List of Articles Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 1 - The General Principles of Natural Philosophy in Islamic Civilization: A Historical–Scientific Analysis Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 2 - Recognizing examples and the historical process of its evolution and development Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 3 - The Role of Non-Ayyubid Kurds in the Crusades: From the Fall to the Recapture of Jerusalem Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 4 - The Role of Non-Ayyubid Kurds in the Crusades: From the Fall to the Recapture of Jerusalem Omid Bahraminia Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 5 - Confronting Modern Civilization: The Challenges of the First Generation of Iranian Intellectuals—A Typological Study in the Context of Intellectual History Open Access Article Abstract Page Full-Text 6 - Civilization-Building Principles in the Intellectual Framework of Mustafa al-Siba‘i