The Journal of Islamic History and Civilisation: 5 (2)

Open Access Article

1 - Rebellion and Conversion: Christian Copts and Muslim Rulers in Egypt, the Second and Third Centuries A. H.
معصومعلی پنجه

A series of riots took place in Egypt by Christian Copts against theUmayyad and Abbasid rulers since 107 to 216 A. H. In this paper, thecontext, causes and consequences of the riots have been investigated.It is apparent that gradual changes in the financial and the land More

A series of riots took place in Egypt by Christian Copts against theUmayyad and Abbasid rulers since 107 to 216 A. H. In this paper, thecontext, causes and consequences of the riots have been investigated.It is apparent that gradual changes in the financial and the landholdingsystems, which were started in the Abdul Aziz ibn Marwan's reigncontinued to be completed in the Hisham ibn Abdul Malik's era.Increasing tax was pursued by Copts riots in Egypt. The riots werefruitless for Copts, as the taxes never cut, but it was another way;converting to Islam and absorbing into Islamic-Arabic Society inEgypt Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Abul-\assan KharaÎānī and ‘Javānmardī
پروانه عروج نیا

#Ayyārī is a very old Persian cult that closely linked to the middle classpeople in Iran. Some of the #ayyārān, under the impact of ascetics(zāhidān) from various sects and religions, including Islam, developed#ayyāri into javānmardī (or futowwa). Afterward, there was a More

#Ayyārī is a very old Persian cult that closely linked to the middle classpeople in Iran. Some of the #ayyārān, under the impact of ascetics(zāhidān) from various sects and religions, including Islam, developed#ayyāri into javānmardī (or futowwa). Afterward, there was a mutualimpact between Sufism which spread in Iran in 4th and 5th AH andJavānmardi. Sheikh Abul-Hassan Kharaqāni, who apparently wasclose to javānmardi, became familiar with Tasawwuf, and later on, hewas considered as a member of Sufi orders by Sufi authorities. In thepresent article, after a brief introductory description of javānmardi,Kharaqāni's sayings in the works attributed to him is studied as well asthe reports of Sufi sources about him. Then the relationship betweenKharaqāni and javānmardi is discussed along with a debate aboutwhat he understands from javanmardi. Finally, the article tries toconclude whether Kharaqāni should be seen as a religious mysticamong javānmardān or as a mystic among Sufis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - |araism and Islamic Theology
محمد کاظم رحمتی

As one of the oldest Jewish sects, |araism was founded in the middleof the 2nd century AD and later on, they were accepted as themainstream of Iranian Jewish society. A remarkable feature of the|araism is that they were influenced by Islamic theology as well as itsintel More

As one of the oldest Jewish sects, |araism was founded in the middleof the 2nd century AD and later on, they were accepted as themainstream of Iranian Jewish society. A remarkable feature of the|araism is that they were influenced by Islamic theology as well as itsintellectual transactions with Mu`tazilism. This article surveys theformative history of |araism and delineates how they came under theinfluence of Islamic theology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Changes in Etymology and Semantics of Rūsta and RustaÎ in the Islamic Period up to the Seventh Century AH.
الهام امینی کاشانی قنبر علی رودگر

Amongst the terms which Muslim geographers have borrowed fromPersian, is "Rustaq " that has used in two forms; Rustaq and Rusta.Although in order to the same etymological roots and apparentresemblance, it was supposed that Rustaq and Rusta had the samemeaning in the tex More

Amongst the terms which Muslim geographers have borrowed fromPersian, is "Rustaq " that has used in two forms; Rustaq and Rusta.Although in order to the same etymological roots and apparentresemblance, it was supposed that Rustaq and Rusta had the samemeaning in the texts , these two words rarely have the same meaningsand implications. Generally, Rustaq and Rusta are two geographicalindependent units. Rusta was supposed to be used as Dih orQerya(village) whereas, Rustaq referred to a unit larger than a city,and it was mostly like modern town Dihestan Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Diversity and Evolution of War Projectiles During the Islamic Period
محمد نورمحمدی حسین بیاتلو

Throughout the history of Islam, the different ways of fightingrequired the use of various weapons. During the Islamic middle ages,most cities possessed the defensive walls. Thus, the method of siegewarfare was considered as the common way in the battles. In suchbattles More

