The Effectiveness of Creative Play Therapy on Self-esteem, Creativity and Shyness of Shy Elementary School Students
Subject Areas : Educational Psychology
Nasrin Birang
1
(M.Sc. Graduate in Psychology, Azad University of Tabriz, Iran)
Marziyeh Alivandi Vafa
2
(Assistant professor, Department of psychology, Azad University of Tabriz, Iran)
Keywords: self-esteem, Creativity, Shyness, Creativity-based Play therapy,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of creative play therapy on self-esteem, creativity and shyness of shy elementary school students. This study was a quasi-experimental study. The research design of this study was based on a pretest-posttest with control group design. The statistical population of the study was all elementary school students of Marand city. The sample of the present study was selected through purposeful sampling. Due to the intervention-based nature of this study, 30 elementary school students were selected and then randomly assigned to the two groups of experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects). In order to gather the data, Raffi shyness inventory, Torrance test of creativity and Cooper's self-esteem scale were used. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that creativity-based play therapy affected the elementary school students’ creativity and self-esteem in the positive way. Also, based on the results, creativity-based play therapy could be effective in reduction of shyness of shy elementary school students (P <0.001). Based on the results, creativity-based play therapy had potential to increase creativity and self-esteem of elementary school students. Also, it could be concluded that creativity-based play therapy had to be considered as an effective therapy in the interventions of shy students.
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Blote, A. W., Miers, A. C., den Bos, E., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019). Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 63(1): 9–15.
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Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(2): 330-339.
Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., jun Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., ... & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(1): 110287-110294.
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Ghiasizadeh, M. (2013). The effectiveness of Mickenbaum cognitive-behavioral play therapy in reducing shyness and social isolation of elementary school students. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 21(6): 96-105 [In Persian].
Groos, K. (1898). The Play of Animals. Trad. de Elizabeth L. Baldwin. Appleton and Company, New York .
Hamachek, D. E. (1988). Evaluating Self-Concept and Ego Development Within Erikson’s Psychosocial Framework: A Formulation. Journal of Counseling & Development. 66(8): 354–360. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb00886.x
Hvanaja, M., Asnhalata, T., & Diego Martin, B. (2006). Shyness in students, translator: Bagheri R. Press Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian].
Knell, S. M. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 385–404). Springer.
Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Rogoza, R. (2019). Shy teens and their peers: Shyness in respect to basic personality traits and social relations. Journal of Research in Personality, 79(1): 130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.005
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Manouchehrian, P. (1997). The complex of humiliation, analytical cognition and its treatment. Tehran. 3rd edition [In Persian].
Meany-Walen, K. K. (2011). Adlerian play therapy: Effectiveness on disrup-tive behaviors of early elementary-aged children. [Dissertation]. University of North Texas.
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Mirsadeghi, J (2006). The effect of artistic activities on increasing the creativity of primary school children. Master Thesis, Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Moustakas, C. (1997). Relationship play therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Pourshafeie, H. (1992). Assessing self-esteem and motivation of high school students' academic achievement. Master Thesis of Allameh Tarbiat Moalem University [In Persian].
Radbakhsh, N., Mohammad Far, M., & Kiyani, K. (2013). The effectiveness of games and storytelling on increasing children's creativity. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities, 2(4): 177-195 [In Persian].
Rizzi, V., Pigeon, C., Rony, F., & Fort-Talabard, A. (2020). Designing a creative storytelling workshop to build self-confidence and trust among adolescents. In Thinking skills and creativity, Elsevier. 38(1): 100704-100703.
doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100704.
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Schiraldi, G. (2012). The self-esteem workbook. Translated: Ashraf Razi, Hassan Ali Mirza Beigi. Qom: Mirror of Knowledge Publishing [In Persian].
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1): 89–104. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X
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Schweitzer, R. D., Seth-Smith, M., & Callan, V. (1992). The relationship between self-esteem and psychological adjustment in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 15(1): 83–97. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90067-F
Shahri, M., Moeinikia, M., Zahed, A., & Narimani, M. (2014). Investigation the impact of paint therapy on communication skills of shyness girl students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128(1): 327-331.
