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  • Vol. 21
  • Issue51 Vol.21
  • 51
    Issue 51   Vol. Summer 2025
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  • List of Articles


      • Open Access Article
        • Abstract Page
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        1 - The General Principles of Natural Philosophy in Islamic Civilization: A Historical–Scientific Analysis
      • Open Access Article
        • Abstract Page
        • Full-Text

        2 - Recognizing examples and the historical process of its evolution and development
      • Open Access Article
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        3 - The Role of Non-Ayyubid Kurds in the Crusades: From the Fall to the Recapture of Jerusalem
      • Open Access Article
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        4 - The Role of Non-Ayyubid Kurds in the Crusades: From the Fall to the Recapture of Jerusalem Omid Bahraminia
      • Open Access Article
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        5 - Confronting Modern Civilization: The Challenges of the First Generation of Iranian Intellectuals—A Typological Study in the Context of Intellectual History
      • Open Access Article
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        6 - Civilization-Building Principles in the Intellectual Framework of Mustafa al-Siba‘i
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