Throughout the history of Islam, the different ways of fightingrequired the use of various weapons. During the Islamic middle ages,most cities possessed the defensive walls. Thus, the method of siegewarfare was considered as the common way in the battles. In suchbattles, heavy launching weapons, especially catapults, were veryuseful. However, the types of projectile weapons had the greatestimpact on achieving success. In catapult projectiles the stone was usedat first, but it was developed over the time. In later periods, explosiveprojectiles were invented with a significant damage that could blowthe city's barriers. In this study, after a short review on the evolutionof catapult projectiles, we shall analyze the various types of theseprojectiles and their performance Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Al-Nāsir li-dinillah (575-622 A. H.): Intelligent and Enterprising Abbasid Caliph
محبوبه شرفی

By studying the caliphate of Al-Nāsir li-dinillah, the 34th Abbasidcaliph, this article tries to deal with the relations between the politicalintelligence and thought of caliphs and the socio-politicaldevelopment of the caliphate system in the Islamic world. Theoutcomes More

By studying the caliphate of Al-Nāsir li-dinillah, the 34th Abbasidcaliph, this article tries to deal with the relations between the politicalintelligence and thought of caliphs and the socio-politicaldevelopment of the caliphate system in the Islamic world. Theoutcomes of this research show that the history of the caliphate in Al-Nāsir li-dinillah period had outstanding political, cultural andeconomic developments. This caliph took effective steps in exaltationof material and spiritual power of Abbasid and establishing theconsiderable unity by using the potential capacities of the Islamicworld. This was happened when the material power of the caliphs hadbeen declined and they were not able to control the community. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - "Shadd" and its Ceremony
امین مهربانی

"Shadd" is a symbolic belt which was being tied around the waist ofthe neophytes and novices of fityān, aṣnāf and some sufi communitiesin an initiation ceremony where the earlier waist-tied (mashdūd)members presented. By this ceremony, the person became,provisionally or More

"Shadd" is a symbolic belt which was being tied around the waist ofthe neophytes and novices of fityān, aṣnāf and some sufi communitiesin an initiation ceremony where the earlier waist-tied (mashdūd)members presented. By this ceremony, the person became,provisionally or permanently, a member of the aforementionedcommunities. It has been emerged at least in the 7th century andcontinued in some Sufi orders so far. In addition to be a sign ofacceptance in the mentioned groups, shadd has also functioned insome other ways; among the traders, it has somehow been as a licensefor their job and among some Sufis functioned as lubs i khirqaceremony. In this paper, the function, history, material, apparentfeatures, conditions and terms of mashdūds ceremony details havebeen investigated. The study is based on the futuwwat-nāmas andkasb-nāmas, particularly the Persian ones which have been seldomstudied in previous surveys. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Role of Religion in Political - Military Relations between the Ilkhanīd and the |ip´aÎ Kings
صالح پرگاری مریم محمدی

|ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the More

|ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the first within Mongoldynasty. One of the motives for this conflict was the religiousdifferences between Berka, as a Muslim and Holagu, as a Buddist andso it had a great impact on the political and military ties between twogovernments..This led to the conversion of |ip´aÎ Kings to Islam forattracting Muslim support and obtaining the religious ties with theMamluk as the enemy of Ilkhanid. After the conversion of Ilkhanid toIslam, |ip´aÎ changed their policy but the religious dispute wascontinued to the end of their period. This article aims to consider therole of religion in the conflicts between these two governments. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - MuÈarram Ceremony Among Hindus in Deccan
محسن معصومی

One of the most significant Shiite rites in Deccan is MuÈarramceremony. Knowing that the majority of Deccan are the Hindus; inorder to create coexistence among Muslims and the Hindus; forspreading of Shiite and probably their own reign, the Muslim Sultansof Decca More

One of the most significant Shiite rites in Deccan is MuÈarramceremony. Knowing that the majority of Deccan are the Hindus; inorder to create coexistence among Muslims and the Hindus; forspreading of Shiite and probably their own reign, the Muslim Sultansof Deccan encouraged Hindus to participate in MuÈarram ceremonies.Their participation gradually influenced MuÈarram ceremony andtook it under the effect of local customs and traditions. This articleaims to survey the reasons and motives of Hindus participation inholding MuÈarram ceremonies and its consequences and alsorecognition and formation of Shiite in some Deccan regions since 9/14AD, up to the period of the British domination over this area. Manuscript profile

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