Sharifi Pasha, H. (2009). The relationship between creativity and personality traits of high school students in Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 7(3): 12-32 [In Persian].
Smith, S., & Stokes, P. (2015). Signs and wonders. European Journal of Training and Development.
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance Tests of creative thinking. Directions manual and scoring guide, verbal test booklet B. Scholastic Testing Service. Translated by Hassan Ghasemzadeh (1997). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Torrance, E. P. (1987). Teaching for creativity. In Frontiers of creativity research: Beyond the basics (Vol. 189, p. 215).
Wilson, M., & Henderson, H. (2020). Shyness and perceived monitoring by peers affect children’s performance in a divided attention task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 198(1): 104882-104896.
doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104882.
Zakaria, M. )2010). Investigating the effect of curriculum using storytelling and drama on the growth of elementary students' creativity. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, 4(16): 1-18 [In Persian].
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and selfesteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5): 577–581. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.003.
Zimbardo, P. (1996). Shyness: what it is what to do about it. Da Capo Lifelong Books. Translated by Nasrin Parsa (1998). Tehran: Parnian Publishing [In Persian]
_||_Afrooz, G. (2006). Psychology of shyness and treatment methods. Islamic Culture Publishing Office [In Persian].
Ahmadvand, M. (2014). Psychology of Game, Payame nour University [In Persian].
Amabile, T. M. (1989). Growing up creative: Nurturing a lifetime of creativity. Crown House Publishing Limited. Translated by Hossein Ghasemzadeh and Parvin Azimi (2008). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2000). The shyness and social anxiety workbook: Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear. New Harbinger Publications.
Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In Self-esteem (pp. 55–85). Springer.
Blote, A. W., Miers, A. C., den Bos, E., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019). Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 63(1): 9–15.
Borna, M. & Savari, K. (2008). Simple and multiple communication of self-esteem, feeling lonely and expressing yourself with shyness. Azad University of Ahvaz. [In Persian].
Carducci, B., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1995). The cost of shyness. Psychology today.
Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(2): 330-339.
Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., jun Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., ... & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168(1): 110287-110294.
doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287
Coopersmith, S. (1959). A method for determining types of self-esteem. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(1): 87-94.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015). The systems model of creativity: The collected works of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Springer. Translated by Abbas Ali Katirai (2017). Tehran: Maziar Publishing [In Persian].
Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society. WW Norton & Company.
Farahini, P., Afrooz, G. A., & Rasoolzadeh Tabatabai, SK. (2013). The relationship between parenting styles and shyness with creativity in the gifted. School Psychology. [In Persian].
Ghiasizadeh, M. (2013). The effectiveness of Mickenbaum cognitive-behavioral play therapy in reducing shyness and social isolation of elementary school students. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 21(6): 96-105 [In Persian].
Groos, K. (1898). The Play of Animals. Trad. de Elizabeth L. Baldwin. Appleton and Company, New York .
Hamachek, D. E. (1988). Evaluating Self-Concept and Ego Development Within Erikson’s Psychosocial Framework: A Formulation. Journal of Counseling & Development. 66(8): 354–360. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1988.tb00886.x
Hvanaja, M., Asnhalata, T., & Diego Martin, B. (2006). Shyness in students, translator: Bagheri R. Press Astan Quds Razavi. [In Persian].
Knell, S. M. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral play therapy. Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 385–404). Springer.
Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Rogoza, R. (2019). Shy teens and their peers: Shyness in respect to basic personality traits and social relations. Journal of Research in Personality, 79(1): 130–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.005
Kwiatkowska, M. M., Rogoza, R., & Poole, K. L. (2019). Exploring shy minds: Relations between shyness and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 142(1): 249–254. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.050
Landreth, G. L. (2012). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. Routledge.
