot, A. J. (2010). Integrating the “classic” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. In P. Pintrich & M. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (243–279). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press

Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meditational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475.

Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (3), 501-519

Elliot, A. J., McGregor, H. A., & Gable, S. (1999). Achievement goals, study strategies, and exam performance: A mediational analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 549-563.

Eum, K. U., & Rice, K. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 167-178.

Gendle. M., H. & Hara. K. P. O’ (2015). Oral Magnesium Supplementation and Test Anxiety in University Undergraduates. Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis,11(2),21-31.

Ghadami, M. (2013(. The study of the relationship between perfectionism and student anxiety test.  Journal of Educational Innovation, 13 (3), 150-136.

Ghadami, M. (2013). Investigating the Relationship between Perfectionism and Students' Anxiety Test. Journal of Educational Innovation, 39, 150-136 [In Persian].

Hashemi, L., & Latifian, M. (2009). The study of the relationship between perfectionism and goal orientation among pre-university students. Psychological studies, 5 (3), 26-9 [In Persian].

Hashemi, L., & Latifian, M. (2013). Perfectionism and Educational Neglect: investigate the mediation Role of Test Anxiety. Personality Quarterly and Individual Differences, 3, 99-73[In Persian].

Hejazi, M., & Khalili, V.(2015). The Relationship between Students' Test Anxiety and Attachment Styles and Perfectionism. International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology, 2(1), 65-79.

Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism Inventory. Journal of Personal Assessments, 82(1), 80-91.

Hosseini, S. S., Jadidi, M., & Saberi, Z. M. B. (2015). Comparison Between Achievement Goal, Perfectionism and Anxiety in High School Male and Female Students. International Journal of School Health, 2(2),1-6.

Jamshidi, B., Hossein Chari, M., Haghighat, Sh., & Razmi, M. R. (2009). Validation of a new scale of perfectionism. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 43-35 [In Persian].

Kaplan, A., & Maher, M. L. (2007). The contributions and prospects of Goal orientation Theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 19, 141-184.

 Kiani. F & khodabakhsh. M., R. (2015). Perfectionism and Stressful Life Events as Vulnerabilities to Depression Symptoms in Students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2(4).277-285.

kline, R.B. (2011). principles and practice of structural equation modeling . new York: Guilford press

Kornblum, M & Ainaley, M. (2005). Perfectionism and the gifted: study of an Australian school sample.  International Educational Journal, 6(2), 232-239.

Larason, H. A., Yode, A. ,Johnson,  C, Ramahi, M. E. ,Snng, j. , & Washburn, F. (2010): Test anxiety and relaxation training in third-grade students.  Journal of Eastern Education, 39(1), 13-22.

Liem, A. D., Lau, S., & Nie, Y. (2008). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Journal of Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 486-512

Luo, W., Hogam, D. & Paris, S. G. (2011). Predicting Singapore student’s achievement goals in their English study: Self-Construal and classroom goal structure. Learning and Individual Differences, 3, 1-10.

Luo, W., Hogan, D., Tan, L. S., Kaur, B., Ng, P. T., & Chan, M. (2014). Self-construal and students’ math self-concept, anxiety and achievement: An examination of achievement goals as mediators. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 184-195.

Mary, R. A., Marslin, G., Franklin, G., & Sheeba, C. J. (2014). Test anxiety levels of board exam going students in Tamil Nadu, India. Biomed Research International, 1(2),237-245.

Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M., Anderman, L., Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., Kaplan, A., Kumar, R., Middleton, M.J., Nelson, J., Roeser, R., & Urdan, T. (2000). Manual for the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales(PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Myers, S. G., wells. A. (2005). Obsessive symptoms: The contribution of metacognition and responsibility. Journal of anxiety Disorders, 19, 806-817.

Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 544–555.

Putwain, D. W., & Daniels, R. A. (2010). Is the relationship between competence beliefs and test anxiety influenced by goal orientation? Learning and Individual Differences, 48, 1-8.

Ramezani, F. (2010). A Study of Simple and Multiple Relationships in Progress with Test Anxiety and Academic Performance in First-year Male High School Students in Izeh City. Master's thesis of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz [In Persian].

Ryan, R. M. & pintrich, P. R. (2011). Should I ask for help? The role of motivation and attitudes in adolescents’ help seeking in math class. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2),329-341

Saboonchi, F., & Lundh, L. (1997). Perfectionism, Felf-Consciousness and Anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 22,921-928.

Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadocks synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sarason, G, I. (1984). Stress. Anxiety and cognitive interference reaction to test. Journal of personality and Social psychology, 146(4), 929-938.

Schwenke, T. J. (2012). The Relationships between Perfectionism, Stress, Coping Resources, and Burnout among Sign Language Interpreters. Georgia State University.

Shafi Abadi, A., & Niknam, M.(2014). Perfectionism with burnout in nurses: a mediating role of non-conditional self accept. Psychological studies,11(1), 139-115 [In Persian].