Landreth, G. L., Ray, D. C., & Bratton, S. C. (2009). Play therapy in elementary schools. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3): 281–289. doi: 10.1002/pits.20374
Loweimy, F., & Safarzadeh, S. (2017). The effectiveness of story therapy on shyness, depression and self-esteem of preschool children in Ahvaz. Journal of Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 6(2): 32-47. [In Persian].
Lowenstein, L. (1999). Creative interventions for troubled children & youth. Champion Press Toronto.
Lowenstein, L. (2002). More Creative Interventions for Troubled Children and Youth. Champion Press.
Lowenstein, L. (2008). Assessment and treatment activities for children, adolescents, and families: Practitioners share their most effective techniques. Champion Press.
Manouchehrian, P. (1997). The complex of humiliation, analytical cognition and its treatment. Tehran. 3rd edition [In Persian].
Meany-Walen, K. K. (2011). Adlerian play therapy: Effectiveness on disrup-tive behaviors of early elementary-aged children. [Dissertation]. University of North Texas.
Meftah, S. (2002). The relationship between shyness and self-esteem with the academic achievement of secondary school students in Tehran. Master Thesis of Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Mirsadeghi, J (2006). The effect of artistic activities on increasing the creativity of primary school children. Master Thesis, Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University [In Persian].
Moustakas, C. (1997). Relationship play therapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Pourshafeie, H. (1992). Assessing self-esteem and motivation of high school students' academic achievement. Master Thesis of Allameh Tarbiat Moalem University [In Persian].
Radbakhsh, N., Mohammad Far, M., & Kiyani, K. (2013). The effectiveness of games and storytelling on increasing children's creativity. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in the Humanities, 2(4): 177-195 [In Persian].
Rizzi, V., Pigeon, C., Rony, F., & Fort-Talabard, A. (2020). Designing a creative storytelling workshop to build self-confidence and trust among adolescents. In Thinking skills and creativity, Elsevier. 38(1): 100704-100703.
doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100704.
Saint-Laurent, R. (1989). The book of confidence. America Needs Fatima. Translated by Mohammad Hossein Sarvari (2010). Tehran: Bamdad Publishing [In Persian].
Schiraldi, G. (2012). The self-esteem workbook. Translated: Ashraf Razi, Hassan Ali Mirza Beigi. Qom: Mirror of Knowledge Publishing [In Persian].
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1): 89–104. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(82)90083-X
Schmidt, L. A., & Schulkin, J. (1999). Extreme fear, shyness, and social phobia: Origins, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Schweitzer, R. D., Seth-Smith, M., & Callan, V. (1992). The relationship between self-esteem and psychological adjustment in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 15(1): 83–97. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(92)90067-F
Shahri, M., Moeinikia, M., Zahed, A., & Narimani, M. (2014). Investigation the impact of paint therapy on communication skills of shyness girl students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 128(1): 327-331.
Sharifi Pasha, H. (2009). The relationship between creativity and personality traits of high school students in Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 7(3): 12-32 [In Persian].
Smith, S., & Stokes, P. (2015). Signs and wonders. European Journal of Training and Development.
Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance Tests of creative thinking. Directions manual and scoring guide, verbal test booklet B. Scholastic Testing Service. Translated by Hassan Ghasemzadeh (1997). Tehran: New World Publications [In Persian].
Torrance, E. P. (1987). Teaching for creativity. In Frontiers of creativity research: Beyond the basics (Vol. 189, p. 215).
Wilson, M., & Henderson, H. (2020). Shyness and perceived monitoring by peers affect children’s performance in a divided attention task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 198(1): 104882-104896.
doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104882.
Zakaria, M. )2010). Investigating the effect of curriculum using storytelling and drama on the growth of elementary students' creativity. Journal of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, 4(16): 1-18 [In Persian].
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and selfesteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5): 577–581. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.003.
Zimbardo, P. (1996). Shyness: what it is what to do about it. Da Capo Lifelong Books. Translated by Nasrin Parsa (1998). Tehran: Parnian Publishing [In Persian]