Shih, S.-S. (2013). Autonomy support versus psychological control, perfectionism, and Taiwanese adolescents’ achievement goals. Journal of Educational Research, 106, 269–279.

Singh, I., & Jha, A. (2013). Anxiety, Optimism and Academic Achievement among Students of Private Medical and Engineering Colleges: A Comparative Study. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 222-233.

Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. G. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22, 372–390.

Stoeber, J., & Eismann, U. (2007). Perfectionism in young musicians: Relations with motivation, effort, achievement, and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2182-2192

Stoeber, J., & Eysenck, M.W. (2008). "Perfectionism and efficiency: Accuracy, response bias, and invested time in proof-reading performance". Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1673-1678.

Verner-Filion, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2010). From perfectionism to academic adjustment: The mediating role of achievement goals. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 181–186.

Vitasari, a. P., Wahabb, M., Herawan, d. T., & Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010) “The relationship between study anxiety and aca-demic performance among engineering students,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 490–497.

Weiner, B.A., & Carton, J. S. (2012). Avoidant coping: A mediator of maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 632-636.

Zahid Babolan, A., Pourbharam, R., & Rahmani, S. (2014). Perfectionism, goal orientation and academic performance with academic burnout. A New Approach to Educational Management, 5(2), 124-109 [In Persian].

Abdi, H., Mahmoudi, A., & Ghaffari, Kh. (2012). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and goal Orientation with Test Anxiety in Second and Third Grade Secondary Students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 3 (4), 54-44 [In Persian].

Afshar, H., Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Saadaty, A., Salehi, M., Motamedi, M., Matinpour, M., ... Asadollahi, G. (2011). Positive and negative perfectionism and their relationship with anxiety and depression in Iranian school students. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 16(1), 79-86.

Andrew, J., Elliot, A., Holly, A., & McGregor, M. C. (2001). A 2*2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 501-519.

Andrews, D. M., Burns, L. R., & Dueling, J. K. (2014). Positive Perfectionism: Seeking the Healthy, Should, or Should We? Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(8), 27-34.

Carver, C, S., & Scheier, M. F. (1991). A control-process perspective on anxiety. In R. Schwarzer & R. A. Wicklund (Eds), (3-8). London: Harwood.

Cassady, J. C. & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive Test Anxiety and Academic Performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27,270-295.

Cellar, D.F., Stuhlmacher, A. F., young, S. K., Fisher, D. M., Adair, C. K., Haynes, S., & Riester, D. (2010). Trait Goal orientation, self-regulation, and performance: A meta- Analysis. Journal of Business psychology, 26, 467 – 483.

Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Ahmetugiu, G., & Furnham, A. (2008). Little more than personality: Dispositional determinants of test anxiety (the big five, core self-evaluation, and self-assessed intelligence). Learning and individual Differences, 18, 258- 263.

Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru, O., & Băban, A. (2014). Perfectionism and achievement goal orientations in adolescent school students. Psychology in the Schools, 51(9), 960-971.

Davari, M., Gholamali Lavasani, M., & Ejei, J. (2012). The Relationship between Perfectionism and Academic Self-Efficacy with Student achievement goal. Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 281-266 [In Persian].

Davies, K. L. (2009). “Factors influencing the development of perfectionism”. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico, 15 - 40.

Dortaj, F. (2013). Relationship between the value of the homework and the test anxiety: the study of the mediating role of the goal orientation. Quarterly Journal of Educational Psychology, 9, 113-97 [In Persian].

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Journal of Psychological Review, 95,256-273.

Elliot, A. J. (2010). Integrating the “classic” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. In P. Pintrich & M. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (243–279). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press

Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meditational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475.

Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. (2001). A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (3), 501-519

Elliot, A. J., McGregor, H. A., & Gable, S. (1999). Achievement goals, study strategies, and exam performance: A mediational analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 549-563.

Eum, K. U., & Rice, K. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 167-178.

Gendle. M., H. & Hara. K. P. O’ (2015). Oral Magnesium Supplementation and Test Anxiety in University Undergraduates. Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis,11(2),21-31.

Ghadami, M. (2013(. The study of the relationship between perfectionism and student anxiety test.  Journal of Educational Innovation, 13 (3), 150-136.

Ghadami, M. (2013). Investigating the Relationship between Perfectionism and Students' Anxiety Test. Journal of Educational Innovation, 39, 150-136 [In Persian].

Hashemi, L., & Latifian, M. (2009). The study of the relationship between perfectionism and goal orientation among pre-university students. Psychological studies, 5 (3), 26-9 [In Persian].

Hashemi, L., & Latifian, M. (2013). Perfectionism and Educational Neglect: investigate the mediation Role of Test Anxiety. Personality Quarterly and Individual Differences, 3, 99-73[In Persian].

Hejazi, M., & Khalili, V.(2015). The Relationship between Students' Test Anxiety and Attachment Styles and Perfectionism. International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology, 2(1), 65-79.

Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism Inventory. Journal of Personal Assessments, 82(1), 80-91.

Hosseini, S. S., Jadidi, M., & Saberi, Z. M. B. (2015). Comparison Between Achievement Goal, Perfectionism and Anxiety in High School Male and Female Students. International Journal of School Health, 2(2),1-6.

Jamshidi, B., Hossein Chari, M., Haghighat, Sh., & Razmi, M. R. (2009). Validation of a new scale of perfectionism. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 43-35 [In Persian].

Kaplan, A., & Maher, M. L. (2007). The contributions and prospects of Goal orientation Theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 19, 141-184.

 Kiani. F & khodabakhsh. M., R. (2015). Perfectionism and Stressful Life Events as Vulnerabilities to Depression Symptoms in Students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2(4).277-285.

kline, R.B. (2011). principles and practice of structural equation modeling . new York: Guilford press

Kornblum, M & Ainaley, M. (2005). Perfectionism and the gifted: study of an Australian school sample.  International Educational Journal, 6(2), 232-239.

Larason, H. A., Yode, A. ,Johnson,  C, Ramahi, M. E. ,Snng, j. , & Washburn, F. (2010): Test anxiety and relaxation training in third-grade students.  Journal of Eastern Education, 39(1), 13-22.

Liem, A. D., Lau, S., & Nie, Y. (2008). The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Journal of Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 486-512

Luo, W., Hogam, D. & Paris, S. G. (2011). Predicting Singapore student’s achievement goals in their English study: Self-Construal and classroom goal structure. Learning and Individual Differences, 3, 1-10.

Luo, W., Hogan, D., Tan, L. S., Kaur, B., Ng, P. T., & Chan, M. (2014). Self-construal and students’ math self-concept, anxiety and achievement: An examination of achievement goals as mediators. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 184-195.

Mary, R. A., Marslin, G., Franklin, G., & Sheeba, C. J. (2014). Test anxiety levels of board exam going students in Tamil Nadu, India. Biomed Research International, 1(2),237-245.

Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M., Anderman, L., Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., Kaplan, A., Kumar, R., Middleton, M.J., Nelson, J., Roeser, R., & Urdan, T. (2000). Manual for the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales(PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Myers, S. G., wells. A. (2005). Obsessive symptoms: The contribution of metacognition and responsibility. Journal of anxiety Disorders, 19, 806-817.

Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 544–555.

Putwain, D. W., & Daniels, R. A. (2010). Is the relationship between competence beliefs and test anxiety influenced by goal orientation? Learning and Individual Differences, 48, 1-8.

Ramezani, F. (2010). A Study of Simple and Multiple Relationships in Progress with Test Anxiety and Academic Performance in First-year Male High School Students in Izeh City. Master's thesis of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz [In Persian].

Ryan, R. M. & pintrich, P. R. (2011). Should I ask for help? The role of motivation and attitudes in adolescents’ help seeking in math class. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2),329-341

Saboonchi, F., & Lundh, L. (1997). Perfectionism, Felf-Consciousness and Anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 22,921-928.

Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadocks synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sarason, G, I. (1984). Stress. Anxiety and cognitive interference reaction to test. Journal of personality and Social psychology, 146(4), 929-938.

Schwenke, T. J. (2012). The Relationships between Perfectionism, Stress, Coping Resources, and Burnout among Sign Language Interpreters. Georgia State University.

Shafi Abadi, A., & Niknam, M.(2014). Perfectionism with burnout in nurses: a mediating role of non-conditional self accept. Psychological studies,11(1), 139-115 [In Persian].

Shih, S.-S. (2013). Autonomy support versus psychological control, perfectionism, and Taiwanese adolescents’ achievement goals. Journal of Educational Research, 106, 269–279.

Singh, I., & Jha, A. (2013). Anxiety, Optimism and Academic Achievement among Students of Private Medical and Engineering Colleges: A Comparative Study. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 222-233.

Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. G. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavior Modification, 22, 372–390.

Stoeber, J., & Eismann, U. (2007). Perfectionism in young musicians: Relations with motivation, effort, achievement, and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2182-2192

Stoeber, J., & Eysenck, M.W. (2008). "Perfectionism and efficiency: Accuracy, response bias, and invested time in proof-reading performance". Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1673-1678.

Verner-Filion, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2010). From perfectionism to academic adjustment: The mediating role of achievement goals. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 181–186.

Vitasari, a. P., Wahabb, M., Herawan, d. T., & Sinnadurai, S. K. (2010) “The relationship between study anxiety and aca-demic performance among engineering students,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 490–497.

Weiner, B.A., & Carton, J. S. (2012). Avoidant coping: A mediator of maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 632-636.

Zahid Babolan, A., Pourbharam, R., & Rahmani, S. (2014). Perfectionism, goal orientation and academic performance with academic burnout. A New Approach to Educational Management, 5(2), 124-109 [In Persian].